MODERNINDIAHISTORYGIST

SocialMovements

BrahmoSamaj:
FoundedbyRajaRamMohanRoyin1828.
CriticizedSatiPratha,casteismandadvocatedwidowremarriage.
HewasopposedtoSanskritsystemofeducationbecausehethoughtitwouldkeepthecountryindarkness.Hesupported
Westerneducation.
OtherimportantleaderswereDevendranathTagore(fatherofRabindranathTagore)andKeshapChandraSen.

AryaSamaj:
FoundedbySwamiDayanand(or,Moolshankar)in1875.
HeSaidGobacktothevedas&IndiafortheIndians.
HedisregardedPuranas,idolworship,casteismanduntouchability.Headvocatedwidowremarriage.
Dayanandsviewswerepublishedinhisfamouswork,SatyarthPrakash.
HealsowroteVedaBhashyaBhumikaandVedaBhashya.

RamakrishnaMission:
FoundedbySwamiVivekanand(ORNarendranathDutta)(18631902)in1897,11yearsafterthedeathofhismentor
RamKrishnaParamhans.
SwamiVivekanandattendedtheParliamentofReligionatChicagoin1893.
IrishwomanMargaretNobel(KnownassisterNivedita)popularizedit.

YoungBengalMovement:
FoundedbyHenryLouisVivianDerozio(180931),ateacherinHinduCollegeinCalcutta.
Heurgedthestudentstoliveanddiefortruth.Healsosupportedwomenseducationandtheirrights.

VedaSamajandPrathanaSamaj:

FormedalongthelinesoftheBrahmoSamaj,theVedaSamajofMadras(in1864by
SridhaluNaidu)andthePrathanaSamajofBombay(in1866byM.G.RanadeandR.

Bhandarkar)wereformed.
Aneducatedmiddleclasshadarisentheretooanditsoughtthe
reformofsocietyandreligion.ThePrathanaSamajemphasizedmoreonsocialreforms.

DharmaSabha:
InitiatedbyRadhakantDebin1830.
Wasopposedtoreformsandprotectedorthodoxy,butplayedanactiveroleinpromotingwesterneducationeventogirls.

Lokahitawadi:
StartedbyGopalHariDeshmukh.Advocatedwesterneducationandarationaloutlook.Headvocatedfemaleeducation
fortheupliftmentofwomen.
Asavotaryofnationalselfreliance,heattendedDelhidurbarin1876,wearinghandspunkhadicloth.

ServantsofIndiaSociety:
FoundedbyGopalKrishnaGokhalein1905touniteandtrainIndiansofdifferentethnicitiesandreligionsinwelfarework.
Itwasthefirstsecularorganizationinindiatodevoteitselftotheunderprivileged,ruralandtribalpeople,emergencyreliefwork,theincrease
ofliteracy,andothersocialcauses.

Membersgothroughafiveyeartrainingperiodandagreetoserveonextremelymodestsalaries.In1915Gokhalewassucceededas
presidentbySrinivasaSastri(18691946).TheorganizationhasitsheadquartersinPune(Poona)andbranches
inChennai(Madras),Mumbai(Bombay),Allahabad,Nagpur,andotherlocales

RadhaSoamiMovement:
Foundedin1861byabankerofAgra,TulsiRam,popularlyknownasShivDayalSaheborSwamiMaharaj.
RadhaSoamiMovementwasaCatholicmovementthatbelievedintheunionofthesoulwithGodthatoriginatedinthe19thcentury.
Thesectpreachedbeliefinonesupremebeing,theGurussupremepositionandasimplesociallifeforthebelievers(the
Satsangis).

TheosophicalSociety:
FoundedbyWesternerswhodrewinspirationfromIndianthoughtandculture.
MadamHPBlavatsky&Col.M.S.OlcottoftheUSArmylaidthefoundationofthemovementinNewyorkin1875.
ShiftedtoIndiaatAdyar(TamilNadu)in1982.
AnnieBesantwaselecteditspresidentin1907.ShefoundedtheCentralHinduCollegein1898,whichbecameBanaras
HinduUniversityin1916.

GovernorGeneralsofIndia
1.LordWilliamBentinck(18281835):
CarriedoutthesocialreformslikeProhibitionofSati(1829)andeliminationofthugs(1830).
MadeEnglishtheMediumofhighereducationinthecountry(AftertherecommendationsofMacaulay).Suppressed
femaleinfanticideandchildsacrifice.
CharterActof1833waspassedmadehimthefirstGovernorGeneralofIndia.Beforehim,thedesignationwasGovernor
GeneralofBengal.

2.SirCharlesMetcalfe(18351836):
Abolishedallrestrictionsonvernacularpress(calledLiberatorofthePress).

3.LordAuckland(18361842):
ThemostimportanteventofhisreignwastheFirstAfghanWar,whichprovedtobeadisasterfortheEnglish.
4.LordEllenborough(18421844)

5LordHardingeI(18441848)

6LordDalhousie(18481856):
AlsoKnownas"TheMakerofModernIndia"
OpenedthefirstIndianRailwayin1853(fromBombaytoThane).
Laidoutthetelegraphlinesin1853(FirstwasfromCalcuttatoAgra).
IntroducedtheDoctrineofLapseandcapturedSatara(1848),JaipurandSambhalpur(1849),Udaipur(1852),Jhansi
(1853)andNagpur(1854).
Establishedthepostalsystemonthemodernlinesthroughthelengthandbreadthofthecountry,whichmade
communicationeasier.
StartedthePublicWorksDepartment.ManybridgeswereconstructedandtheworkonGrandTrunkRoadwasstarted.
TheharborsofKarachi,BombayandCalcuttawerealsodeveloped.
MadeShimlathesummercapital.
StartedEngineeringCollegeatRoorkee.
Encouragedscience,forestry,commerce,mineralogyandindustry.
In1854,WoodsDispatchwaspassed,whichprovidedfortheproperlyarticulatedsystemofeducationfromtheprimary
schooltotheuniversity.
DuetoIshwarChandraVidyasagarsefforts,widowremarriagewaslegalizedbyWidowRemarriageAct,1856).

ViceroysOfIndia

1.LordCanning(18561862):
ThelastGovernorGeneralandthefirstViceroy.
1857Revolutiontookplaceinhistime.
OnNov,1858,thepowertransferedfromcompanytoBritishCrown
WithdrewDoctrineofLapse.
TheUniversitiesofCalcutta,BombayandMadraswereestablishedin1857.
IndianCouncilsActwaspassedin1861.

2.LordElgin(18621863)
3.LordLawrence(18641869):
TelegraphiccommunicationwasopenedwithEurope.
HighCourtswereestablishedatCalcutta,BombayandMadrasin1865.
Expandedcanalworksandrailways.
CreatedtheIndianForestdepartment.

4.LordMayo(18691872):
StartedtheprocessoffinancialdecentralizationinIndia.
EstablishedtheRajkotcollegeatKathiarwarandMayoCollegeatAjmerfortheIndianprinces.
ForthefirsttimeinIndianhistory,acensuswasheldin1871.
OrganisedtheStatisticalSurveyofIndia.
WastheonlyViceroytobemurderedinofficebyaPathanconvictintheAndamansin1872.

5.LordNorthbrook(18721876):
6.LordLytton(18761880):
KnownastheViceroytoreversecharacters.
OrganisedtheGrandDelhiDurbarin1877todecorateQueenVictoriawiththetitleofKaiserIHind.
In1878,hepromulgatedtheVernacularPressAct(1878),whichempoweredhimtoconfiscatethepress

andpaperofalocallanguagenewspaperpublishing'seditiousmaterial'.Theactresultedinpublic
outcryinCalcuttaledbytheIndianAssociationandSurendranathBanerjee

outcryinCalcuttaledbytheIndianAssociationandSurendranathBanerjee
ArmsAct(1878)madeitmandatoryforIndianstoacquirelicenseforarms,howevereuropeanscouldholdarmswithout
license.
TheMaximumagetoenterincivilservicesexaminationwasreducedfrom21to19.
Muhammedanangloindiancollegewasformedinhistenurein1875bysirsyedahmadkhanwhichlaterbecameAMU.
Greatfamineof1876,Secondangloafganwaroccuredduringhistenure

7.LordRipon(18801884):
Liberalperson,whosympathizedwithIndians.
RepeatedtheVernacularPressAct(1882)
PassedthelocalselfgovernmentAct(1882)
Tookstepstoimproveprimary&secondaryeducation(onWilliamHunterCommissionsrecommendations).
TheIstFactoryAct,1881,aimedatprohibitingchildlabour.
PassedtheIibertBill(1883)whichenabledIndiandistrictmagistratestotryEuropeancriminals.Butthiswaswithdrawn
later.andPopularlyKnownasIlbertbillcontroversy.

8.LordDufferin(18841888):
IndianNationalCongresswasformedduringhistenure.

9.LordLansdowne(18881894):
IIndFactoryAct(1891)grantedaweeklyholidayandstipulatedworkinghoursforwomenandchildren,althoughit
failedtoaddressconcernssuchasworkhoursformen.
CategorizationofCivilServicesintoImperial,ProvincialandSubordinate.
IndianCouncilActof1892waspassed.
AppointmentofDurandCommissiontodefinethelinebetweenBritishIndiaandAfghanistan.

10.LordElginII(18941899):
Greatfamineof18961897.LyallCommissionwasappointed.

11.LordCurzon(18991905):
PassedtheIndianUniversitiesAct(1904)inwhichofficialcontrolovertheUniversitieswasincreased.
PartitionedBengal(October16,1905)intotwoprovinces
1,Bengal(proper),
2.EastBengal&Assam.
AppointedaPoliceCommissionunderSirAndrewFrazertoenquireintothepoliceadministrationofeveryprovince.
Therisingsofthefrontiertribesin189798ledhimtocreatetheNorthWesternFrontierProvince(NWFP).
PassedtheAncientMonumentsProtectionAct(1904),torestoreIndiasculturalheritage.ThustheArchaeological
SurveyofIndia(ASI)wasestablished.
PassedtheIndianCoinageandPaperCurrencyAct(1899)andputIndiaonagoldstandard.
Extendedrailwaystoagreatextent.

12.LordMinto(19051910):
TherewasgreatpoliticalunrestinIndia.Variousactswerepassedtocurbtherevolutionaryactivities.Extremistslike
LalaLaipatRaiandAjitSingh(inMay,1907)andBalGangadharTilak(inJuly,1908)weresenttoMandalayjailin
Burma.
TheIndianCouncilActof1909ortheMorleyMintoReformswaspassed.

13.LordHardinge(19101916):
Heldadelhidurbarindec,1911tocelebratethecoronationofKingGeorgeV.

PartitionofBengalwascancelled(1911),capitalshiftedfromCalcuttatoDelhi(1911).
Abombwasthrownathimbutheescapedunhurt(Dec23,1912).
GandhijicamebacktoIndiafromS.Africa(1915).
AnnieBesantannouncedtheHomeRuleMovement(1916).

14.LordChelmsford(19161921):
AugustDeclarationof1917,wherebycontrolovertheIndiangovernmentwouldbegraduallytransferredtotheIndian
people.
ThegovernmentofIndiaActin1919(MontagueChelmsfordreforms)waspassed.
RowlattActof1919(passedon10march,1919authorizedthegovernmenttoimprisonanypersonsuspected
ofterrorismlivingintheRajforuptotwoyearswithoutatrial,righttohabeuscorpuswithdrew)=>Rowlatt
satyagrah(6april'1919)=>ProtestsinPunjab=>2Leadersofpunjabarrested(Dr.SatyaPalandDr.Saifuddin
Kitchlew)=>JallianwalaBaghMassacre(April13,1919).
NonCooperationMovementandKhilafatMovement(192022)
AnIndianSirS.P.SinhawasappointedtheGovernorofBiharandOdishain1920,Istindiantobeappintedsuchahigh
post.
AWomensuniversitywasfoundedatPoonain1916.
SaddlerCommissionwasappointedin1917toenvisageneweducationalpolicy.

15.LordReading(19211926):
RowlattactwasrepeatedalongwiththePressactof1910.
Suppressednoncooperationmovement.
PrinceofWalesvisitedIndiainNov.1921.
Moplahrebellion(1921)tookplaceinKerala.
Ahmedabadsessionof1921.
FormationofSwarajParty(1923).
VishwabharatiUniversitystartedfunctioningin1922.
Communistpartywasfoundedin1921byM.N.Roy.
KakoryTrainRobberyonAug9,1925.
Communalriotsof192325inMultan,Amritsar,Delhi,etc.
SwamiShraddhanand,agreatnationalistandaleaderoftheAryaSamajists,wasmurderedincommunalorgy.
16.LordIrwin(19261931):
SimonCommissionvisitedIndiain1928.
CongresspassedtheIndianResolutionin1929.
DandiMarch(Mar126april1930Gandhi+78followers240mile24day,fromsabarmatitodanditobreaksalt
law).
CivilDisobedienceMovement(19301934).
FirstRoundTableConferenceheldinEnglandin1930.
GandhiIrwinPact(Mar5,1931)wassignedandCivilDisobedianceMovementwaswithdrawn.
MartydormofJatinDasafter64dayshungerstrike(1929).

17.LordWillington(19311936):
SecondRoundTableconferenceinLondonin1931.
OnhisreturnGandhijiwasagainarrestedandCivilDisobedienceMovementwasresumedinJan1932.
CommunalAwards(Aug16,1932)assignedseparateelectoratetoDepressedclassinadditiontoMuslim,Christianand
angloindian.Gandhijiwentonafastinprotestagainstthisdivision.=>PoonaPactsignedbetweenGandhiandAmbedkar
inYerwadajail(pune).
ThirdRoundTableconferencein1932.
GovernmentofIndiaAct(1935)waspassed.

GovernmentofIndiaAct(1935)waspassed.

18.LordLinlithgow(19361944):
Govt.ofIndiaActenforcedintheprovinces.Congressministriesformedin8outof11provinces.Theyremainedin
powerforabout2yearstillOct1939,whentheygaveupofficesontheissueofIndiahavingbeendraggedintotheII
WorldWar.TheMuslimLeagueobservedthedaysasDeliveranceSay(22December)
ChurchillbecametheBritishPMinMay,1940.HedeclaredthattheAtlanticCharter(issuedjointlybytheUKandUS,
statingtogivesovereignrightstothosewhohavebeenforciblydeprivedofthem)doesnotapplytoIndia.
OutbreakofWorldWarIIin1939.
CrippsMissionin1942.
QuitIndiaMovement(August8,1942).

19.LordWavell(19441947):
ArrangedtheShimlaConferenceonJune25,1945withIndianNationalCongressandMuslimLeaguewhichwasfailed
asnoagreementcouldbemadebetweenINCandMuslimLeague.
CabinetMissionarrived(May16,1946)whichformedConsituentAssmebly.
ElectionstotheconstituentassemblywereheldandanInterimGovt.wasappointedunderNehru.
FirstmeetingoftheconstituentassemblywasheldonDec.9,1946.

20.LordMountbatten(Mar.1947Aug.1947):
LastViceroyofBritishIndiaandthefirstGovernorGeneraloffreeIndia.
PartitionofIndiadecidedbytheJune3PlanorMountbatenPlan
IndianIndependenceActpassedbytheBritishparliamentonJuly4,1947,bywhichIndiabecameindependenton
August15,1947.
RetriedinJune1948andwassucceededbyC.Rajagopalachari(thefirstandthelastIndianGovernorGeneraloffree
India).

ConstitutionalDevelopment
RegulatingAct,1773:
EndofDualgovt.
GovernorofBengaltobetheGovernorGeneralofBritishterritoriesofIndia.
EstablishmentofSupremeCourtinCalcutta.
PittsActof1784:
ThisActgavetheBritishGovernmentameasureofcontroloverthecompanysaffairs.Infact,thecompanybecamea
subordinatedepartmentoftheState.
RegulatingActof1786:
GovernorGeneralgiventhepowertooverridetheCouncilandwasmadetheCommanderinchiefalso.
CharterActof1793:
Companygivenmonopolyoftradefor20moreyears.
Itlaidthefoundationofgovt.bywrittenlaws,interpretedbycourts.

CharterActof1813:
CompanydeprivedofitstrademonopolyinIndiaexceptinteaandtradewithChina.
CharterActof1833:

CharterActof1833:
EndofCompanysmonopolyeveninteaandtradewithChina.Companywasaskedtocloseitsbusinessattheearliest.
GovernorGeneralofBengaltobeGovernorGeneralofIndia(1stGovernorGeneralofIndiawasLordWilliamBentinck).
CharterActof1853:
TheActrenewedthepowersoftheCompanyandallowedittoretainthepossessionofIndianterritoriesintrustofthe
Britishcrown.
RecruitmenttoCivilServiceswasbasedonopenannualcompetitionexamination(excludingIndians).
GovernmentofIndiaAct,1858:
RuleofCompanyinIndiaendedandthatoftheCrownbegan.
ApostofSecretaryofState(amemberoftheBritishcabinet)forIndiacreated.Hewastoexercisethepowersofthe
Crown.
SecretaryofStategovernedIndiathroughtheGovernorGeneral.
GovernorGeneralreceivedthetitleofViceroy.HerepresentedSecretaryofStateandwasassistedbyanExecutive
Council,whichconsistedofhighofficialsoftheGovt.
IndianCouncilAct,1861:
TheExecutiveCouncilwasnowtobecalledCentralLegislativeCouncil.
IndianCouncilAct,1892:
IndiansfoundtheirwayintheProvincialLegislativeCouncils.
IndianCouncilAct,1909orMorleyMintoAct:
ItenvisagedaseparateelectorateforMuslims.
GovernmentofIndiaAct,1919OrMontagueChelmsfordReforms:
Dyarchysystemintroducedintheprovinces.TheProvincialsubjectsofadministrationweretobedividedinto2
categories:TransferredandReserved.TheTransferredsubjectsweretobeadministratedbytheGovernorwiththeaidof
ministersresponsibletotheLegislativeCouncil.TheGovernorandtheExecutiveCouncilweretoadministerthereserved
subjectswithoutanyresponsibilitytothelegislature.
Indianlegislaturebecamebicameralforthefirsttime,itactuallyhappenedafter1935Act.
GovernmentofIndiaAct,1935:
ProvidedfortheestablishmentofAllIndiaFederationconsistingoftheBritishProvincesandthePrincelyStates.The
joiningofPrincelyStateswasvoluntaryandasaresultthefederationdidnotcomeintoexistence.
DyarchywasintroducedattheCentre(Eg,DepartmentofForeignAffairsandDefencewerereservedfortheGovernor
General).ProvincialautonomyreplacedDyarchyinprovinces.Theyweregrantedseparatelegalidentify.
Burma(nowMyanmar)separatedfromIndia.

NationalActivities
TheIndianNationalCongress:
Formedin1885byA.O.Hume,anEnglishmanandaretiredcivilservant.
FirstsessioninBombayunderW.C.Banerjeein1885(72delegatesattendedit).
Inthefirsttwodecades(18851905),quitemoderateinitsapproachandconfidedinBritishjusticeandgenerosity.
ButtherepressivemeasuresoftheBritishgaverisetoextremistswithinCongresslikeBipinChandraPal,BalGangadhar
TilakandLalaLajpatRai(Lal,Bal,Pal).
PartitionofBengal:
ByLordCurzononOct16,1905,througharoyalProclamation,reducingtheoldprovinceofBengalinsizebycreating
EastBengalandAssamoutofrestofBengal.
TheobjectivewastosetupacommunalgulfbetweenHindusandMuslims.
Amightyupsurgesweptthecountryagainstthepartition.Nationalmovementfoundrealexpressioninthemovement
againstthepartitionofBengalin1905.

SwadeshiMovement(1905):
Lal,Bal,Pal,andAurobindoGhoshplayedtheimportantrole.
INCtooktheSwadeshicallfirstattheBanarasSession,1905presidedoverbyG.K.Gokhale.
Bonfiresofforeigngoodswereconductedatvariousplaces.
FormationofMuslimLeague(1906):
Setupin1906undertheleadershipofAgaKhan,NawabSalimullahofDhakaandNawabMohsinulMulk.
Itwasaloyalist,communalandconservativepoliticalorganizationwhichsupportedthepartitionofBengal,opposed
theSwadeshimovement,demandedspecialsafeguardstoitscommunityandaseparateelectorateforMuslims.
DemandforSwaraj:
InDec1906atCalcutta,theINCunderDadabhaiNaorojiadoptedSwaraj(Selfgovt)asthegoalofIndianpeopleforthe
firsttime
SuratSessionofIndianNationalCongress(1907):
TheINCsplitintotwogroupsTheextremistsandThemoderates,attheSuratsession(underthepresidentshipofRash
bihariGhosh)in1907.ExtremistswereledbyBal,Pal,LalwhilethemoderatesbyG.K.Gokhale.
IndianCouncilsActorMintoMorleyReforms(1909):
Besidesotherconstitutionalmeasures,itenvisagedaseparateelectorateforMuslims.
AimedatdividingthenationalistranksandatrallyingtheModeratesandtheMuslimstotheGovernmentsside.
GhadarParty(1913):
FormedbyLalaHardayal,TaraknathDasandSohanSinghBhakna.
HQwasatSanFrancisco.
HomeRuleMovement(1916):
StartedbyB.G.Tilak(April,1916)atPoonaandAnnieBesantandS.SubramaniaIyeratAdyar,nearMadras(Sept,1916).
Objective:SelfgovernmentforIndiaintheBritishEmpire.
TilaklinkedupthequestionofSwarajwiththedemandfortheformationofLinguisticStatesandeducationinvernacular
language.Hegavetheslogan:SwarajismybirthrightandIwillhaveit.
LucknowPact(1916):
HappenedfollowingawarbetweenBritainandTurkeyleadingtoantiBritishfeelingsamongMuslims.
BothINCandMuslimLeagueconcludedthis(Congressacceptedtheseparateelectoratesandbothjointlydemandedfor
arepresentativegovernmentanddominionstatusforthecountry).
AugustDeclaration(1917):
AftertheLucknowPact,aBritishpolicywasannouncedwhichaimedatincreasingassociationofIndiansinevery
branchoftheadministrationforprogressiverealizationofresponsiblegovernmentinIndiaasanintegralpartoftheBritish
empire.ThiscametobecalledtheAugustDeclaration.
RowlattAct(March18,1919):
Thesegaveunbridledpowerstothegovt.toarrestandimprisonsuspectswithouttrialfortwoyearsmaximum.Thislaw
enabledtheGovernmenttosuspendtherightofHabeasCorpus,whichhadbeenthefoundationofcivillibertiesinBritain.
Causedawaveofangerinallsections.ItwasthefirstcountrywideagitationbyGandhijiandmarkedthefoundationof
theNonCooperationMovement.
JallianwalaBaghMassacre(April13,1919):
PeoplewereagitatedoverthearrestofDr.KitchluandDr.SatyapalonApril10,1919.
GeneralRDyerfiresatpeoplewhoassembledintheJallianwalaBagh,Amritsar.
Asaresulthundredsofmen,womenandchildrenwerekilledandthousandsinjured.
RabindranathTagorereturnedhisKnighthoodinprotest.SirShankaranNairresignedfromViceroysExecutiveCouncil
afterthis.
HunterCommissionwasappointedtoenquireintoit.

HunterCommissionwasappointedtoenquireintoit.
OnMarch13,1940,SardarUdhamSinghkilledODyerwhenthelaterwasaddressingameetinginCaxtonHall,London.
KhilafatMovement(1920):
MuslimswereagitatedbythetreatmentdonewithTurkeybytheBritishinthetreatythatfollowedtheFirstWorldWar.
Twobrothers,Mohd.AliandShaukatAlistartedthismovement.
NoncooperationMovement(1920):
ItwasthefirstmassbasedpoliticalmovementunderGandhiji.
CongresspassedtheresolutioninitsCalcuttasessioninSept1920.
ChauriChauraIncident(1922):
AmobofpeopleatChauriChaura(nearGorakhpur)clashedwithpoliceandburnt22policemenonFebruary5,1922.
ThiscompelledGandhijitowithdrawtheNonCooperationmovementonFeb.12,1922.
SimonCommission(1927):
ConstitutedunderJohnSimon,toreviewthepoliticalsituationinIndiaandtointroducefurtherreformsandextensionof
parliamentarydemocracy.
Indianleadersopposedthecommission,astherewerenoIndiansinit.
TheGovernmentusedbrutalrepressionandpoliceattackstobreakthepopularopposition.AtLahore,LalaLajpatRai
wasseverelybeateninalathicharge.HesuccumbedtohisinjuriesonOct.30,1928.
LahoreSession(1929):
OnDec.19,1929underthePresidentshipofJ.L.Nehru,theINC,atitsLahoreSession,declaredPoornaSwaraj(Complete
independence)asitsultimategoal.
OnDec.31,1929,thenewlyadoptedtricolourflagwasunfurledandan.26,1930wasfixedastheFirstIndependence
Day,wastobecelebratedeveryyear.

RevolutionaryActivities:
ThefirstpoliticalmurderofaEuropeanwascommittedin1897atPoonabytheChapekarbrothers,Damodarand
Balkishan.TheirtargetwasMr.Rand,PresidentofthePlagueCommission,butLt.Ayerstwasaccidentallyshot.
In1907,MadamBhikaijiCama,aParsirevolutionaryunfurledtheflagofIndiaatStuttgartCongress(ofSecond
international)inGermany.
In1908,KhudiramBoseandPrafullachakithrewabombonthecarriageofkingford,theunpopularjudgeofMuzaffapur.
Khudiram,KanhaiyalalDuttandSatyendranathBosewerehanged.(AlipurCase).
In1909,MLDhingrashotdeadCol.WilliamCurzonWhyllie,thepoliticaladvisorofIndiaOfficeinLondon.
In1912,RasbihariBoseandSachindraNathSanyalthrewabombandLordHardingeatDelhi.(DelhiConspiracyCase).
InOct,1924,ameetingofrevolutionariesfromallpartsofIndiawascalledatKanpur.TheysetupHindustanSocialist
RepublicAssociation/Army(HSRA).
TheycarriedoutadacoityontheKakoriboundtrainontheSaharanpurLucknowrailwaylineonAug.9,1925(The

robberyplanwasexecutedbyRamPrasadBismil,AshfaqullaKhan,RajendraLahiri,Chandrashekhar
Azad,SachindraBakshi,KeshabChakravarty,ManmathnathGupta,MurariSharma(fakenameof
MurariLalGupta),MukundiLal(MukundiLalGupta)andBanwariLal.)
BhagatSingh,withhiscolleagues,shotdeadSaunders(Asst.S.P.ofLahore,BhagatsinghwenttoshootCol.Scottwho

orderedlathichargeonLalaLajpatRai,butkilledmistakenlySaunders)onDec.17,1928.
ThenBhagatSinghandBatukeshwarDuttthrewabombintheCentralAssemblyonApr8,1929.Thus,he,Rajguruand
SukhdevwerehangedonMarch.23,1931atLahoreJall(LahoreConspiracyCase)andtheirbodiescrematedat
HussainiwalanearFerozepur.
In1929onlyJatinDasdiedinLahorejailafter63daysfasttoprotestagainsthorribleconditionsinjail.
SuryaSen,arevolutionaryofBengal,formedtheIndianRepublicArmyinBengal.In1930,hemastermindedtheraidon
Chittagongarmoury.Hewashangedin1933.
In1931,ChandrashekharAzadshothimselfatAlfredParkinAllahabad.

OtherImportantActivities:

DandiMarch(1930):
AlsocalledtheSaltSatyagraha.
Alongwith78followers,GandhijistartedhismarchfromSabarmatiAshramonMarch12,1930forthesmallvillage
Dandhitobreakthesaltlaw.
HereachedtheseashoreonApr.6,1930.
HepickedahandfulofsaltandinauguratedtheCivilDisobedienceMovement.
FirstRoundTableconference(1930):
ItwasthefirstconferencearrangedbetweentheBritishandIndiansasequals.ItwasheldonNov.12,1930inLondonto
discussSimoncommission.
BoycottedbyINC.MuslimLeague,HinduMahasabha,Liberalsandsomeotherswerethere.

GandhiIrwinPact(1931):
ModerateStatesman,Sapru,JaikarandSrinivasShastriinitiatedeffortstobreaktheicebetweenGandhijiandthe
government.
Thetwo(governmentrepresentedbyIrwinandINCbyGandhiji)signedapactonMarch5,1931.
InthistheINCcalledoffthecivildisobediencemovementandagreedtojointhesecondroundtableconference.
Thegovernmentonitspartreleasedthepoliticalprisonersandconcededtherighttomakesaltforconsumptionfor
villagesalongthecoast.

SecondRoundTableConference(1931):
GandhijirepresentedtheINCandwenttoLondontomeetBritishP.M.RamsayMacdonald.
However,thesessionwassoondeadlockedontheminoritiesissueandthistimeseparateelectorateswasdemandednot
onlybyMuslimsbutalsobyDepressedClasses,IndianChristiansandAngloIndians.

TheCommunalAward(Aug16,1932):
AnnouncedbyRamsayMcDonald.ItshoweddivideandrulepolicyoftheBritish.
EnvisagedseparateelectorateofMuslims,Sikhs,IndianChristians,AngloIndians,womenandevenBackwardclasses.
Gandhiji,whowasinYeravadajailatthattime,startedafastuntodeathagainstit.

PoonaPact(September25,1932):
AftertheannouncementofcommunalawardandsubsequentfastofGandhiji,massmeetingtookplacealmost
everywhere.
PoliticalleaderslikeMadanMohanMalviya,B.R.AmbedkarandM.C.Rajahbecameactive.
EventuallyPoonapactwasreachedandGandhijibrokehisfactonthesixthday(Sept25,1932).
Inthis,theideaofseparateelectorateforthedepressedclasseswasabandoned,butseatsreservedtotheminthe
provinciallegislaturewereincreased.

ThirdRoundTableConference(1932):
Provedfruitlessasmostofthenationalleaderswereinprison.ThediscussionsledtothepassingoftheGovernmentof
IndiaAct,1935.

DemandForPakistan:
In1930,IqbalsuggestedthattheFrontierProvince,Baluchistan,SindhandKashmirbemadetheMuslimStatewithin
thefederation.
ChaudharyRehmatAligavethetermPakistanin1923.
Mohd.AliJinnahofBombaygaveitpracticality.
MuslimLeaguefirstpassedtheproposalofseparatePakistaninitsLahoresessionin1940.

TheCrippsMission1942:
InDec.1941,JapanenteredtheWorldWarIIandadvancedtowardsIndianborders.ByMarch7,1942,Rangoonfell
andJapanoccupiedtheentireSEAsia.
TheBritishgovt.withaviewtogettingcooperationfromIndianssentSirStaffordCripps,leaderoftheHouseof
CommonstosettletermswiththeIndianleaders.
Heofferedadraftwhichproposeddominionstatustobegrantedafterthewar.
RejectedbytheCongressasitdidntwanttorelyuponfuturepromises.
Gandhijitermeditasapostdatedchequeinacrashingbank.

TheRevoltof1942(TheQuitIndiaMovement):
CalledtheWardhaProposalandLeaderlessRevolt.
TheresolutionwaspassedonAug.8,1942,atGowaliatankinBommay.GandhijigavethesloganDoorDie.
OnAug9,theCongresswasbannedanditsimportantleaderswerearrested.
Thearrestsprovokedindignationamongthemassesand,therebeingnoprogramofaction,themovementbecame
spontaneousandviolent.Violencespreadthroughoutthecountry.
Themovementwashowevercrushed.

TheIndianNationalArmy:
FoundedbyRasbehariBosewithCaptainMohanSingh.
S.C.BosesecretlyescapedfromIndiainJain1941,andreachedBerlin.InJuly1943,hejoinedtheINAatSingapore.
There,RasbehariBosehandedovertheleadershiptohim.
ThesoldiersweremostlyraisedfromIndiansoldiersoftheBritisharmywhohadbeentakenprisonersbytheJapanese
aftertheyconqueredS.E.Asia.
TwoINAheadquarterswereRangoonandSingapore(formedinSingapore).
INAhadthreefightingbrigadesnamedafterGandhiji,AzadandNehru.RaniJhansiBrigadewasanexclusivewomen
force.

TheCabinetMissionPlan(1946):
Thestruggleforfreedomenteredadecisivephaseintheyear194546.ThenewLabourPartyPM.LordAttlee,madea
declarationonMarch15,1946,thatBritishCabinetMission(comprisingofLordPethickLawrenceasChairman,Sir
StaffordCrippsandA.V.Alexander)willvisitIndia.
ThemissionheldtalkswiththeINCandMLtobringaboutacceptanceoftheirproposals.
OnMay16,1946,themissionputtowardsitsproposals.ItrejectedthedemandforseparatePakistanandinsteadafederal
unionconsistingofBritishIndiaandthePrincelyStateswassuggested.BothCongressandMuslimsLeaguefirst
acceptedit,butthencongressrejecteditbecauseofweakcenterandlesspowerstocenterandmorepowerstoprincely
statesandMLrejecteditwhentheyfoundcongresscouldchangetheplanthroughtheirmajorityinconstituentassembly
andthenMLrejectedtheplanon29julyanddeclaredDirectActionDay(16august,1946)toconcedetheirdemandfor
DreamPakistan

FormationofInterimGovernment(Sept2,1946):

FormationofInterimGovernment(Sept2,1946):
BasedonCabinetMissionPlan,aninterimgovernmentconsistingofCongressnomineeswasformedonSept.2,1946.
J.L.NehruwasitsVicePresidentandtheGovernorGeneralremainedasitsPresident.

JinnahsDirectActionResolution(Aug16,1946):
JinnahwasalarmedattheresultsoftheelectionsbecausetheMuslimLeaguewasindangerofbeingtotallyeclipsedin
theconstituentassembly.
Therefore,MuslimLeaguewithdrewitsacceptanceoftheCabinetMissionPlanonJuly29,1946.
ItpassedaDirectactionresolution,whichcondemnedboththeBritishGovernmentandtheCongress(Aug16,1946).It
resultedinheavycommunalriots.
JinnahcelebratedPakistanDayonMar27,1947.

FormationofConstituentAssembly(Dec9,1946):
TheConstituentassemblymetonDec9,1946andDr.Sachchidanadwaselectedasitsinterimpresidentandthenon11
Dec,Dr.RajendraPrasadwaselecteditspresident.

MountbattenPlan(June3,1947):
OnJune3,1947,LordMountbattenputforwardhisplanwhichoutlinedthestepsforthesolutionofIndiaspolitical
problem.
TheoutlinesofthePlanwere:
IndiatobedividedintoIndiaandPakistan.
BengalandPunjabwillbepartitionedandareferenduminNEFPandSylhetdistrictofAssamwouldbeheld.
TherewouldbeaseparateconstitutionalassemblyforPakistantoframeitsconstitution.
ThePrincelystateswouldenjoythelibertytojoineitherIndiaorPakistanorevenremainindependent.
Aug.15,1947wasthedatefixedforhandingoverpowertoIndiaandPakistan.
TheBritishgovt.passedtheIndianIndependenceActof1947inJuly1947,whichcontainedthemajorprovisionsput
forwardbytheMountbattenplan.

PartitionandIndependence(Aug1947):
AllpoliticalpartiesacceptedtheMountbattenplan.
Atthetimeofindependence,therewere562smallandbigPrincelyStatesinIndia.
SardarVallabhBhaiPatel,thefirsthomeminister,usedironhandinthisregard.ByAugust15,1947,alltheStates,witha
fewexceptionslikeKashmir,HyderabadandJunagarhhadsignedtheInstrumentofAccession.Goawaswiththe
Portuguese(liberatedin1961)andPondicherrywiththeFrench(liberatedin1956).

NewspaperJournals

Newspaper/JournalFounder/Editor
1.BengalGazette(1780)(Indiasfirstnewspaper):J.A.Hikki
2.KesariB.G.Tilak
3.MaharattaB.G.Tilak
4.SudharakG.K.Gokhale
5.AmritaBazarPatrikaSisirKumarGhoshandMotilalGhosh
6.VandeMataramAurobindoGhosh
7.NativeOpinionV.N.Mandalik
8.KavivachanSudhaBhartenduHarishchandra
9.RastGoftar(FirstnewspaperinGujarati)DadabhaiNaoroji
10.NewIndia(Weekly)BipinChandraPal
11.StatesmanRobertKnight
12.HinduVirRaghavacharyaandG.S.Aiyar
13.SandhyaB.B.Upadhyaya
14.VicharLahiriKrishnashastriChiplunkar

14.VicharLahiriKrishnashastriChiplunkar
15.HinduPatriotGirishChandraGhosh(laterHarishChandraMukherji)
16.SomPrakashIshwarChandraVidyasagar
17.YugantarBhupendranathDattaandBarinderKumarGhosh
18.BombayChronicleFirozeShahMehta
19.HindustanM.M.Malviya
20.MooknayakB.R.Ambedkar
21.ComradeMohammedAli
22.TahzibulAkhlaqSirSyyedAhmedKhan
23.AlHilalAbdulKalamAzad
24.AlBalaghAbdulKalamAzad
25.IndependentMotilalNehru
26.PunjabiLalaLajpatRai
27.NewIndia(Daily)AnnieBesant
28.CommonwealAnnieBesant
29.PratapGaneshShankarVidyarthi
30.EssaysinIndianEconomicsM.G.Ranade
31.SamvadKaumudi(Bengali)RamMohanRoy
32.MiratulAkhbarRamMohanRoy(firstPersiannewspaper)
33.IndianMirrorDevendraNathTagore
34.NavJeevanM.K.Gandhi
35.YoungIndiaM.K.Gandhi
36.HarijanM.K.Gandhi
37.PrabudhaBharatSwamiVivekananda
38.UdbodhanaSwamiVivekananda
39.IndianSocialistShyamjiKrishnaVerma
40.Talwar(inBerlin)BirendraNathChattopadhyaya
41.FreeHindustan(inVancouver)TarakNathDas
42.HindustanTimesK.M.Pannikar
43.KrantiMirajkar,Joglekar,Ghate