Introduo

The combustion (gas) turbines being installed in many of today's natural-gasfueled power plants are complex machines, but they basically involve three
main sections:

TURBINAS A GS

* The compressor, which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds
it to the combustion chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
* The combustion system, typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that
inject a steady stream of fuel into combustion chambers where it mixes with the
air. The mixture is burned at temperatures of more than 2000 degrees F. The
combustion produces a high temperature, high pressure gas stream that enters
and expands through the turbine section.

Prof. Paulo Cesar C. Pinheiro

Dept. Engenharia Mecnica da UFMG
Abril 2012

* The turbine is an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating aerofoilsection blades. As hot combustion gas expands through the turbine, it spins the
rotating blades. The rotating blades perform a dual function: they drive the
compressor to draw more pressurized air into the combustion section, and they
spin a generator to produce electricity.

Introduo

Introduo

Land based gas turbines are of two types:

(1) heavy frame engines
(2) aeroderivative engines.
Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower pressure ratios (typically
below 20) and tend to be physically large. Pressure ratio is the ratio of the
compressor discharge pressure and the inlet air pressure.
Aeroderivative engines are derived from jet engines, as the name implies,
and operate at very high compression ratios (typically in excess of 30).
Aeroderivative engines tend to be very compact and are useful where
smaller power outputs are needed.
As large frame turbines have higher power outputs, they can produce larger
amounts of emissions, and must be designed to achieve low emissions of
pollutants, such as NOx.

One key to a turbine's fuel-to-power efficiency is the temperature at which it

operates. Higher temperatures generally mean higher efficiencies, which in
turn, can lead to more economical operation. Gas flowing through a typical
power plant turbine can be as hot as 2300 degrees F, but some of the
critical metals in the turbine can withstand temperatures only as hot as
1500 to 1700 degrees F. Therefore, air from the compressor might be used
for cooling key turbine components, reducing ultimate thermal efficiency.

Another way to boost efficiency is to install a recuperator or heat recovery

steam generator (HRSG) to recover energy from the turbine's exhaust. A
recuperator captures waste heat in the turbine exhaust system to preheat
the compressor discharge air before it enters the combustion chamber. A
HRSG generates steam by capturing heat from the turbine exhaust. These
boilers are also known as heat recovery steam generators. High-pressure
steam from these boilers can be used to generate additional electric power
with steam turbines, a configuration called a combined cycle.

Turbina LM500

Turbina LM5000 General Motors

Comprimento 6,2m
Peso: 12,5 t
Potncia: 55,2 MW (injeo de vapor)

Combustveis Lquidos e Gasosos

15

3.5

37

49

Conjunto das Turbinas a Gs

65

Wellhead / Associated Gases

LNG High Inert

Compressor Train

Turbines / Drives

Pipeline
Quality NG
90%-60 %
Inerts
(CO2, N2)

Low Calorific
Value (LCV)

Very low
inerts, high
hydrocarbons
(CnHn+2 etc)

60 % - 25 %
Inerts (CO2,
N2 )

Medium Calorific Value (MCV)

High Calorific Value

(HCV)

Normal

Steam
Turbine

SIT Ltd.
Definition
Electric
Drive

10

20

30

40

50

60

Wobbe Index (WI) is the main indicator of interchangeability of fuel gases.

WI = Higher heating value/(square root of gas specific value)
Wellhead gas and associated gases cover Wobbe Index from HCV to LCV with
increasing contents of inert gases (rare gases)
WI-range of standard pipeline quality gas from 37 to 49MJ/Nm3

Industrial Power
Plants

70
Gas Turbine

Combined
Cycle Power
Plants

Turbinas a Gs Siemens

340

SGT5-8000H

279

SGT5-4000F

266

SGT6-6000G

198

SGT6-5000F

188

SGT5-3000E

163

SGT5-2000E

121

SGT6-3000E

68

SGT-1000F

45

SGT-800

29

SGT-700

25

SGT-600

17

SGT-500

13

SGT-400
SGT-300

SGT-200

SGT-100

>3,900 gas turbines sold to date

Dry Low Emission Combustion System

Turbina Rolls Royce Trend 60

Double Skin
Impingement
Cooled
Combustor

Pilot
Burner

SGT-300
SGT-400
SGT-200

Igniter

SGT-100
Main Burner

First DLE unit introduced 1995

335 DLE units now in service

7,315,000 DLE running hours to date

SGT-100 to SGT-400 Common Design

58 MW, Rendimento 42%

FIM