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INDONESIA
METHANOL
Methanol
..Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFMethanol
..Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOF
Production
Uses
The Market
Capital Investment and Production Cost
Technology
Advantages
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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The first member of the homologous
series of aliphatic alcohols, with the
formula CH3OH.
It is produced commercially from a
mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and
hydrogen (H2).
Introduction
..Methanol is a
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
..Methanol is a
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highly flammable liquid,
boiling point 64.7C (149F),
is miscible with water and most organic
liquids,
highly poisonous substance, and
sublethal amounts can cause permanent
blindness.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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BASF pada tahun 1923 mengenalkan
proses sintesis methanol dari CO dan H2
yang merupakan aplikasi kedua
terbesar mengenai katalis dan teknologi
tekanan tinggi dalam industri kimia.
Introduction
..Proses tersebut merupakan penelitian lanjutdari hidrogenasi CO,
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
..Proses tersebut merupakan penelitian lanjutdari hidrogenasi CO,
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CO dan H dapat bereaksi pada tekanan 100
300
bar untuk menghasilkan produk yang beragamdari methanol sampai alkohol yang lebi
h tinggi,
tergantung pada katalis yang digunakan dankondisi operasi
juga komponen-komponen yang terhidrogenasidan hidrokarbon.
Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh Fischer-Tropschpada sekitar awal 1930 an.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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Seperti proses amonia, sintesis
methanol juga tergantung pada
pengembangan katalis yang digunakan.
Katalis methanol harus selektif dan aktif.
Salah satunya, yang mengandung zinc
oxide dan chromia, tahan sampai sekitar
40 tahun.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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..Tahun 1996 ICI memperkenalkan katalis
cooper/zinc oxide/alumina dengan
aktivitas yang lebih besar.
..Dengan katalis ini methanol dapat
bereaksi pada temperatur yang lebih
rendah (kurang dari 300oC) dan tekanan
yang lebih rendah (50-100 bar).
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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..Hasilnya, jika dibandingkan dengan
proses sebelumnya yang memerlukan
tekanan tinggi.
proses menjadi lebih efisien,
lebih murah dan
lebih rendah biaya modal yang akan
diinvestasikan.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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Methanol is one of the major industrial
organic chemicals.
Its major derivatives are
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),
formaldehyde, and
acetic acid.
Introduction
..Other derivatives and uses include
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
..Other derivatives and uses include
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chloromethanes,
methyl methacrylate,
methylamines,
dimethyl terephthalate,
solvents (such as glycol methyl ethers),
antifreeze, and
fuels.
Introduction
..Methanol is produced naturally in the
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
..Methanol is produced naturally in the
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anaerobic metabolism of many varieties
of bacteria.
As a result, there is a small fraction of
methanol vapor in the atmosphere.
Over the course of several days,
atmospheric methanol is oxidized by
oxygen with the help of sunlight to carbon
dioxide and water.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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Methanol burns in air forming carbon
dioxide and water:
2 CH3OH + 3 O2
.
2 CO2 + 4 H2O
A methanol flame is almost colorless.
Care should be exercised around burning
methanol to avoid burning oneself on the
almost invisible fire.
Introduction
..Methanol is often called wood alcohol
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
..Methanol is often called wood alcohol
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because it was once produced chiefly as
a byproduct of the destructive
distillation of wood.
It is now produced synthetically by a
multi-step process.
Introduction
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFIntroduction
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In short,
natural gas and steam are reformed in a
furnace to produce hydrogen and carbon
monoxide; then,
hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases
react under pressure in the presence of a
catalyst.
The reforming step is endothermic and the
synthesis step is exothermic.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Today, synthesis gas is most commonly
produced from the methane component
in natural gas rather than from coal.
Three processes are commercially
practiced.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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At moderate pressures of 1 to 2 MPa
(10 20 atm) and high temperatures
(around 850 C), methane reacts with
steam on a nickel catalyst to produce
syngas according to the chemical
equation:
CH4 + H2O
.
CO + 3 H2
Production
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This reaction, commonly called steammethane reforming or SMR, is
endothermic and the heat transfer
limitations place limits on the size of the
catalytic reactors used.
Production
..Methane can also undergo partial oxidation
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..Methane can also undergo partial oxidation
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with molecular oxygen to produce syngas, as
the following equation shows:
2 CH4 + O2
.
2 CO + 4 H2
this reaction is exothermic and the heat given off
can be used in-situto drive the steam-methane
reforming reaction.
When the two processes are combined, it is
referred to as autothermal reforming.
Production
..The ratio of CO and H2 can be adjusted
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..The ratio of CO and H2 can be adjusted
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by using the water-gas shift reaction,
CO + H2O
.
CO2 + H2,
Production
..Today, the most widely used catalyst is
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
..Today, the most widely used catalyst is
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a mixture of copper, zinc oxide, and
alumina first used by ICI in 1966.
At 5 10 MPa (50 100 atm) and 250 C,
it can catalyze the production of
methanol from carbon monoxide and
hydrogen with high selectivity
CO + 2 H2
.
CH3OH
Production
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It is worth noting that
the production of synthesis gas from
methane produces 3 moles of hydrogen for
every mole of carbon monoxide,
while the methanol synthesis consumes
only 2 moles of hydrogen for every mole of
carbon monoxide.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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One way of dealing with the excess
hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into
the methanol synthesis reactor, where
it, too, reacts to form methanol
according to the chemical equation
CO2 + 3 H2 .
CH3OH + H2O
Production
..Although natural gas is the most economical
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
..Although natural gas is the most economical
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and widely used feedstock for methanol
production, other feedstocks can be used.
Where natural gas is unavailable, light
petroleum products can be used in its place.
The South African firm Sasol produces
methanol using synthesis gas from coal.
Production
..Methanol dapat dihasilkan dalam skala
industri secara besar besaran, melalui
konversi katalitik dari gas sintesis.
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
..Methanol dapat dihasilkan dalam skala
industri secara besar besaran, melalui
konversi katalitik dari gas sintesis.
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proses tersebut digolongkan menuruttekanan yang digunakan :
1. Proses tekanan tinggi : 25-30 Mpa (250
300 atm)
2. Proses tekanan sedang : 10-25 Mpa (100
250 atm)
3. Proses tekanan rendah : 5-10 Mpa (50
100 atm)
Production
..Pada ini
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
..Pada ini
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sat
proses pembuatan
methanol pada tekanan sedang dan
tekanan rendah saja yang digunakan.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Keuntungan paling utama dari proses
tekanan rendah adalah :
Biaya produksi dan investasi rendah
Peningkatan operasional dapat diandalkan
Fleksibilitas lebih besar dalam pemilihan
ukuran pabrik
Production
..Proses
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..Proses
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pruduksi methanol dalam
industri terdiri atas :
Produksi gas sintesis
Sintesis Methanol
Production
..Produksi methanol
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
..Produksi methanol
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dimulai dengan
produksi gas sintesis yang terdiri dari
hidrogen dan karbonmonoksida.
Teknologi yang sering digunakan dalam
proses gas sintesi antara lain :
Steam Reforming
Oksidasi Parsial
Gasifikasi Batubara
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Selanjutnya hasil dari syn-gas menjadi
feedstock pada methanol plant, dimana
reaksi sintesis methanol dalah
CO + 2H2
CH3OH .H298 = -21.684
kkal/mol
Production
..Reaksi pembentukan methanol ini
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..Reaksi pembentukan methanol ini
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memiliki konversi yang rendah.
Hal ini diakibatkan karena reaksi mudah
untuk mencapai kesetimbangan.
Production
..Untuk mendapatkan konversi yang lebih
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..Untuk mendapatkan konversi yang lebih
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tinggi biasanya reaksi dilakukan pada tekanan
yang cukup tinggi dan temperatur yang
rendah.
Perkembangan teknologi reaksi sintesis
methanol pada tekanan tinggi mulai
ditinggalkan dengan ditemukannya katalis
yang lebih reaktif dan jenis reaktor yang
sesuai.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFReactor Sintesi Methanol
Heat Exchanger
Flash colom
Recycle P-5
Crude Methanol
Gas Sintesis
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFReactor Sintesi Methanol
Heat Exchanger
Flash colom
Recycle P-5
Crude Methanol
Gas Sintesis
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Jenis katalis yang digunakan:
Katalis pada tekanan tinggi
Katalis pada tekanan rendah
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Katalis pada tekanan tinggi
Digunakan alkali/ZnO-CuO/Cr2O3 dapat
beroperasi pada tekanan 120-300 bar dan
temperatur 300-425oC.
Katalis ini tahan terhadap sulfur dan klorin
yang terdapat dalam syn-gas.
Production
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Katalis pada tekanan tinggi
Produksi metanol dengan zinc-oksida-krom
oksida pada proses bertekanan tinggi tidak
lagi bersifat ekonomis.
Generasi baru katalis mengandung copper
dengan keaktifan dan selektifitas yang
lebih tinggi.
Production
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Katalis pada tekanan rendah
Digunakan alkali/CuO-ZnO/Al2O3 dapat
beroperasi pada tekanan 50-100 bar dan
temperatur 275-310oC (120-300 bar dan
suhu 300-425oC, utk tek.tinggi).
Penggunaan katalis ini membutuhkan
kondisi syn-gas yang murni dari sulfur dan
klorin (H2S < 0.1 ppm).
Production
..Katalis pada tekanan rendah
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..Katalis pada tekanan rendah
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Karena keaktifan katalis, sintesis metanol
dapat berlangsung pada suhu 220-230oC
dan 5 Mpa.
Selektifitas yang tinggi memberikan
kemurnian metanol lebih besar dari 99.5%.
Pembentukan produk sampingan seperti
DME, alkohol tinggi, senyawa karbonil dan
metana dapat dihilangkan.
Production
..Produksi methanol secara komersial
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..Produksi methanol secara komersial
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dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai
macam proses.
Proses yang paling banyak digunakan di
industri methanol adalah ICI.
Production
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Proses proses yang lain diantaranya
adalah :
Proses Lurgi,
Proses Kellog,
Proses Nissui Topsoe dan
proses Mitsubishi Gas Company (MGC).
Production
..Jalur sintesis methanol
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..Jalur sintesis methanol
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dari proses
proses tersebut sama, yang
membedakan hanya
jenis katalis,
reaktor yang dipergunakan dan
kondisi operasi reaksi.
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPerbandingan penggunaan proses sintesis methanol didunia
ICI61%
Kellogs3%MGC8%
Lurgi27%
Other1%
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPerbandingan penggunaan proses sintesis methanol didunia
ICI61%
Kellogs3%MGC8%
Lurgi27%
Other1%
Production
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Dari diagram
sebagian besar (61%) proses
menggunakan teknologi ICI pada tekanan
rendah,
diikuti dengan proses tekanan rendah
Kellog (3%).
Production
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFProduction
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Proses tekanan sedang sudah jarang
digunakan hanya sebagian kecil sebesar
8% menggunakan teknologi MGC.
Pemlihan Teknologi
..Dalam proses sintesis metanol, pemilihan
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
..Dalam proses sintesis metanol, pemilihan
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teknologi pertama dilakukan pada proses
produksi gas sintesis menghasilkam hidrogen
dan karbon-monoksida.
Untuk menghasilkan gas sintesis, bahan baku
berasal dari gas alam.
Steam reforming akan menghasilkan hidrogen
lebih banyak daripada oksidasi parsial yang
menghasilkan lebih banyak karbonmonoksida.
Pemlihan Teknologi
dalam
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
dalam
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Hidrogen jumlah banyak
dibutuhkan dalam sintesis metanol
sebab diperlukan rasio H2 : CO2 sebesar
3:1 dan rasio H2 : CO sebesar 2:1.
Oleh karena itu, proses steam
reforming dipergunakan untuk
memproduksi gas sintesis.
Pemlihan Teknologi
..Dalam
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
..Dalam
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pemilihan teknologi sintesis
metanol, parameter yang digunakan
adalah:
keaktifan katalis,
jenis reaktor, dan
tekanan operasi yang dipergunakan.
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Untuk sintesis metanol,
keaktifan dan selektifitas katalis
memegang peranan penting dalam
efisiensi proses,
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Katalis yang digunakan pada tekanan
rendah
CuO-ZnO/Al2O3 memiliki keaktifan dan
selektivitas yang lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan katalis pada tekanan
tinggi ZnO-CuO/Cr2O3.
Pemlihan Teknologi
..Selektifitas yang tinggi akan
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
..Selektifitas yang tinggi akan
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menghasilkan metanol dengan
kemurnian yang tinggi dan produk
samping yang terjadi dapat dikurangi.
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Katalis CuO-ZnO yang digunakan pada
tekanan rendah mempunyai kelebihan
dibadingkan katalis lain, yaitu:
Mempunyai struktur yang sangat baik
(well-definedstructural) yaitu susunan
elektron yang menunjang keaktifan katalis
dan selektifitas yang tinggi pada metanol.
Mempunyai bentuk (morfologis) yang baik.
Pemlihan Teknologi
..Dari
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
..Dari
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parameter katalis, pemilihan
teknologi sintesis metanol dilakukan
pada tekanan rendah, yaitu antara
teknologi ICI,
Lurgi dan
Kellog.
Pemlihan Teknologi
..Pemilihan jenis reaktor akan mempengaruhi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
..Pemilihan jenis reaktor akan mempengaruhi
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biaya investasi untuk mendesain reaktor
tersebut.
Pertimbangan jenis reaktor:
Desain reaktor yang sederhana sehingga tidak
membutuhkan kontrol suhu yang rumit.
Jenis pendingin yang digunakan akan menentukan
sistem pengontrolan suhu dalam sistem ketika
terjadi kenaikan suhu yang besar.
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Pada reaktor quench converter(reaktor
berpendingin) pada ICI,
umpan yang masuk langsung bertemu
dengan unggun katalis
sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan pada
katalis dan
menyebabkan reaksi terhenti.
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Pada reaktor shell and tubepada Lurgi,
pendingin menggunakan boiling water
yang mengalir di dalam shell
dapat menyerap panas yang dihasilkan
reaksi di dalam tube yang berisi katalis
sehingga reakor dapat mempertahankan
suhunya.
Pemlihan Teknologi
Pada
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
Pada
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teknologi Kellog digunakan
pendingin intermediate coolers yang
akan memperbesar investasi desain
reaktor.
Pemlihan Teknologi
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
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Dari pertimbangan diatas, dapat ditarik
kesimpulan bahwa
teknologi Lurgi tidak membutuhkan desain
reaktor yang rumit
dimana kontrol suhu dapat dilakukan
dengan mengalirkan boiling water pada
shell.
Pemlihan Teknologi
Keunggulan teknologi Lurgi lainnya yaitu
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFPemlihan Teknologi
Keunggulan teknologi Lurgi lainnya yaitu
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dihasilkannya steam bertekanan sedang yang
memberikan solusi bagi penghematan energi.
Steam yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk
pemanasan umpan reaktor dan sebagai reboiler
dalam proses distilasi metanol.
Perolehan steam ini memperkecil beban pendidih
(boiler) untuk memproduksi steam.
Uses
..Methanol is used on a limited basis to fuel
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..Methanol is used on a limited basis to fuel
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internal combustion engines, mainly by virtue
of the fact that it is not nearly as flammable
as gasoline.
Methanol blends are the fuel of choice in
open wheel racing circuits like Champcars, as
well as in radio controlled model airplanes
(required in the "glow-plug" engines that
primarily power them), cars and trucks.
Uses
..Dirt circle track racecars such as Sprint cars, Late
Models, and Modifieds use methanol to fuel their
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..Dirt circle track racecars such as Sprint cars, Late
Models, and Modifieds use methanol to fuel their
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engines.
Drag racers and mud racers also use methanol as
their primary fuel source.
Uses
..Methanol is required with a supercharged engine in a
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..Methanol is required with a supercharged engine in a
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Top Alcohol Dragster and, until the end of the 2005
season, all vehicles in the Indianapolis 500 had to
run methanol.
Mud racers have mixed methanol with gasoline and
nitrous oxide to produce more power than gasoline
and nitrous oxide alone.
Uses
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
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Methanol is a traditional ingredient in
methylated spirit or denatured alcohol.
During World War II, methanol was
used as a fuel in several Nazi Germany
military rocket designs, under name MStoff, and in a mixture as C-Stoff.
Uses
..One of the drawbacks of methanol as a
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..One of the drawbacks of methanol as a
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fuel is its corrosivity to some metals,
including aluminium.
Methanol, although a weak acid, attacks
the oxide coating that normally protects
the aluminium from corrosion:
6 CH3OH + Al2O3
.
2 Al(OCH3)3 + 3 H2O
Uses
..The resulting methoxide salts are soluble in
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..The resulting methoxide salts are soluble in
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methanol, resulting in clean aluminium
surface, which is readily oxidised by some
dissolved oxygen.
Also the methanol can act as a oxidiser:
6 CH3OH + 4 Al .
2 Al2(OCH3)3 + 3 H2
So the corrosion continues until the metal is
eaten away.
Uses
..When produced from wood or other organic
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..When produced from wood or other organic
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materials, the resulting organic methanol
(bioalcohol) has been suggested as
renewable alternative to petroleum-based
hydrocarbons.
However, one cannot use BA100 (100%
bioalcohol) in modern petroleum cars without
modification.
Uses
..Methanol is also used as a solvent and as an
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..Methanol is also used as a solvent and as an
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antifreeze in pipelines.
The largest use of methanol by far, however,
is in making other chemicals.
About 40% of methanol is converted to
formaldehyde, and from there into products
as diverse as plastics, plywood, paints,
explosives, and permanent press textiles.
Uses
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
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In some wastewater treatment plants,
a small amount of methanol is added to
wastewater
to provide a food source of carbon for the
denitrification bacteria,
which convert nitrates to nitrogen.
Uses
..In the 1990s, large amounts of
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..In the 1990s, large amounts of
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methanol were used in the United
States to produce the gasoline additive
methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
The 1990 Clean Air Act required certain
major cities to use MTBE in their
gasoline to reduce photochemical smog.
Uses
..However, by the late 1990s, it was found that
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..However, by the late 1990s, it was found that
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MTBE had leaked out of gasoline storage
tanks and into the groundwater in sufficient
amounts to affect the taste of municipal
drinking water in many areas.
Uses
..Moreover, MTBE was found to be a
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..Moreover, MTBE was found to be a
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carcinogen in animal studies.
In the resulting backlash, several states
banned the use of MTBE, and its future
production remains uncertain.
Uses
..Direct-methanol fuel cells are unique in their
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUses
..Direct-methanol fuel cells are unique in their
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low temperature, atmospheric pressure
operation, allowing them to be miniaturized
to an unprecedented degree.
This, combined with the relatively easy and
safe storage and handling of methanol may
open the possibility of fuel cell-powered
consumer electronics.
Uses
Other chemical
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Other chemical
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derivatives of methanol
include dimethyl ether, which has replaced
chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol spray
propellant, and acetic acid.
There are now plans to use the chemical in
eco-friendly fuel cells for laptop computers,
the cells will break down methanol via an
electrochemical process.
The Market
..Methanol is
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Methanol is
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an important multipurpose base chemical,
a simple molecule which can be recovered
from many resources, predominantly
natural gas.
The Market
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
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By tradition, methanol is principally
used to produce
formaldehyde,
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and
acetic acid
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFUNIVERSITYINDONESIAOF
The Market
..To a lesser extend, methanol is used as a
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..To a lesser extend, methanol is used as a
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general solvent and as fuel and for producing
other chemicals.
Global demand for methanol amounts to
about 32 million tons per year, with growth
rates at or near GDP.
The demand corresponds to the capacity of
about 35 million tons which is available
worldwide.
The Market
..Asia is becoming the main growth driver
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Asia is becoming the main growth driver
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for the demand for methanol and its
derivatives.
Average growth rates are expected to
be for:
Methanol: 3.8 %/a based on about 10
million tons in 2003,
Acetic acid: 4.8 %/a,
Formaldehyde: 4.4 %/a.
The Market
..Reducing the cost of production by installing
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Reducing the cost of production by installing
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Mega production facilities fed with lowcost natural gas is opening up new
promising methanol outlets. such as for the
production of:
Ethylene and/or propylene, methanol to
propylene, e. g. by applying Lurgi MTP
technology.
Dimethyl ether as a substitute for diesel fuel
Liquid fuels
The Market
..Reducing the cost of production by installing
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Reducing the cost of production by installing
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Mega production facilities fed with lowcost natural gas is opening up new
promising methanol outlets. such as for the
production of:
Hydrogen or
Feed material for power generating systems or
Use in integrated schemes combined with an
ammonia/urea complex, for example.
The Market
..Methanol consumption for fuel cells to be
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..Methanol consumption for fuel cells to be
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used in automobiles, for power generation
and portable equipment is bound to increase
in the near future.
Proved reserves of natural gas in the Middle
East exceed 71 trillion cubic meters
equivalent to a 41 % share of the total
world gas reserves with Iran and Qatar
having the largest potential reserves i. e.
about 30 %.
The Market
..Middle East and some regions of South
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Middle East and some regions of South
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America and Africa will raise their methanol
production significantly because of:
low feedstock cost and
low capital cost thanks to the economies of scale
provided by Mega plants.
According to CMAI some 15 million tons of
capacity, nearly 50 % of world demand, will
be added within a period of five years.
The Market
..Considering the plentiful natural gas
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFThe Market
..Considering the plentiful natural gas
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reserves and the evermore stringent
environmental regulations to curb the
wide-spread flaring-off, for example,
methanol production is a real alternative
for converting natural gas or associated
gas to a commodity with high value
added.
The Market
..Monetizing the abundant natural gas in stranded
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..Monetizing the abundant natural gas in stranded
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gas regions, where the main end-user markets are
geographically remote from the source, is highly
attractive.
Methanol is a versatile natural gas product with value
added.
Methanol has excellent characteristics being easily
transportable in comparison with gas, for example.
Methanol production cost in the range of US$ 50 per ton
opens up a completely new field for further down-stream
derivatives like propylene or other new applications.
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..Since 1995
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..Since 1995
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Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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The companies operating Mega plants
are experiencing a tremendous
reduction in production cost ex gate
from about US$ 110/t to 50/t and
ultimately less than 40/t, as shown in
the diagram.
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Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
The conversion of natural gas to methanol
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and downstream petrochemicals is highly
economic on a natural gas price level below
US$ 1/million BTU.
Some regions such as the Middle East,
locations in South America or Africa allow for
natural gas prices of between US$ 0.2 and
0.7/million BTU, compared to an oil price of
between US$ 12 and 14/barrel.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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This price scenario of gas-based
methanol production cost and
equivalent oil cost will certainly have an
impact on the downstream products
and process routes based on oil.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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Lurgi offers all technologies for
methanol production including synthesis
gas production based on:
conventional steam reforming,
combined reforming,
autothermal reforming.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
Aiming at reducing the synthesis gas
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and methanol production cost further,
even below an oil equivalent of US$
10/barrel, a high pressure
demonstration plant is being operated.
The test results supplement the design
basis for extremely large synthesis gas
capacities.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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The development of a two-stage reactor
system for methanol synthesis is
another example and proof that Lurgi
research and development activities
continuously focus on lowering capital
and operating cost for large scale
production facilities.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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Lurgi is in the unique position to license
the MegaSyn and MegaMethanol
technologies in order to increase the
benefit for the client.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
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Lurgi also offers complete routes or
integrated schemes of proprietary
technologies such as
the conversion of natural gas to propylene
via methanol or
integrated schemes combining various
products like ammonia and methanol, for
example.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
The advantages are quite obvious:
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All process streams and compounds are
useful, i. e. no generation of by-products
and therefore no environmental impact.
Feed and utility consumption can be
optimized due to plant and heat
integration.
Mega systems will reduce the production
cost additionally.
Capital
Investment and
Production Cost
Contracts for 16 methanol plants including 3
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Mega-Methanol facilities have been awarded
to Lurgi since 1994.
Lurgi is the only company which boasts 3
MegaMethanol reference plants.
Lurgi has a 60 to 70 % market share of the
methanol capacities globally installed and
leads the market as number 1.
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The compressed, desulfurized -optionally
prereformed -feedstock, predominantly natural
gas, is reformed to synthesis gas using oxygen
as the reforming agent.
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Advantages
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFAdvantages
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Tugas
..Jelaskan
UNIVERSITYINDONESIAOFTugas
..Jelaskan
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mengapa pada reaksi
pembuatan metanol yang eksotermis
lebih disukai pada tekanan tinggi dan
suhu rendah
CO + 2H2
CH3OH .H298 = -21.684
kkal/mol
Berapa harga pasar metanol/ton