What is PCS?

Personal Communication Services

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

What is PCS
Personal Communication Services
A wide variety of network services that
includes wireless access and personal mobility
services
i
Provided through a small terminal
Enables
E bl communication
i i at any time,
i
at any
place, and in any terminal form.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Several PCS systems

High-tier Systems
Widespread vehicular and pedestrian services
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
The
Th mobile
bil ttelephony
l h
system
t th
thatt we are using
i

IS-136
USA digital
g
cellular mobile telephony
p
y system
y
TDMA based multiple access

Personal Digital Cellular

IS-95 cdmaOne System
CDMA based multiple access

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Several PCS systems

y
Low-tier systems
Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems

March 21, 2009

Cordless
C
dl Telephone
T l h
2 (CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Several PCS systems

Wideband wireless systems
For Internet access and multimedia transfer
Cdma2000, evolved from cdmaOne
W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Several PCS systems

y
Other PCS Systems
Special
S i l data
d systems
CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
RAM Mobile Data
Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)

Paging Systems
Mobile Satellite Systems
LEO, MEO, GEO satellites for data/voice

ISM (Industrial,
(Industrial Scientific and Medical) band systems:
Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

PCS Problems
How to integrate mobile and wireless users
to the Public
P blic Switched
S itched Telephone Net
Network
ork
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
Cellular
C ll l mobile
bil telephony
t l h
system
t

How to integrate mobile and wireless users

t the
to
th Internet
I t
t (Data
(D t Network)
N t
k)
Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP

How to integrate
i
all
ll off them
h together
h andd
also add multimedia services (3G Systems)
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Looking to PCS from different

Angles
l
PSTN
(Telephone Network)

Internet

Wireless Access

Mobile Users
-Laptop users
-Pocket PC users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers

Mobile Users
-Cell phone users
-Cordless phone users

T l
Telecom
People
P
l View
Vi
March 21, 2009

Data Networking People View

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Telecom and Data Networking

g
Telecom Interest

- Voice Transmission
- Frequency Reuse
- Handoff
Management
g
-Location Tracking
-Roaming
-QoS
-GSM, CDMA,
Cordless Phones,
Phones
-GPRS, EDGE

March 21, 2009

Data Networking Interest

-Radio Propagation
-Link Characteristics
-Error
Error Models
-Wireless Medium
Access (MAC)
- Error Control

Girish Kumar Patnaik

-Data Transmission
-Mobile IP (integrating
mobile hosts to
internet)
-Ad-hoc Networks
-TCP over Wireless
-Service Discovery

Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture

Public Switched
Telephone Network

Mobility
y
Database
Base Station
Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network

Base Station
(BS)
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

Mobile Station
10

Wireless System
W
Sy
Definitions
Mobile Station
A station
i in
i the
h cellular
ll l radio
di service
i intended
i
d d for
f use
while in motion at unspecified locations. They can be
either hand-held personal units (portables) or installed on
vehicles (mobiles)

Base station
A fixed station in a mobile radio system
y
used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

11

Wireless System
W
Sy
Definitions
Mobile Switchingg Center
Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in
a large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the
PSTN (telephone
(t l h
network).
t
k) It is
i also
l called
ll d Mobile
M bil
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

Subscriber
A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system

Transceiver
A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

12

Wireless System
y
Definitions
Control Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
p p
purposes.

Forward Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile

Reverse Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

13

Wireless System
y
Definitions
Simplex Systems
Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication

Half
a Duplex
up e Systems
Syste s
Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user
can either transmit or receive information.

Full Duplex Systems

Communication systems which allow simultaneous twotwo
way communication. Transmission and reception is
typically on two different channels (FDD).

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

14

Wireless System Definitions

Handoff
The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.

Roaming
A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.

Page
A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area,, usuallyy in simulcast fashion byy manyy base stations at
the same time.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

15

PCS Architecture

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

16

PCS Architecture
Each PCS technology has similar architectures
which
hich consists ttwoo parts
Radio Network
MS (M
(Mobile
bil Station)
S i )
BS (Base Station) System

Wireline Transport Network

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
The Mobility Database connected to MSC is used to
track the locations of mobile station.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

17

PCS Systems Classification

Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
(High tier)
Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS
3G Wi
Wireless
l S
Systems

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

18

Cellular Telephony
C
p
y
Characterized by

High mobility provision

Wide-range
Two-way tether less voice communication
Handoff and roaming support
Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

19

Cellular Telephony
p
y - Architecture

Radio tower

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

20

Cellular Telephony Systems

Mobile users and handsets
Very complex circuitry and design

Base stations
Provides gateway functionality between
wireless and wireline links

Mobile switching centers

Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone
p
network

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

21

Cellular Networks
First Generation

Analog Systems
Analog Modulation, mostly FM
AMPS
Voice Traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access

Second Generation (2G)

Digital
Di
it l Systems
S t
Digital Modulation
Voice Traffic
TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple
p access

2.5G
Digital Systems
Voice + Low-datarate Data

Third Generation
Digital
Voice + High-datarate Data
Multimedia
M lti di Transmission
T
i i also
l
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

22

Advanced Mobile Phone Services

(AMPS)

Analogg FM radio for voice transmission

FSK modulation for signal channels
FDMA
FDD
Total 50 MHz=824-849 MHz(down-link) + 869-894
MHz(up-link)
832 full-duplex channels using 1664 discrete frequencies
Downlink: from base station to handset
Uplink: from handset to base station

30 KHz spacing
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

23

Advanced Mobile Phone Services

(AMPS)
Frequency reuse scheme for radio communication
Cells are grouped into clusters
Cells within a cluster must use different frequencies
q
Frequencies may be reused by cells in different clusters

In AMPS
12-cell cluster using omni-directional antennas
7-cell cluster using three sectors per BS

EIA/TIA IS-41 standard for roaming management.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

24

Global System for Mobile

C
Communication
i i (GSM)

Digital cellular system

TDMA/FDD
935-960 MHz for Downlink
890 915 MH
890-915
MHz ffor U
Uplink
li k
200 kHz for RF channel spacing
Speech coding rate 13 Kbps
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

25

Global System for Mobile

C
Communication
i i (GSM)
Frequency carrier is divided into 8 time slots
Every pair of radio transceiver-receiver supports 8 voice
channels.
h
l

GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) for roaming

management
Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point
point to point short messaging,
messaging group addressing,
addressing
call waiting, multiparty services

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

26

EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular

System
Digital AMPS (DAMPS), American Digital Cellular
(ADC) or N
(ADC),
North
hA
American
i
TDMA (NA
(NA-TDMA),
TDMA) ISIS
136
The successor to IS-54
IS 54
TDMA/FDD
Every frequency carrier supports three voice channels
Speech coding rate is 7.95Kbps
The same spectrum used by AMPS
3 times of capacity of AMPS

30 KHz frequency spacing

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

27

EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular

System
2 types of channel usage:
Full-rate: use 2 timeslot for a voice channel
Half-rate: use 1 timeslot for a voice channel

Digital switch can provide many applications:

Example: point-to-point short messaging, broadcast
messaging, group addressing, private user groups

IS-41 standard for mobility management

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

28

EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular

System
CDMA/DSSS for the air interface.
interface

A shared 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth

User signals
g
distinguished
g
with different codes
MSs links to many BSs during phone calls.
GPS for synchronization of BSs

Interference-based
f
b d capacity
i (soft
( f capacity)
i )
The capacity of IS-95 is 3-6 times of IS-136 system, and 10
times of AMPS.

IS-41 for core network

g
Advanced Radio Resource Management
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

29

Cordless Telephones

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Cordless
Phone

March 21, 2009

Base unit

Girish Kumar Patnaik

30

Cordless Telephones
Characterized by

Low mobility
L
bilit (in
(i terms
t
off range andd speed)
d)
Low power consumption
Two-way
wo way tetherless
tet e ess (wireless)
(w e ess) voice
vo ce communication
co
u cat o
High circuit quality
Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talktime
ti
No handoffs between base units

Appeared as analog devices

Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT
standards in Europe and ISM band technologies in
USA
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

31

Cordless Telephone, Second

Generation (CT2)

Developed in Europe,
Europe available since 1989.
1989
40 FDMA channels
32 Kbps speech coding rate
32-Kbps
TDD
The maximum transmit power of a CT2 handset is 10
mW
No handoff in CT2
No call delivery in CT2
In CT2+, both handoff and call delivery are OK.
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

32

Digital European Cordless

T l h
Telephone
(DECT)

Published in 1992
TDMA/TDD
12 voice channels per frequency carrier
Sl
Sleep
mode
d is
i employed
l d in
i DECT to
t conserve the
th power off
handsets.
32 Kbps speech coding rate
DECT is typically implemented as a wireless- PBX (Private
Branch Exchange) connected to the PSTN.
Dynamic channel allocation
Time slot transfer
Seamless handoff
Dual mode: DECT + GSM
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

33

Low-Tier PCS: Personal Handy

Phone S
System
stem (PHS)
Developed by Research and Development
Center (RCR), Japan 1993
Offers telecommunication services for homes,
offices,
ffi
andd outdoor
td
environment
i
t
TDMA/TDD
4 multiplexed channels/frequency carrier
1895-1906.1 MHz = 300 KHz 37 channels
(home/office)
1906.1-1918.1 MHz = 300 KHz 40 channels
(public system)
32 Kbps speech speech coding rate
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

34

Low-Tier PCS: Personal Access

Comm nications System
Communications
S stem (PACS)
Developed at Telcordia, U.S.A.
PACS is designed for wireless local loop and
Personal Communications Services.
TDMA
8 voice channels/frequency carrier
Both TDD and FDD are accommodated.
g y effective and reliable mobile controlled
The highly
handoff (MCHO) completes in less than 20 msec.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

35

3G Systems
Goals
Voice and Data Transmission
Simultanous voice and data access

Multi-megabit Internet access

Interactive web sessions

Voice-activated
i
i
d calls
ll
Multimedia Content
Live music

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

36

Third-Generation Wireless
Systems
First Generation System: AMPS
Analog voice calls

Second Generation Systems: GSM, IS

IS-136,
136, IS
IS-95,
95,
and low-tier systems
Digital speech with low-bit-rate data services

Third-Generation:
Better system capacity
High-speed and wireless Internet access (to 2Mbps)
Wireless multimedia services (audio and video)
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

37

Third-Generation Wireless
Systems
2.5G:
2 5G: GPRS and EDGE
Bridge 2G into 3G

The
Th new features
f t
for
f 3G includes
i l d
High bit rates, QoS, Bit rates dependent on
di t
distance
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) backbone
Wideband
Wid b d CDMA (DS-CDMA
(DS CDMA FDD),
FDD) SCDMA
and cdma2000 (multi-carrier FDD) for air
interface
March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

38

GSM and CDMA Coverage Map

Worldwide

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

39

Acknowledgement
Slides obtained from home page of
Prof.Phone Lin
Slides obtained from home page of
Prof Gerald Q.
Prof.Gerald
Q Maguire Jr
Jr.

March 21, 2009

Girish Kumar Patnaik

40