Exploring The Public City Berlin

A L I C A N T E
EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

A M S T E R D A M
B E R L I N
C R A C O W
D E L F T
I N T E R N A T I O N A L I N T E N S I V E P R O G R A M M E
EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY
B E R L I N 2 0 0 7 R E A N I M A T I N G T H E S A T E L L I T E C I T Y
0 3 - 1 9 . N O V . 2 0 0 7 T F H - B E R L I N U N I V E R S I T Y O F A P P L I E D S C I E N C E S
ISBN: 978-3-938576-12-0
7$%/(2)&217(176
Table Of Contents 01 6.3 Green Public Space 181
Colophon & Acknowledgements 02 6.4 Informal Public Space 191
6.5 Infrastructure And Public Space 203
Part 1. Workshop Theme 2007; Reanimating The Satellite City
1.1 Workshop Brief 03 Part 7. Implementations 227
1.2 Planning Of Activities/ Programme In Berlin 2007 05
Part 8. Participants in Groups 239
Part 2. Introduction 8.1 Commercial Public Space 239
2.1 General Introduction To The Intensive Programme 07 8.2 Infrastructure And Public Space 240
8.3 Formal Public Space 241
Part 3. Theme Related Articles And Lectures | Various Authors 8.4 Informal Public Space 242
3.1 Urban Development And Satellite Cities (Thomas Krüger) 11 8.5 Green Public Space 243
3.2 “New Town” Development In Holland (Peter de Bois) 15
3.2 Genius Loci (Flip Lambalk) 23 Part 9. Workshop Impressions 244
3.3 Green Public Spaces (Pablo Martí) 29
3.4 Of¿cial Public Spaces (Holger Kühnel | Gisela Glass) 35
Part 4. Preparatory Student Work | Participants

4.1 Case-Study Marzahn (Berlin University of Applied Sciences) 43
4.2 Case-Study Amsterdam Bijlmermeer (Amsterdam School of Technology) 59
4.3 Case-Study Bos En Lommer (Deft University of Technology) 69
4.4 Case-Study Alicante (University of Technology) 81
4.5 Case-Study Cracow (Cracow University of Technology) 87
Part 5. Exploring Marzahn, Mapping Public Space | Participants

5.1 Commercial Public Space 93
5.3 Green Public Space 113
5.4 Informal Public Space 123
5.5 Infrastructure 133
Part 6. Interventions In Nowa Huta, (Re)Designing The Public Domain | Participants

6.1 Commercial Public Space 145
1 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

&2/23+21 $&.12:/('*(0(176
ORGANISATION & TEACHING STAFF GUEST LECTURERS
Acknowledgments In alphabetical order:
We would like to thank the participating higher education institu- Dirk Blomeyer, Architect, Prof. Projektentwicklung,
tions and their representatives. Projektsteuerung TFH Berlin
Hogeschool van Amsterdam Michael Kny, Architekt, Of¿ce Kny und Weber, Berlin
Amsterdam school of technology, Unit Build Environment.
Arch. Gerard Kuiper M.Sc., Ph.J.Lambalk, senior lecturer, Philipp Oswalt, Architect, Urban Catalyst, Prof. Architekturtheorie
Anneke Treffers und Entwerfen, Universtät Kassel
Technische Fachhochschule Berlin Heinz Tibbe, Urban Planer, Gruppe Planwerk

University of Applied Sciences
Prof. Gisela Glass, Prof. Dr. Holger Kühnel Phd,
Arch. Thomas Krüger
Politechnika Krakowska
Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
Prof. Wojchiech Wicher, Agnieszka Wojcik Ph.D. Architect
Technische Universiteit Delft

Peter G. de Bois M.Sc. Architect and Urban Designer
Karen Buurmans M.Sc. Urban Designer and B.Sc. Architect
Marc Koehler M.Sc. Architect
Universidad de Alicante
Antonio Galiano, Pablo Marti
REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 2

3$57:25.6+237+(0(5($1,0$7,1*7+(6$7(//,7(&,7<
:25.6+23%5,()
STUDY AREA
The study area is Berlin-Marzahn, located in the eastern part of

Berlin. It’s a young suburb from the 70s, built under the urban
planning guidelines of the former DDR.
Built as an alternative to the 19th century town, Marzahn was the

new dream of the new socialistic government.
In the 70s and 80s prefabricated concrete buildings were very
popular and well accepted among the intellectual elite of the
socialist part of Germany. These buildings were highly comfort-
able and had a good technical standards compared to the old
non-renovated buildings in the inner city of the 19th century.
The urban development of Marzahn is the legacy of the principles

of the CIAM :
Marzahn is nowadays characterised as a high-density, suburban
city; with a hierarchical system of mono-functional residential
areas in prefabricated industrial structures with a lack of urban /
public life qualities.
The monotony of the urban and building structure ampli¿es the
absence of spatial signi¿cance, urban space and vitalized streets.
After the fall of the wall it was attempted to upgrade the district
by extensive reconstruction and new landscape designs. Never
the less, this could not stop emigration of the wealthy inhabitants
to the nearby areas across the city border, where cheaper prop-
erty is available for private family-houses.
Based on the fact of migration out of Marzahn, the danger of

the future is the ghettoization, accelerates vacancy of apartment
blocks and also their related infrastructure.
Marzahn today, is a good example of a suburban shrinking city.

PART 1. WORKSHOP BRIEF
In 1989 were 170.000 inhabitants in Marzahn, today there are

about 100.000 left.
The changes in society, which were triggered by the fall of the

wall, have totally changed the urban conditions, the mix of the
inhabitants and the infrastructure.
A new concept for the transformation of the whole area, which

right now is de¿ned by mono structure (living) and big
green areas is needed.
Most of all, different types of apartments, new concepts for the
public spaces and innovative ideas for their use are
necessary to upgrade Marzahn. This is a great challenge for
architects and urbanists to ¿nd new ideas to transform this mono
structural district.
Gisela Glass

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<352*5$00(
3/$11,1*2)$&7,9,7,(6352*5$00(,1%(5/,1
European cities in transition: design analysis and strategies for urban transformations 16.30 - 19.00 Set up the workstation
Date Time Activity Location and
Prepare research
Saturday 03.11.07 Arrival
approach in groups
Sunday 04.11.07 Late arrives and cultural 19.00 - Welcome Drink for IP Students and Restaurant:
activities: students and Lecturers lecturers Rocco und seine Brüder
13:00 – 1. Introduction of Berlins Dipl. Ing. Am Köllnischen Park 3, Foyer.
19°° 2. History 1h + T. Krüger, U-Bahn-Station Märkisches Getting to know each
Walking Tour through TFH Berlin Museum other; team dinners
Berlin-Mitte 1,5h Day 2 06.11.07
3. Visiting the exhibition Tuesday
'Berlin-story', 9.30 -16.00 Thematic Bike tour Arch. Marzahn, Helene-Weigel-
Berlin, incl. lectures and Thomas Platz 8 (Rathaus)
Kurfürsten-
Lunch Krüger
damm 207-208 TFH Berlin
Phase 3.1 19.00 Guest lecture: P.Oswalt, Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Day 1 05.11.07 'Shrinking Cities' Urban
workshop Catalyst
event 20.30 Movie “Die Architekten” Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Monday
09.00 - Welcome speech Prof. Gisela TFH Berlin, Luxemburger Straße Day 3 07.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Wednesday
09.15 Glass 9-10, 13353 Berlin-Wedding
Phase 3.2 In Depth analysis of
Studiengang Haus Bauwesen
Theme and research
Architektur, TFH Hörsaal H1 areas
Berlin 09.00 - 09.45 Lecture Peter de
09.15- Introduction to program Arch. Marc H1 'infrastructure' Bois,
09.40 Koehler Msc. TU TU Delft;
Delft; 09.45 - 10.00 Coffee break
09.50 Presentation of H1 10:00- 10.45 Lecture Arch. Marc
preparatory work: students 'inofficial public spaces' Koehler Msc.
TU Delft
9.50 - 10.20 Krakow
11:00 - 11.45 Lecture: 'green public Arch.
10.25 – 10.55 Amsterdam
spaces' Antonio
11.00 - 11.30 Delft Galiano
11.30-1.40 short coffee break Garrigós,
11.40 - 12.10 Alicante Universidad
de Alicante
12.15 - 12.45 Berlin
12.00 - 12.45 Lunch
12.45 - Lunch in teams Mensa TFH 13.00 - Research
13.45 Luxemburger Str. Day 4 08.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
13. 45 - Move to TFH Thursday
14.30 Kurfürstenstraße 141 Kurfürstenstraße 141 09.00 - 09.45 Lecture: 'commercial Prof. Dr.
10785 Berlin-Tiergarten, public spaces Wojciech
Aula Wicher
Cracow
14.30 - Guest Lecture Arch M. Kny
University of
15.15 History of Marzahn Technology
15.30 – Lecture Arch. Thomas 09.45 - 10.00 Coffee break
16.30 Urban development in Krüger, 10.00 - Lecture: 'Official public Prof. Dr. H.
Berlin, specially in TFH Berlin 10.45 spaces' Kühnel
Marzahn Prof. G. Glass
TFH Berlin

PART 2. INTENSIVE PROGRAM
11.00 – Lecture: Arch. Marc Day 9 13.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße

11.45 'Genius Loci' Koehler Msc. TU Tuesday
Delft; 09.00 - Design studio
Prof. F. Lambalk, 13.00
Hogeschool van 13.00 - Lunch
Amsterdam 13.45
12.00 - Research 14.00 - Design studio
18.00
19.00 Guest lecture: "planning Arch. Heinz Tibbe, 19.00 Guest Lecture Prof. Dirk
activities for Marzahn since Planwerk Metropol Parasol Sevilla Blomeyer
the fall of the wall" TFH Berlin
Day 5 09.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße Day 10 14.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Friday Wednesday
09.00 - Research 09.00 - Design studio
13.00 13.00
13.00 - Lunch 13.00 - Lunch
13.45
13.45
14.00 - Design studio
14.00 - Research
18.00
18.30 - Dinner staff with new incoming All lecturers
19.00 Free evening
lecturers
Day 6 10.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Day 11 15.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Saturday
Thursday
9.30 – Presentations Students and 09.00 - Design studio
14:00 research phase lecturers 13.00
14.00 - Free time 13.00 - Lunch
13.45
Day 7 11.11.07 14.00 - preparation final
Sunday 18.00 presentations in
12.00 - Architectural guided walking Arch. T. Krüger, Powerpoint and DTP
16.00 Tour TFH Berlin book publication.
19.00 Free evening
Free evening
Phase 3.3 Developing design strategies phase 4

Day 8 12.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße Day 12 16.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße
Monday Friday
09.00 - Design Studio 09.00 - presentations design
13.00 13.00 studio’s
13.00 - Lunch 13.00 - Lunch
13.45 13.45
14.00 - Design studio 14.00 – presentations design
18.00 16.00 studio’s
19.00 Theme evening 50ies: Prof. Jürgen Ingenieur Kunst 16:00- evaluation en fill in
Lecture and Sawade Galerie Berlin 17.00 evaluation questionaire
Movie 'Leben in der Stadt von Burgstr. 27 18.00 Party Aula Kurfürstenstraße
morgen' 10178 Berlin Saturday 17.11.07 Leisure Time
Sunday 18.11.07 departure

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,1752'8&7,21
*(1(5$/,1752'8&7,21727+(,17(16,9(352*5$00(
INTRODUCTION schule Berlin and the fourth workshop is planned in Alicante in problematic of urban regenerating of post-modern and post-war
May 2008, organised by the University of Alicante. New Towns, reinterpreting inÀuential planning paradigms of the
“Exploring the Public city” is an innovative international teaching 20th century and the 21st century. Themes have been ‘Northern
project aimed at developing and exchanging knowledge and GENERAL WORKSHOP METHODOLOGY European New Towns’ (workshop Almere, Netherlands in 2005),
experience in the ¿eld of urban (re)generation and strategic pub- ‘Communist Model towns’ (workshop Nowa Huta, Poland
lic space design. In doing so, the project aims to add value to the The unique process-structure of the workshop is set by six steps; in 2006 and Satellite cities Marzahn 2007). The workshop in
academic discourse on upgrading ‘problematic public (1) interpreting urban conditions (observing), (2) representing Alicante will explore the relatively unexplored topic of planned
spaces’ and the development of sustainable urban communities. urban conditions (mapping), (3) evaluating urban conditions ‘residential resorts’ at the coast of Alicante; a very extreme form
The project applies a pedagogical approach based on an (problem ¿nding), (4) re-thinking urban conditions (conception), of post modern ‘international sub urbanization’. The EPC project
innovative research method, which combines techniques of (5) re-designing urban conditions (as problem solving) and takes various kinds of New Towns as case study areas for didacti-
urban analysis with techniques of urban planning, city branding (6) reÀecting on the possible effects of the interventions in a cal reasons, being relatively ‘clear, simple and bounded in spatial
and architectural and urban design. combined strategic plan. structure and representing clear ideological concepts.
By repeating a strict research structure (in terms de¿nitions,
BACKGROUND In order to structure the analysis, students are teamed up classi¿cations and drawing scale and legend) the mapping- and
in 5 thematic groups consisting of 10 students and two design results of different workshops can be compared, gaining
The project is situated within the context of a so called EU funded teachers. The themes are INFORMAL, COMMERCIAL, GREEN, insight in the generic and speci¿c principles behind different
Socrates Intensive Project (IP). The yearly event takes 13 days INFRASTRUCTURE and OFFICIAL PUBLIC SPACE. Properties of approaches to urban planning and architectural design in new
and is attended by 60 students and 12 teachers from 6 European each theme are speci¿ed further in this report. parts of European cities.
Universities and Schools of Architecture and Urban Design.
The participating schools are Hogeschool van Amsterdam Basically, the workshop is split up in two phases. The ¿rst week THEORETICAL FRAME
(Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences), Technische is dedicated to analysing the research territory whilst the second
Universiteit Delft (Delft University of Technology), Politechnika week is used to elaborate the previously formulated concepts Recently, thanks to the development of new techniques of urban
Krakowska (Cracow University of Technology), Technische into detailed design proposals. The analysis phase is fairly well analysis and mapping, we are becoming more able to interlink
Fachhochschule Berlin (University of Applied Sciences Berlin), structured. Students are asked to conduct research from their extensive sources of urban data, allowing us to interpret the
Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt University of thematic point of view and on two levels of scale and present behaviour of complex urban systems and link the so called ‘soft
Applied Sciences), Købnhavns Tekniske Skole (Copenhagen their ¿ndings to the other groups at the end of the ¿rst week. values’ with ‘hard values’. This has made it possible to analyse
Polytechnic) and Universitat d’Alacant / Universidad de Alicante many factors that inÀuence the functioning and performance
(University of Alicante). RESEARCH TERRITORY of public spaces, including the role of programming and
The ¿rst workshop took place in 2005 in Almere, initiated and architecture. In doing so, we are learning how to improve the
organized by the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. The second Each year, the workshop chooses a speci¿c case study area performance of cities or parts of cities, addressing critical and
workshop, was held in Nowa Huta, Poland in May 2006, organ- in one of the 6 cities where the participating universities are urgent issues aimed at ‘sustainable community development’.
ised by the Technical University of Cracow (CUT Cracow). The based. The case study is chosen in relation to a clearly de¿ned
third workshop, of which this book is the outcome, took place in contemporary theme in public space development. Up till
November 2007 in Berlin, organized by the Technische Fachhoch- now, the case study areas have been chosen in relation to the

PART 2. INTRODUCTION
The three conceptual categories that structure the theoretical (Frame), the dispersion of programme and socioeconomic
focus of the workshop, roughly represent three dominant anchor points (Pattern) and the actual network of use and routing
theoretical discourses in literature on public spaces, described implemented by the system’s inhabitants (Circuit). Preliminary
below. In the EPC workshop, each of these three norms is analysis of Cracow and Nowa Huta by students of Dr. Wojchiech
represented by a speci¿c mapping technique, which have been Wicher (TU Cracow) provided visual and factual data.
integrated and combined in the EPC project, in one integral
mapping method and legends, described by Karin Buurmans in
the next chapter.
1. CONNECTIVITY
In this approach, the structure and hierarchy of infrastructural
connections (so called “Frame”) between uses, spaces and CONNECTIVITY (FRAME) MAPS (three-Step / 1st, 2nd & 3rd order) ACTIVITY (PATTERN) MAPS Ļ IDENTITY (CIRCUIT) MAPS Ļ
buildings (so called “Pattern”) is researched in relation to the
movements of people within the network (so called “Circuit”). objects
landmarks
atmospheres, influences
The exposure and use-intensity of a public space depends 3 1 anchorpoints 2 general zones, areas 2
strongly on its position in- and relation to the frame of streets, 1 clearly defined zones psychological connection
spaces and use patterns to which it is connected. The quality of Infrastructure Public Space / (pedestrian) Àow & gathering ĺ physical connection example atmosphere/inÀuence (bubble) map:
the connection between public space and its context inÀuences a bench on a square
conceptual physical connection
its accessibility and hereby its performance, which conditions
for example the performance of retail spaces. Dead spaces are
Green Public Space / green, leisure, recreation & nature ĺ

1
1 2 2
often badly connected to their spatial context. By re-arranging the
public structure of streets and spaces, the performance of public 1
spaces can be improved. Peter de Bois and Karen Buurmans have Commercial Public Space / retail, shopping, private investment ĺ

developed a new research and design method to assess and 1 2 2
increase the potential of any given location in a city to become
a lively intensely used public space. The research includes 1
cognitive mapping (e.g... Kevin Lynch) but also system analysis Informal Public Space / spontaneous & temporal activities ĺ
ĸ facade typology (closed / open / apertures)
through Space Syntax (Bill Hillier e. a.), the Three-Step or 1st, 2nd 1 2 2
&3rd order analysis method (Peter de Bois).
1
The “Frame - Pattern - Circuit” scheme developed by Karen Of¿cial Public Space / public services and facilities, formal ĺ

hangout kiosk movable kiosk birdhouse informal communication trash vandalism racism homeless people
1 “flower lady” (street selling) monument hooligan void ruin mysterious objects garage sport field graffity
Buurmans and Peter de Bois can be regarded an integrating 1 2 2

template. FPC focuses on mapping and optimising the 1
relationship between the physical structure of public space

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,1752'8&7,21
Karen Buurmans
ONE CASE, MANY CATCHES: HOW TO KEEP “FROGS IN A BAR- analysis to structure planning: the RGBG Strategic Model. The RGBG Strategic model used as a Scenario analysis and
REL” The RGBG Strategic Model is a dynamic design and analysis design method aims at visualising main paths, nodes and
instrument that strongly draws from topological knowledge, regions that may generate and carry transformation through the
A room full of designers is bound to produce a Àood of ideas. cognitive data and mental mapping. It is useful and effective in recognition and (re)con¿rmation of speci¿c topological qualities
Practical, innovative, impossible, unlikely, unexpected, crazy, the urban/environmental context of transformation, innovation, within the existing urban structure. Its multilayered, dynamic and
brilliant, spontaneous, solid ... a kaleidoscope of thoughts and and exploration. It makes communication possible in a complex structural approach provides insight in both the current situation
insights that all individually have their speci¿c merit, motivation interactive and intuitive situation. It visualises programmatic and generates (long term) strategic design visions regarding
and validity. This creative explosion is a valuable asset of each potentials and physical relations in a conceptual way. contemporary public space. The super-positioned layers highlight
workshop as it triggers its participants to “think outside the box” the pattern of places, functions, destinations and landmarks and
and experiment. A multidisciplinary and/or international “pressure The RGBG method, a brief description of its purpose [1] indicate the - existing and/or absent - circuits which tie them
cooker” environment provides unequalled means for creating together into a hierarchical framework. [2]
the necessary stimulants whereas participants are confronted Main issue when it comes to synchronising and correlating data
with different routines and abilities. Communicating in a different is ¿nding a common “key” to translate, visualise, communicate Based on the assumption that a complete and healthy urban
language forces them to seek new, explicit and more fundamental and compare results. For this event the body of students frame conditions Àows of goods and people into social
ways to express their ideas and methods. A workshop such as is divided into ¿ve thematic subgroups, each assigned to encounters and (hence) meaningful, productive public spaces,
the one in Berlin, Autumn 2007, recorded in this publication, is a investigating a particular aspect of Public Space: the method generates the motives for a more effective and
valuable learning experience in its own right. conditional policy with regard to location, assignment, design
COMMERCIAL PUBLIC SPACE and maintenance. [3] In other words, the method provides for
And this is where most workshops end. After everyone has FORMAL PUBLIC SPACE developing structure visions and design concepts for the second,
their say, presented their plan, exchanged their addresses, GREEN PUBLIC SPACE post-analysis phase of the workshop.
the group falls apart and leaves behind a heap of material from INFORMAL PUBLIC SPACE
which it is almost impossible to derive a coherent conclusion on INFRASTRUCTURE & PUBLIC SPACE With their speci¿c disciplinary knowledge, starting points and
which to elaborate in a practical sense. The workshop, vibrant, design or research motives the participants (in this case the
educational and successful as it may have been, will remain an For sake of continuity this same subdivision is also employed students from the various universities) visualise their individual
intermezzo, a pleasant interruption of everyday routine, a fun during the Berlin workshop. Each thematic group consists of thoughts on the subject focused on during the workshop, the
memory. Some ideas will stick with the audience, but most will 10 students and is supervised by one member of staff (there are New Town of Nowa Huta. Due to the relatively limited amount of
fade into oblivion and stay just that, ideas. The strength and the separate teams for the ¿rst half of the workshop, the analysis time -- conclusions have to be available almost instantaneously
weakness of the workshop format: an invaluable experience on phase, and the second half, the design phase). Each group and reported coherently at the end of the workshop -- data
an individual level but dif¿cult to estimate overall spin-off. conducts their own research but is asked to simultaneously input is limited to the ¿rst swipe of factual information gathered
record the gathered information in a layered Adobe Illustrator through ¿eld and literature study. Two levels of scale are taken in
In order to sort effect on a more collective level this workshop map according to a uniform key. Those maps are processed account: global survey (town as a whole) and “deep mapping”.
aims at integrating combining the individual forces. In order more or less independently from the group analysis. One del-
to achieve that goal a mapping method is introduced that has egateappointed for each group is assigned to discuss and report
already been proven useful in a variety of cases, from plan backon content and conclusions.

PART 2. INTRODUCTION
Data input can be factual, conceptual or design related, as long in Part 7 of this report, which presents the eventual analysis
as a consistent legend is used. The RGBG method can thus be integration map [4] The legend is also explained hither.
used to (1) evaluate and compare plans and concepts, create
an “a posteriori” overview of critical interventions, through The division into thematic groups
abstracting those plans according to the key; (2) coordinate the
inventorying an analysis phase by setting tasks, visualising and COMMERCIAL PUBLIC SPACE
integrating the results and produce “ex ante” concepts, design Coordinators: Wojchiech Wicher, Agnieszka Wojcik
starting points and (3) guide communication between different, Students: M. Anthonisse, B. J. Van Den Bosch, A. Van Der Veen,
possibly conÀicting parties involved in the planning process J. C. Biervliet jr., A. Pietrzak, G. Namberger, J. Balog, G. Bieniasz,
by visualising their viewpoints, overlaps and problems. For the L. Navarro, C. Nieto, C. Vivancos [1] The method has been developed during years of educational
Berlin workshop the focus obviously centres on (2), laying the projects featuring different locations. Our long term occupation
basis of a general structure vision that provides the anchor points FORMAL PUBLIC SPACE with the New Town of Almere enabled further elaboration and
for the eventual design proposals. The result of the joint effort Coordinators: Gisela Glass, Holger Kühnel, Thomas M. Krüger testing of initial ¿ndings. The method can be regarded part of a
is supposed to provide for a previously missing link between Students: C. Narciso Linares, R. García Sacristán, T. Hartmanns, triptych encompassing Space Syntax (Hillier, London), our “Three
analysis and design by ¿lling in the intermediate level of scale and K. Kramer, B. Kaminski, S. Yücel, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, A. Step Analysis” and the “frame – pattern – circuit” scheme.
correlating the in themselves sound but inevitably incomplete and Bogacz, I. Hajdasz, Gema Saorin Marin For more information on the background of the method:
somewhat scattered insights of the individual groups. Bois, P.G. & Buurmans, K.A. (2006). RGBG Strategic Model,
GREEN PUBLIC SPACE a Scenario Analysis & Design Method. Delft University of
The resulting “Integration Map” shows that the method produces Coordinators: Antonio Galiano , Pablo Marti Technology. Available on request. www.atelieralmere.nl.
insight in the relationships, structure and (programmatic) Students: C. Coves , A. Esclapez , T. Pronk , J. Karlstedt , D. Ebru, [2] Originally, as the name of the method indicates, data input
potential of various areas, lines and places. Because of the F. Marquardt , D. Heimeriks , S. van der Sande , M. Jagielak , K. is reduced to key aspects of RED (building, dwelling), GREEN
uniform key, everyone who has anything to say about the subject Koper , R. Koszel (landscape, recreation, natural environment), BLUE (water) &
or area under examination can add his individual ideas and GREY (infrastructure). But obviously, the method can be applied
visions. The “resolution” of the emerging image increases with INFORMAL PUBLIC SPACE on practical all levels of scale from national and regional to
the quantity and diversity of input it accumulates. And, equally Coordinators: Flip Lambalk, Anneke Treffers the urban (although on the lower levels (R 3) programmatic
important, it is dynamic in the sense that it can incorporate a Students: E. Pérez, P. Gomez, J. Schol, A. Lijbers, F. Hoffmann, re¿nement can be desirable). The Berlin workshop in Marzahn is
multitude of viewpoints over an inde¿nite period of time. The F. Maurer, B. Schüssel, E. Oort, F. van der Veek, M. Kulczycka, B. one of the ¿rst experiments with a different type of legend that
resulting topological scheme is therefore a highly suitable Popiela distinguishes between different functions instead of the original
intermediate with regard to the ever persistent lapses between main RGBG themes.
analysis, concept and design. It is also a tool that may bridge INFRASTRUCTURE & PUBLIC SPACE [3] For more information on the background of this thesis:
the widening gap between conÀicting parties such as those Coordinators: Peter de Bois & Karen Buurmans ¶ Buurmans, K.A. (2006). The Labyrinth; a design-theoretical
advocating opposing public and private interest. Students: Carolina Gomez, Vanesa Sanchez, Gertjan Vlaar, Niels research into perception & use of urban structure. [MSC
Westmeijer, Jürgen Braig, Duc Nguyen, Max Wittkopp, Marjolijn graduation thesis] Delft University of Technology.
The background, method and results are elaborated further Bonnike, Frank van der Veek, Sera¿n Szyszka, Agnieszka Wielgosz [4] Parts of the text are extracted from aforementioned report.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(685%$1'(9(/230(17$1'6$7(//,7(&,7,(6
Dipl. Ing. Thomas Krüger
The destruction in huge parts of the historic Berlin, with its nar-
row streets and dark tenement blocks (photo1), during World War
II , gave rise to a radical new way of thinking in designing cities.
The new urban philosophy sought to develop a lifestyle ¿t for a
new society in a huge green paradise: a garden city metropolis.
Its roots can be found in the Modernist movement of the 1920s,
when several housing estates designed by Bruno Taut and Martin
Wagner showed the possibilities of creating social communities
following their slogan “Licht, Luft und Sonne” (light, air and sun).
The increasing popularity of cars added a new aspect to town
planning: traf¿c enthusiasm. The concept of an “autogerechte
Stadt” (a car-friendly city), the strong belief in a mobile city with a
new infrastructure consisting of inner-city highways, bridges and
tunnels.
Two extremely different approaches to reconstructing the city

developed in divided Post War Berlin, epitomised by the “Stali-
nallee” in East Berlin and the “Hansaviertel” in West Berlin. The
Socialist society found its analogy in the “wedding cake” style
architecture, created by the architect Hermann Henselmann. The
large Stalinallee boulevard (later renamed Karl-Marx-Allee and
Frankfurter Allee) was built according to historical revivalist princi-
ples from Moscow, with houses inspired by palaces and castles.
Its role was to demonstrate that Communism enables workers to
live like emperors and kings. The central urban concept was the
massive corridor-street, a symbolic connection (leading East) to
Moscow.
The western philosophy of reconstruction stood in opposition to

the conservative and traditional idea of streets and blocks. In 1957
the international building exhibition “INTERBAU” took place in the
northwest of the central “Tiergarten” park in the “Hansaviertel”.

PART 3. THEME RELATED ARTICLES
Fifty-three architects from Berlin, Germany and all over the world
were invited to show that West Berlin was once again a city of
rank. Following Le Corbusier’s ideas, the new residential area was
conceived in a free composition of high-rise and free-standing
buildings complemented by a carpet settlement of bungalows
surrounded by a park. Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Oscar Nie-
meyer and the Scandinavian architects Alvar Aalto, Arne Jacob-
sen and others inÀuenced the Berlin architectural movement
with examples of beautifully ef¿cient buildings and interiors. “Up
until now, the Hansaviertel shows some of the best examples of
apartment Àoor plans”, as Berlin’s famous architect Joseph Paul
Kleihues said at the end of the 1990s. The variation of architecture
and typology and the small number of approx. 40 houses and
1,500 apartments is what makes area so successful. This district is
still very popular today.
At the same time the paradigm shifted in East Berlin from decora-
tive Stalinist architecture, laid out in traditional blocks, to a new
era of industrially produced prefabricated slab buildings, follow-
ing the process of destalinisation under Nikita Khrushchev. In the
1960s a number of prefabricated buildings (for 15,000 inhabit-
ants, instead of 40,000 who lived in the area before the war) and
several free-standing smaller buildings with shops, cafes and
restaurants were erected along Karl-Marx-Allee on the section
near to the East Berlin’s Alexanderplatz city centre.
During this period, low-cost housing in high-rise estates was the

predominant rule in both parts of Berlin. In West Berlin the high-
rise cities “Gropiusstadt” and “Märkisches Viertel” were erected,
each housing 50,000 residents. However, the idea of large satellite
cities proved a failure and lead to many social problems. The lack
of suf¿cient infrastructure, anonymity, crime and vandalism gave
the settlements their bad image as ghettos for poor families.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(685%$1'(9(/230(17$1'6$7(//,7(&,7,(6
Dipl. Ing. Thomas Krüger
In the 1980s another International Building Exhibition (“IBA” 1984–
87) in West Berlin attempted to ¿nd new ways of re-urbanisation.
The concept of “Critical Reconstruction” stood for respecting the
traditional layout of streets and squares from the 19th century.
International architects, most of them inÀuenced by Postmodern-
ism, were invited to reinstall residential housing in the inner city.
Meanwhile, new industrial means for producing prefabricated

buildings created a Postmodernist, neo-traditional slab style in
the inner city districts of East Berlin, around Gendarmenmarket,
Nikolaiviertel and Spandauer Vorstadt. However, the GDR govern-
ment never gave up planning and building huge satellite cities.
Rather than restoring the residential buildings, which were dete-
riorating in the inner city, huge high-rise estates were constructed
on the periphery – the new boroughs Marzahn and Hellersdorf
each provided apartments for 150,000 inhabitants.
Following German reuni¿cation in 1989, politicians and town

planners were convinced that the population in Berlin would
experience a strong increase. Their ¿rst strategy was to renovate
prefabricated slab buildings in East Berlin’s satellite cities and
improve their infrastructure to stabilize these areas.
The prognosis failed and instead we are now faced with the real-
ity of shrinking cities. High-rise buildings are being demolished
and prefabricated slabs are being “deconstructed”. Using walls
and ceilings from “deconstructed” buildings to build new small-
scale houses is one way of dealing with this creatively. Another
important approach is the design of a new mixture of various
housing types to provide attractive homes in and around the city
to avoid the development of ghettos.


3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6
1(:72:1
'(9(/230(17,1+2//$1'
Prof. Peter de Bois
Every person has an image in his head that helps him understand
the organisation of the city and enables him to use the city in
accordance to his momentary needs and means of transport. We
call this image a cognitive map.
The Cognitive Map and the spatial ritual
On behalf of an exposition themed “Cartography in Amsterdam

between 1866 and 2000” (commissioned by the Amsterdam
Municipal Archives) Waag Society in collaboration with Esther Adinka
Polak and Jeroen Kee initiated the project “Amsterdam RealTime”.

The project encompassed equipping a number of inhabitants
of the city of Amsterdam with a GPS device that via “satellite
tracking” plotted the participants’ daily routine with regard to their
movements and pauses, correlated to the topography of the city.
The resulting map is not the traditional product of a cartographer,
but the combined result of the inhabitants of the city themselves.
It is a map that does not consist of houses, streets, squares and Irene - mooiweer¿etser
parks, but of the motions and routes of the participants. [¿gure 1]
The summation of those individual movements results in a

surprisingly coherent overview of the city of Amsterdam and
gives clear clues as to the actual use of the town’s public space.
And this is exactly the value of this type of research: it shows
the actual use of public space, where people meet, when people
meet, it shows their spatial rituals and how overlap in individual Jouke
routines charges areas with collective signi¿cance. It shows how

the “Urban Frame” of the city facilitates the myriad individual
circuits and how it effectuates relations between use and users,
between destinations, programme, and visitors. [¿gure 2.1 to 2.4]
Fig. 1. Amsterdam Real Time, diary in traces [1] ĺ
Fig. 2.1. to 2.4. Several individual traces [1] ĺĺ Sanne

It is of the utmost importance to understand in what way the

Urban Frame -- the system of streets, squares and parks that
serves the needs of the town’s inhabitants and visitors -- feeds
and facilitates the development and extent of the individual
“cognitive map”. That insight will help urban designers, planners
and politicians grasp the town’s socio-economic functioning. It
adds inevitably to the knowledge gained through other, more
6 traditional research and analysis methods and provides a clear
and more effective image of a vital aspect of urban life. Cities are
not all the same, not all cities have come into existence along
the same paths. Furthermore, a great variety of New Towns has
5 been developed primarily based on singularly temporal notions
and social concepts. Understanding the manner in which public
3 7 domain functions in respective contexts is vital in the light of
the rapid contemporary developments with regard to urban
expansion, regeneration and, again, new towns.
Key to Symbols 8 The Cognitive Map and Urban Frame
railway Every movement through the Frame of the city is registered

private transport (car) in the brain en becomes part of the general lot of insights and
public transport 4 knowledge with regard to public space and its functional targets.
pedestrian & bike routes 1
That information is incorporated in one’s Cognitive Map. But
there is a limit to the sort and amount of data that can be stored,
family, friends for example the number of directional changes one encounters
immediate neighbourhood, street along one’s path.
retail, shopping, cinema
cafe, recreation, playground Everyone who has ever asked someone directions knows this
school ¿rst hand. It becomes dif¿cult to remember more than three turns
away from the starting point: “here straight on, the second street
home 2
to the left and than at the local grocery store to the right.” At that
.
point one is usually advised to ask again.
0 1 km
ĸ Fig. 3.1 Cognitive map boy (10-12), Berlage quarter, A’dam [2]

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6
1(:72:1
'(9(/230(17,1+2//$1'
Prof. Peter de Bois
Our “1st, 2nd & 3rd order” or “Three-Step” analysis method
visualises for every urban element under investigation the
connected Frame in three steps from the point of origin. Hence
it gives insight into the depth and reach of this speci¿c element
in its urban context as well as the “connectivity” and typology of
the urban fabric as a whole. An example. The functional-cognitive
map of a 10 to 15 year old boy living in Amsterdam shows his
more or less regular destinations: the Sloterplas, the Vondelpark,
the Central Station, Artis Zoo, and various spots in the immediate
surroundings of his home such as the Sarphatipark and the
swimming pool. The underlying Frame of the city enables him to
¿nd his way and recognise his whereabouts. [¿gure 3.1]
When the Three-Step analysis method is applied to the living area

of the 10 to 15 year old boy it becomes clear that the depth map
virtually seamlessly coincides with his functional-cognitive map.
Thus it becomes clear why those elements were incorporated
in his routing reference in the ¿rst place as there is a clear
correlation between his use of space and the available Urban
Frame. [¿gure 3.2 to 3.6]
Apart from a great many personally signi¿cant destinations

this boy encounters several crucial urban anchor points too,
such as the historical ring of canals and the 19th century areas
surrounding the city centre. Knowledge of these iconic elements
of the town’s historical development is bound to broaden his
general scope and frame of reference. It can be expected that in
areas where the Urban Frame does not facilitate use and routing
to a similar extent, the development of a person’s individual
Cognitive Map and his insight in the construction of the city in
its broadest sense will be hampered. The actual functioning
.
of the public domain in terms of socio-economic spin-off will
be compromised possibly to the point of segregation and the
0 1 km
(in)advertant rise of so-called “gated communities”.

Key to Symbols
railway
private transport (car)
public transport
pedestrian & bike routes
family, friends
immediate neighbourhood, street
retail, shopping, cinema
cafe, recreation, playground
school
home
ĸ Fig. 3.2 1st, 2nd, 3rd order analysis, total [2] Fig. 3.3 to 3.6 Correlation between Cognitive Map and through Three-Step analyis available Frame, R = 5 km [2] Ĺ
Urban Frame and Public Space For the urban frame facilitates the connection between its parts, detail no reason as to why we are there. Here essentially lies
between the physical-spatial and socio-economical construction the basis for our desire to be mobile and the allied need for
The manner in which the urban frame comes into being, of the city in casu. It represents the urban dynamics of that city orientation, navigation, “way¿nding”. Our need for safety and
transforms and is laid out, designed, in new towns or large and it creates the opportunities for the genesis of relationships ef¿ciency urges us to anticipate whatever it is we want to achieve
expansion areas greatly determines the development and and (social) interaction between the users of the public domain, or avoid.
functioning of public domain. between both individuals and groups of people. The urban frame
exempli¿es different ways of life, use and viewing and enables The cognitive map provides essential clues as to how this process
The frame basically serves three purposes: interaction. of orientation and anticipation on behalf of our socio-economical
behaviour is facilitated by the public frame and, hence, manifests
(1) to provide in the structural cohesion between the whole of In this complex whole of individual spatial rituals two basic itself in the public domain.
the urban system and it’s separate parts, i.e. the streets, squares, notions play a critical part: (1) the need for insight in the
parks and individual destinations that make up public domain; construction of the whole of the city, in other words the “context” Public domain and collective interest
(2) to facilitate its users in terms of time and ef¿ciency of of the space we roam; and (2) the need for insight in the parts
movement and action; of that city, the position of destinations, different functions and The genesis, development and design of the pubic domain
(3) to ensure freedom of choice with regard to accessibility and “details”. With these two notions the individual meets collective are part to a frail and uncertain relationship between private
use of public space apart from social class or status. consciousness: without context no idea where we are, without and public demands. Various collectively used spaces (e.g.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6
1(:72:1
'(9(/230(17,1+2//$1'
Prof. Peter de Bois
develop effectively when both entries provide an adequate
motive for establishing that interaction. There should be some
sort of consensus between the providers of a place in casu, both
the municipality and the private stakeholders that determine
functional content and quality, and the user that can choose to
either visit or discard that place. Essential is are problems of
making a place known, what need is ful¿ls and how it can be
reached. In other words: context and detail. Without context
there is no clue as to where, without detail no reason why. A
place should be incorporated in a user’s cognitive map.
For the planners and designers responsible for the public this
means that they should be very aware of the matter of context,
the prerequisite of their task. The assignment comprises in the
¿rst place the question as to “why”. Only in second place it is
about the “how”, the solution. Under no circumstances it is about
proclaiming designer’s personal paradigm. Design is not an end
in itself, it is the means to an end that surpasses the designer’s
shopping centres, station areas, etc.) are only partly or not at all Fig. 4.1 t/m 4.6. Three-Step analyses of Dutch city squares [3] Ĺ pride whereas the signi¿cance of the public domain is a matter of
embedded in the public domain, but instead belong to a private long-term and collective nature. No cosmetic surgery, no botox
domain. Even though they do register on the cognitive map Comparative research into the way old and new market squares for public space.
they in fact represent a publicly accessible realm that belongs are positioned in their respective urban context shows that since
to a private interior as already drawn up by Giambattista Nolli the mid 20th century a discrepancy has emerged in the way the Shift in social paradigm
in his famous map of Rome (1748). Likewise it shows that this urban Frame actually connects these crucial areas to the city as
phenomenon is of all times. What binds these private and public a whole and therewith positions them within the urban context. The relationship between private and public parties as
areas, places, and even streets is a common need for a relevant In older, “organically” grown towns the relationship between the stakeholders in the public domain is subject to major changes.
and recognisable position within the urban context, the Frame collective nature of the market square is reÀected by its central Mid 20th century (society could be described in terms of
of the city. The signi¿cance of a place, its “genius loci”, comes position and wide reach within the urban fabric. Unfortunately, collective values and ideological characteristics (collective care,
with the ¿t between its function and content and to what extent the present-day pretty much autonomous traf¿c machine social coherence, equality). Government played a major part in
its users are accordingly provided. A market square for example implements cuts and measures that disturb the natural Àows directing and facilitating individual security and general socio-
is an excellent case of a place that enables a considerable and relationship to the point that the city in casu fragments both economic development on behalf of its citizens.
differentiation in use, attracts a large variety of users and usually spatially and functionally.
occupies a very central and recognisable position in the urban The necessary interaction between function and content of The mechanism of globalisation, dissolution of borders and
fabric. [¿gure 4.1 to 4.6] space on the one hand and its users on the other can only increasing prosperity affected society signi¿cantly. Present-

day society cannot be captured any more in simple terms of

collectiveness. Government gave up on its dominant position
with regard to socio-economic control and devolved large parts
of its powers to the private sector. The collective plays second
¿ddle to the individual. The world has become a motley collection
of so-called life-styles. But the inÀuence of life-styles on the
functioning and use of the public domain is greatly overrated.
Income, education and ethnical background are still much more
determining for what’s sought in public space. Users gather from
diverse backgrounds in the same old streets and places that have
always been functional-spatial anchor points and only from there
on go their separate ways. Based on life-style they then decide
for example to visit a common alehouse or a fancy grand café.
ĸ Fig. 5.1 & 5.2 Relationship between position of retail, block

typology and urban Frame in Amsterdam [4]
Fig. 6.1 t/m 6.9. Top down frame analysis of important axes in
Asterdam by means of “Space Syntax” [5] Ĺ
Partly due to the withdrawal of governmental control, planning

and design of town and landscape have become more
fragmented and less obvious as unambiguous context. The
Dutch consultative model of reaching compromise, consensus
(“polder model”) on each and every decision underlies this
fragmentation further. But paradoxically the demand for Fig. 7.1 t/m 7.3. “A City is not a Tree” [6] ĺ

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6
1(:72:1
'(9(/230(17,1+2//$1'
Prof. Peter de Bois
centralised action has never been greater: the prevailing “coincidence” ensures an effective implementation of Pattern. Likewise, this exempli¿es why a completely regular “grid” system
inÀuence of urban development on landscape and ecology is Under optimum circumstances this will trigger a self-generating in itself doesn’t necessarily function well either. It requires a
being questioned; the seeming infallibility of technocratic control process of private investments, the establishment of enterprises number of structural exceptions and deviations such as the
over our environment is being affected; climate change and the and the activation of destinations. Diagonal and the pre-existing settlements in the Cerda plan in
accompanying inevitability to reassess use and management of Barcelona to provide the necessary cognitive anchor points and
territory, all demand a more integral and at the same time more The case of Amsterdam clearly shows an effectively functioning therewith suf¿cient socioeconomic signi¿cation. [¿gure 7.4]
Àexible approach to spatial planning. All these developments urban Frame. Situation of Pattern (retail, shopping) is based on
together greatly impact the role and position of public domain the summation of individual circuits which follow those elements
in the contemporary city. The part it should play is providing of the fabric that interconnect the top-down “superframe” and the
the necessary and desired spatial development and functional bottom-up district and neighbourhood fabric. [¿gure 5]
coherence in order to facilitate an effective and self-suf¿cient
socioeconomic process. Present-day society is a labyrinth. The The gradual development of Amsterdam in the course of time
need for a clear, legible and effective spatial context is urgent. and the continuous process of transformation has resulted in a
city Frame that optimally relates external accessibility (entering
The poignant de¿ciency is being compensated on the individual from the outside, top-down) and internal connectivity (from the
level by commerce marketing exclusive products, from navigation smallest particles of the city outward, bottom-up). Every phase of
equipment to entire dwelling areas. The (lack of) quality of expansion and transformation of the urban fabric was building on
socioeconomic context on the one hand and the spatial context and extrapolating from the then existing Frame. [¿gure 6.1 to 6.9]
on the other exempli¿es the balance between private and public Changes are therefore not just about simply adding to the
demands and gives a clue as to the characteristics of society. Frame but also (re)evaluating the position of each and every
whether pre-existing or new element, line or location, within the
Urban cognitive structure, context and Frame - Pattern - Circuit network as a whole. This way a series of urban axis developed The historical city and parallel Frame
that penetrate deeply into the system and sort effect throughout
The cognitive structure of the urban system, the urban context, all levels of scale. The city developed a Frame that is capable A grid in itself is no prerequisite, but a more or less orthogonal
can be described in terms of the following three notions: of comprising simultaneously intentions and functions of system of interconnected lines and axis of varying length and
overlapping, contrasting, competing and/or complementary nature is a general product of gradual development. The case-
(1) “Frame”, complete network of streets, squares, public space. nature. The Frame can be regarded a “parallel” system wherein study of Rotterdam exempli¿es this principle. [¿gure 8.1 to 8.11]
(2) “Pattern”, all possible destinations, anchor points, landmarks socio-economical processes and physical-spatial transformation
(3) “Circuit”, the projected functional system of routes and nodes can follow their own courses without primary depending on The illustrations show the development of the city from its earliest
public budget. The practical Àexibility and the intrinsic capacity days around 800 AD till the present day. Each phase indicates
Frame can be considered the collective public investment, the for transformation a Frame like this provides is directly related to a dominant orientation within the urban Frame along which the
“hardware”of the city, whilst Pattern and Circuit can be compared the way the streets of the system are mutually interconnected. city grows before it reaches a pivoting point after which the
to individual private interaction mechanisms, the “software”. A certain variation in typology and length of streets is also direction of expansion changes roughly by 90°. The lines that
Frame facilitates the formation of circuits and the following important. [¿gure 7.1 to 7.3] performed a dominant position in the preceding phase have to

adapt to the new situation and will undergo a functional- spatial

transformation in correspondence to their role and position within
the Frame of the city.
Major “Pattern” elements will also shift accordingly and claim a

position along the new dominant lines. This is something that can
easily be seen today. Example is the AMRO Bank in Amsterdam:
before settling on the South Axis this commercial institution
occupied various signi¿cant locations in the city, locations that
can be considered both “anchor points” and main icons of urban
identity. In the case of Rotterdam it becomes clear that function
and signi¿cance of the existing A13 highway, after the mending
of two “missing links”, shifts towards a position as inter-urban
connection area, whereas this line already binds all main and
iconic destinations of both The Hague, Delft and Rotterdam.
[¿gure 8.11b]
In The Hague these destinations comprise:
(1) the coastal area; (2) the beach and the pier of scheveningen;
and (3) the city centre with the Parliament buildings, the city
squares and shopping area, the tram tunnel, the City Hall and
the theatre area. In Delft these are: (3) the connection across the
highway to IKEA, the recreation area of the “Delftse Hout” and
the connection to the dwelling areas of Pijnacker. Further along
the line lies the landscape area of “Midden Delfand” (Central
DelÀand) and eventually in Rotterdam there can be found:
(4) “Blijdorp” Zoo; (5) the City Hall with a number of squares
including the cultural area around the “Doelen”; (6) the new
.
“Koopgoot” shopping area; (7) the river fronts, the “Maasbrug”
(Meuse Bridge) and “Maasboulevard” Meuse Boulevard) and the
recent developments on the “Kop van Zuid” pensinsula; (8) the
“Zuidplein” (South Square) as centre of Rotterdam South; and
eventually (9) the landscape area south of Rotterdam. Fig. 8.1 to 8.11 “STOA” analyse Rotterdam [7] Ĺ

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*(1,86/2&,
Prof. F. LAMBALK
‘I believe that the idea of a building is born with an early intuition. I got the idea to write something about Genius Loci in the sum- A few days before I red on the internet, searching Marzahn, about
A small watercolour sketch fuses intuition with a concept and mer, when I visited an exhibition about Architecture and Intuition Geisterhauser and the lost spirit of the neighbourhood.
embodies hope and desires.” in an old and famous institute for mental illnesses in Gand. The In the exposition was also a work of art from a Belgium artist:
Steven Holl exhibition was a coproduction between the Belgian Dr.Guislan In- MAP for walker and traveller. (Annlies De Smet)
stitute and the German Architecture museum in Frankfurt (DAM). It was a Mental Map about the Genius Loci of the site. A nice 19th
century complex, were mentally de¿cient people were located
mostly for their lifetime.
An architectural question on the characteristics of a site, leads

also to the relation between the observer and the observed and
the reÀection
as mediator. Will every observation by every observer leads to
the discovery of the Genius Loci, The Spirit of the Place?
The evident observation of the evidence is mistreating us. The
Genius Loci asks a different observation of the different. The
search to the character and the possible identity of a place is
searching to the not obvious, to whole and the detail, to the hid-
den and the visible, to the boundaries and the in-between, the
sound and even the smell.

The Spirit of Place into the ¿eld of architectural theory. His book: Genius Loci, To-
wards a Phenomenology of Architecture 1)is internationally well
Genius Loci is a Roman concept according to an ancient Roman know.
belief every “independent” being has its GENIUS; its guardian Phenomenology is a meaning in philosophy that begins with an
spirit. This spirit gives life to people and places, accompanies exploration of phenomena (things). What presents itself to us in
them from birth to death, and determines their character or es- conscious experience?
sence. Even the Gods had their genius, a fact which illustrates the From direct and intuitive experiences of phenomena man can
fundamental nature of the concept. derive essential qualities of the phenomena. (“That which shows
itself in itself”).
The genius thus denotes what a thing is, or what it “wants to be”, Phenomenology can be seen as critical on alienation of man by
to use a word of Louis Kahn. rationalism.
It is not necessary in our context to go into the history of the (1920: Husserl, Hegel, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty but also Sartre
concept of genius. It suf¿ces to point out that it was of great and Derrida.)
existential importance to keep good relationship with the genius
of the place in a physical as well as in a psychic sense.
In ancient Egypt, Greece, Roman-Empire and also in Japan, gen-

ius loci has remained a living reality.
Artists and writers have found inspiration in local character and
explained every day phenomena as art, referring landscapes and
urban milieus.
Trough images (art pieces) we can see realities, made by the art-
ists -reÀecting his seeing of things. (Image and reality)
Modern tourism is based on a variety of experiences on different

(exotic) places.
What happens if the character of the place doesn’t matter any-
more and we only go for the “kick”? How looks the G.L. of the
Spanish Costa’s? Is there a difference between them and the
other beach resorts along the Mediterranean coasts? And what
about the making of the World in Dubai?
Christian Norberg-Schulz (Oslo 1926-2000) Norwegian architect,

historian and theorist, brought the thinking of Martin Heidegger

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*(1,86/2&,
Prof. F. LAMBALK
Architecture gives man an existential foothold.
This is the very extensive and wide thesis Norberg-Schulz elabo-
rated in his book Genius Loci. In earlier books he analysed art and
architecture ‘scienti¿cally”:
“I do not think this approach is wrong, but today I ¿nd other
methods more illuminating. When we treat architecture analyti-
cally, we miss the concrete environmental character, that is, the
very quality which is the object of man’s , identi¿cation, and
which give him a sense of existential foothold”.
To overcome this lack, he introduces the concept of “existential

space”; meaning: space and character, directly related to archi-
tecture. Architecture is a substantiation of existential space.
“Existential foothold and ‘dwelling’ are synonyms, and dwelling,

in an existential way, is the purpose of architecture. Man dwells
when he can orientate himself within and identi¿es himself with,
an environment, or, in short, when he experiences the environ-
ments as meaningful. Dwelling therefore implies something more
than shelter. It implies that the space where life occurs are places
in the true sense of the word”.


3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*(1,86/2&,
Prof. F. LAMBALK

A place is a space with a distinct character.

Space denotes the three-dimensional organization of the ele-
ments which make up a place; character denotes the general
atmosphere which is the most comprehensive property of any
place. These concepts are interdependent.
Space can mean many things. Space as three-dimensional geom-

etry,
and space as perceptual ¿eld; together the intuitive three-dimen-
sional totality of everyday experience: the concrete space.
Character is intangible and the character of a place will also de-
cided by the user of the place.
A square (a street, a park, a neighbourhood) has form and char-
acter. But the experience of the square, the square as a phenom-
enon, will be stipulated by the people who used the square. The
square changes, following the attitude of the user. (what presents
itself to us in phenomenological reÀex ion. )
In the nice examples in the books of Norberg-Schulz, silence

and light and shadow come to the front. Remarkable is also the
absent of people and certainly of the crowded masses. Stilly
places, invites you to contemplate your ‘being in the world’. It is
a spiritual way of seeing and thinking and it is also romantic.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*5((138%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Pablo Martí
GREEN AND OPEN SPACE IN MODERN MOVEMENT HOUSING
DEVELOPMENTS
Modern movement has proposed along its 50 years of innova-

tive production several proposals for green and open space but
always related to buildings disposal. Also the inÀuence of those
projects has been very different. One clear example of this inÀu-
ence is Marzahn district –the main subject of this workshop-.
Before focusing on the special characteristics of modern move-

ment housing developments and its open spaces, it would be
interesting to review the well known pictures of Colin Rowe and
Fred Koetter book Collage City in which several architectural
projects are compared as opposite volumes.
Continuing those comparisons related to public space –the Parma

city plan, a traditional Italian city, and Saint Dié Le Corubiser
project as a modern city-, those pictures clearly show how in a
traditional city the open spaces mean public space and they are
limited to those planed areas. Also those public spaces are al-
ways limited, linked to streets and have a speci¿c role in the city.
On the other hand, modern movement in the case of Le Corbusier
has considered the territory as an entire pubic and open space
where buildings are situated. There is a need of characterizing not
only the space between buildings but also the entire land.
Even more, studying Le Corbusier housing proposal of redents

in La Ville Radieuse we discover that almost all territory is a huge
green area but without a proposed new design for those green
areas as they are designed following the ideas and principles of
parks and gardens done by Alphand in the middle of the eighteen
century.
Comparing this proposal to Marzahn district it is possible to ¿nd

some coincidences, especially in the redents organization and

the similarity of the distance between buildings. It is also impor-
tant to be aware that density is very different if we take in account
that Le Corbusier proposal is thought for 1.000 inhabitants per
hectare.
Apart from Le Corbusier projects, other architects offered other

ways of organizing housing districts but all modern movement
proposals had some common conditions: they proposed rational
urban and architectural solutions to housing problems and they
established new forms and ways of housing disposal but open
space was the result of housing disposal, not a proper design or
project of those spaces.
Looking at those other proposals made by central European archi-

tects, in which the main aim was the best sunlight conditions, we
can mention Ernst May schemes. The Frankfurt architect drew a
very representative scheme of this other way of housing disposal,
which he called the fourth stage in urban development and con-
sisted in: disposal of blocks following the north south direction
in order to offer all rooms sunlight, access to blocks through a
second level street and a repeated sequence of: secondary street,
access to houses, building, garden and then again.
In those schemes a pattern was de¿ned but the speci¿c develop-

ments offered a variety of options in the de¿nition and use of the
space between blocks. Three representative neighbourhoods of
this way of developing the city and showing a different use of
those spaces in Frankfurt are the Westhausen, Riedhof West and
Hellerfoh Siedlungen. In those three projects we can ¿nd three
various ways of usage of those green spaces between blocks.
WESTHAUSEN SIEDLUNG

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*5((138%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Pablo Martí
In the ¿rst neighbourhood, the Westhausen Siedlung, there are
two different types of buildings: four-story blocks along the main
street and two-story ones in the rest of the neighbourhood. Also
the space between buildings is different in each case. In the ¿rst
case this space is a fenced garden that belongs to all inhabitants
of the block of Àats. In the two storey blocks case there is a pri-
vate kitchen garden for each owner of an apartment. The private
use of those spaces and its transformations has been well studied
by Philippe Panerai.
In the second case, the Riedhof West Siedlung, a totally differ-

ent situation is found. In this project design by E. May the main
street that leads to the centre of Frankfurt has a traditional city
appearance with façades de¿ning the street line. This perception
changes totally when you enter the neighbourhood through those
buildings, inside a new very different space appears -where the
disposal of repeated blocks is held-. In this case the sequence is:
secondary street, access to block, private garden, semi-public
garden and again. Also distribution of those buildings is organ-
ized in order to give all main rooms south facing and to the open
space.
Regarding green and open spaces, the green area is divided in a

small private garden and a semi public area but this semi public
area is not related to the access to buildings as the secondary
street divides green space and building access.
The third example, the Hellershof Siedlung, was design by Mart

Stamp and buildings are orientated following the north-south di-
rection. The relationship between the neighbourhood and the city
is entrusted to a block of apartments and shops that follows the
street line. The rest of blocks are organized following a mixed so-
lution between the traditional block organization and the repeated
block disposal. Even though the access to blocks is proposed
RIEDHOF WEST SIEDLUNG HELLERHOF SIEDLUNG

by border streets, both blocks have the same layout but only
because bathrooms and stairs are exchanged in both buildings.
These two different situations mean two different green spaces
related to both blocks of Àats facing the same orientation. The
¿rst one, the access façade in which from the street the sequence
is: street, semi public space, private space and access to Àats,
becomes a complex and interesting solution compared to others
seen. In the second case, the green space between blocks of Àats
is a closed space with a very small private garden belonging to
the ground Àoor Àat and a semi public unde¿ned space between
blocks of Àats.
As it has been said, the inÀuence of these models was quite im-
portant in a lot of European countries. In this respect in Alicante
-Spain- it is also possible to ¿nd other examples of different use
of similar spaces.
Two examples of that kind of space is Juan XXIII district –¿rst and
second housing development- in which the different use of those
spaces between blocks can be also studied. The ¿rst neigh-
bourhood has a main street bordering all buildings from which
secondary streets -that allow the access to Àats- arise. This hous-
ing development is a clear example of the repeated sequence:
secondary street, access to houses, block of Àats, green area and
again. In this case green areas are mainly used as an element that
only separates both blocks and gives better views to all Àats.
If we study these spaces from the city point of view it is pos-

sible to state that these green spaces have no relationship with
the street that connects the neighbourhood to the city. If these
spaces, specially the areas close to street, would have had a
better relationship with the main street, these green areas could
have been a transition between the semi-public space and the
city public space. In other words, a better integration of those two
JUAN XXII FIRST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT JUAN XXII SECOND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(6*5((138%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Pablo Martí
open spaces would have offered a better solution for the city and
the housing development.
The second development has a symmetrical organization with a

main street that crosses the entire neighbourhood and connects
it to the city. On both sides of this main street, small buildings for
shops de¿ne the urban façade of the area; behind those small
buildings a series of double block of Àats is situated on each side.
Apart from the fact that the space between blocks is behind the
commercial buildings, the secondary path that allows the access
to Àats and the space between blocks is in two different levels
and the result is that those spaces become actually disused.
During the forties and ¿fties a new tendency in organizing hous-

ing was proposed. This new model replaced the repetition of
block of Àats with the repetition of residential units formed by
several blocks of Àats. This new strategy introduced better rela-
tionships with streets network and also allowed to use different
building typologies forming each residential unit.
Among the cities where those new projects were implemented

two Dutch cases are quite often mentioned, in Amsterdam the
development of west city extension and several projects in Rot-
terdam. Especially interesting are the different versions of the
new district of Pendrecht design by Bakema in Rotterdam.
The last version of Pendrecht project organizes the district in four

neighbourhoods, which are always separated by a green band,
around a district main open space. Also each neighbourhood has
two parks, one near the district open space -where a high build-
ing representing each neighbourhood is situated and another at
the bottom.

The interesting aspect concerning green areas that this project has been fenced. The second example following a residential building –that represents the neighbourhood in the city- have
offers is the hierarchy of green areas from the lowest level -green unit project is a smaller development but its green space is very been situated. In this case the remarkable use of the public space
space in the residential units- to the highest level -the central area popular and used one. All different blocks are situated around is reinforced by the higher density of the block nearby and the
of the district- through the neighbourhood green area. As three the green space and close to it a market and a high apartment commercial activity of the market.
different level of green areas are connected as a network, it is
possible to go from each one of the residential units to the neigh-
bourhood park and then to the central district open space.
Another very interesting issue that Bakema projects generally

focus on is the use of green -especially trees- as a way of shaping
urban space. As it has been said, modern architecture in some
cases is not able to de¿ne itself urban space, this is why the use
of green to de¿ne the façade of open spaces -as in lateral parts of
blocks- clearly favours the relationship between architecture and
public space.
As in previous models, the inÀuence of these projects in other

countries has been quite important and it is possible to ¿nd
projects based in those ideas -de¿nition of residential units
formed by different buildings and its repetition-. Also the different
adaptation of those ideas offer a variety of solutions related to
green and open space. In the province of Alicante and due to cli-
mate reasons -lack of water- the green areas have had their own
version, in some cases by privatization, in other by concentrating
those areas and making them smaller but more important.
Two interesting examples of this approach could be mentioned

in Alicante and surroundings: San Juan beach housing develop-
ment and San Francisco housing development in Elda. The ¿rst
one, situated on a wide and a Àat space close to San Juan beach,
is organized grouping several blocks forming residential units; in
this project hierarchy of different buildings –towers and higher
blocks- can be emphasized. Regarding green areas, it should
be mention that the space related to each group of buildings
SAN JUAN BEACH HOUSING DEVELOPMENT SAN FRANCISCO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(62)),&,$/38%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Holger Kühnel
I would like to talk to you about the design theory of Public
Spaces or rather about the development of P.S.
First I would like you to know, that P.S. in terms of squares are
only existing in the European culture, there is nothing as P.S. in
the Arabian or Islamic world.
Therefore we consider the development of P.S. is a result of cul-
ture and religious inÀuence.
The question we have today is:

Why do P.S. sometimes work very well, with a lot of urban city-
life, and why do other places don’t work?
Are there some rules, we have to know about the architectural
design and of course the urban design.
Yes, there are rules, and I would like, to talk to you about; then I
would like to give you an impression by going back to the histori-
cal roots and by reporting the development ever since.
So let’s have a look at the ¿rst foundations of towns, the antique

settlements from the Greeks, designed by a famous planner, who
is called Hippodamus (from Milet).
The antique settlements were based on clear rules, there was a
strict concept, how to design a town:
- The town should not have more than 15 – 20 thousands

inhabitants. When the population kept growing, they founded a
new town on a new sight.
The proportion of the sides according to the matrix is per exam-
- The urban concept (town planning) of such an antique ple: 1 by 2, 2 by 3, 3 by 5.
settlement was based on a clear matrix of mathematics, universal That is exactly related to the harmony of music and can therefore
and a mythological harmony (golden ratio). be considered a fundamental design structure (frozen music /
The whole town had to ¿t with the principals of this harmonic Goethe). The examples of such settlements were Milet, Priene,
structure. Piräus, I think you know these settlements.

The next historical phase I would like to look at, is the famous pe- Considering this, these places also have a clear urban code, 5
riod of the Renaissance, which was a kind of revival of the antique rules:
period. Some of the most exciting places that still existing today,
where built during the 15 and 16 century. - The styling of the square is like a room, surrounded
Look at Vicenca, Rom, Venice, the whole world of Mediterranean by walls. You can enter the square as you are entering
culture. As an export product you can also ¿nd this in England, a room, through a door and you cannot look around the
France, Netherlands, Poland, and of course in Germany. next corner. There are no axes running across the
square from one end to the other.
The urban design of the period gave us a picture of a social soci- Once on the square, you experience a close perspec-
ety: the size of the towns was small enough, that the inhabitants tive, exits, such as streets are not visible, this stimulates
– similar as it was in Greek settlements - knew each other. They peoples curiosity, where to turn next.
knew about their professions and their family affairs. - Because the P.S. is a show room for the community
P.S. in these communities became the best room, show-room for the centre was kept clear, there is no statue, monu-
common affairs. Something like what is a living room for the fam- ments or other things in the middle, except there could
ily life is the P.S. for common life. be a water fountain, water as an element of life, is rep-
These rooms are the centre of all common activities, such as resenting life.
gatherings, religious processions, but also for communicating in - The ground was styled like a carpet, stretching from
restaurants or on the places directly. one end to the other; the neutral surface would give
way for a Àexible use of the square.
- Monuments, churches, statues, or other famous build-
ings were integrated into the walls along the square
with no outstanding position. They were part of the
sides. Monuments were part of common life, they were
not yet meant to represent individual power.
- The next rule is a bit dif¿cult to explain, because it
relates to the proportion of squares:
If a monument is placed on the small side of a square,
they call it a„Square of length“.
If a monument is placed on the long side .., it is called a
“square of width“
The hight of the buildings is related to the proportion of
the square.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(62)),&,$/38%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Holger Kühnel
At last let me show you an example, one of the most important
places in Europe, may be in the world, the Piazza St. Marco.
These two squares (St. Marco and the Piazzetta) were originally
built in 1250, went through different stages of development and
were ¿nished to the shape, we know today, in the middle of the
18 century.
The design concept was that both places wich are like a trapezes,
stood in a right angle to each other. Exactly in the area where the
two trapezes meet, was the Campanile.
It is very important that the tower is on this spot of the square,
because both places are perceptively closed, the monument of
the smaller square is the Palazzo Ducale, and the monument of
St. Marco is the St. Marco Dome, both buildings were the most
important buildings for the community, representing religious
power and power on earth.
On these places, you get the impression of the best room of the
community. The room is closed, there are a lot of streets, like
doors entering this place, but you can’t see through, and that
makes us curious.
After this period of classic revival, in the middle of the 19 century

the cities and communities expanded dramatically. Towns ex-
ploded and along with it the idea of P.S. being the communities
best room.
The result of the growth of the population is, that the city mutated
to a scene (a stage) of presenting the vanities of their inhabitants.
People no longer knew each other, they became anonymous
strangers.
It was no longer ¿tting to ask for the profession of someone, or to
deal (bargain) for prices of product on the market.
The way people were dressed became more and more important,

Fashion started to discover the personality. Individual life substi-

tuted the common life of earlier times.
The Public Spaces became a theatre; on stage the sovereigns
would perform their power and present their victories.
Now there were streets crossing, the places giving view out of the
square, the impression of a room was destroyed.
Squares were divided in the middle. Monuments, symbolizing
the power of the monarch, would be situated right in the middle.
(Examples in Paris and Berlin).
Squares became an area of decoration (adornments) rather than a
space for common life.
The concept of modern urbanism installed at the sequence of the

CIAM congresses from 1927 to 1933 destroyed P. S. completely.
P.S. no longer is a part of the urban structure of the modern city.
The separation of functions has resulted in the development of
sleeping cities.
Look at the Hansaviertel in Berlin, ¿ne, nice architecture from the

best architects from the 5o ( O. Niemeyer...) but an unbelievable
(terrible) urban structure. Building standing as solitaires in a park,
the buildings no longer line the streets; there is no idea of com-
mon life and nothing about P.S. in this best architecture concept
from the exhibition of 1957 in Berlin.
Or have a look at our project area, Marzahn, built as sleeping
satellite city for the inhabitants of the demolished old quarters
around the centre of Berlin.
It was built in an industrial way. The urban design based on an
open block-system with heights of 10 – 14 levels. Now there are
efforts to compensate the lack of public spaces by rebuilding ac-
cepted means of infrastructure.

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(62)),&,$/38%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Gisela Glass
Following Holger’s presentation I wish to show the urban plan- Flats in basements were very common. The backyards were not
ning development which led to the CIAM as well as the Charter of only used for living, but also as a location for small industry -
Athens. together it’s contamination and emissions.
Holger already mentioned that during the 19th century due to In order to ¿ght these unbearable conditions the people tried on
industrialization the cities became highly condensed. their own to counterweight the backward movement of conserva-
Railways which could transport huge numbers of people within tive leaders, also they were searching for solutions to eliminate
the city were established. Due to this fact, many people moved the catastrophic living conditions.
from the city centre to the outskirts where industrial plants also
settled. During the ¿rst part of the 20th century, a series of counter move-
That ment a concentration of living and industrial sites at the out- ments in art, in architecture and urban development emerged.
skirts. As a result cultural institutions, shops, banks and adminis- Functionality, abstraction, reduction to the essential, clarity and
tration centres now moved to the city centres and characterized - honesty of form and shape was most important.
together with political institutions - the life in these areas. Because
of the city core lost its historical function as a living space the This was the time of futurism, cubism, constructivism, of “Bau-
meaning of the inner city changed . haus”, the group “de Stijl” and others.
The most important demands were technical and functional ef-
Social conditions also played an important role: fectiveness. This explains the new terms arising during this time
Powerful community groups tried to strengthen their social such as “traf¿c machine” or “living machine”. All these terms
position and defended their current eclectic forms, their social demonstrate the special emphasis on a clear functional demand.
arrogance and their codes of social behaviour.
Public spaces used to be important places where these groups Out of these scenarios completely new ideas of city live came up:
could express their importance and relevance within the society In 1915 Le Corbusier outlined the city constructed on support-
(the central part of the boulevard “Kurfürstendamm” used to be ing pillars with an elevated pedestrian level and with underneath
a riding trail where these groups presented themselves and the space for traf¿c.
beauty of their horses). So you can see that the intention was a horizontal separation of
These groups used the streets and places as a forum of self- different functions, where the individual road users have their
presentation. own “platform”. There was no thought about city-”space”.
In contrast, the streets and backyards of the poverty plagued On another outline Le Corbusier explained the advantages of a
areas became the living space where poor peoples daily live took tower town because of its vastness and the large green spaces
place. The reason for that was the extremely poor living condi- within. This offered residents cleaner air than the traditional city
tions in their Àats and houses. with its structural composed street-”spaces”.

This pure functional orientated argument ignored the social

meaning of the public places as an informal meeting point.
And my next image shows the sketch for Voisin from 1925. This
is surely one of the most popular urban-planning projects of Le
Corbusier which has had a decisive inÀuence on later planned
new city districts such as Marzahn.
Just as in Marzahn the areas between the buildings in Voisin are
on a large scale and anonymous.
The city-space is no longer seen as a social organization but as a
geometrical grouping.
In this case an emission-free living in a suburban estate full of
greenery is more important than the common “public” space of a
community which was found in the traditional town.
On this background CIAM was founded in 1928: Congrès Interna-

tionaux d’ Architecture Moderne.
CIAM clearly stated that urban development couldn’t be deter-
mined by aesthetic thinking but only by functional intensions.
More closeness to nature, sun and green areas was promised.
The living environment would be improved and the children
could play on the lawn and not in the streets or narrow back-
yards.
A bright well-structured city was promised instead of the disor-
derly, dark old atmosphere.
Such statements formed the background of this new urban-

planning model which became the base of Marzahn’s planning.
A model resulting in the break with every single demand to
traditional city-spaces.
At this point a radical change in the urban-planning basic idea

took place in a dimension never been before. In contrast to the
traditional city, the Modern Age totally neglected the public space

3$577+(0(5(/$7('$57,&/(62)),&,$/38%/,&63$&(6
Prof. Gisela Glass
as a space of community. This new urban-planning model of the In Berlin today a new school of thought is emerging. It treats
Charter of Athens was one which resulted in closing of public public space as represented in ‘Planwerk’.
spaces. It switched to different ideas of city life, which we ¿nd Planwerk ist an urban guideline, which refers to old qualities and
today in Marzahn’s sketches. to the scale of European cities.
For instance, you can see on the left the crossroad of the Gertrau-
In their book ‘Collage City’ Collin Rowe and Fred Koetter compare denstraße as it looks today.
the demands of the charters of Athens with the model of the The right picture shows how it may look in the future: the streets’
acropolis which they perceive in contrast to the Roman Forum: pro¿les are clearly reduced. The traditional block structure of
While the acropolis offers readable ¿gures which can be experi- Berlin is reconstructed at the historical height.
enced as sculptures of single buildings the Roman Forum looks In other words, the requirement of planwerk is, that streets,
like the traditional town with its public spaces. places and backyards will be again experienced in their old ways.
Both the acropolis and the Forum Romanum serve different
purposes: In his book ‘Urban Ethic’, Eammon Canniffe from Britain empha-
sises the old city-spaces which we love so much today. They
• The Roman Forum designs the space, the place which have grown and have been planned in context within their history
is enclosed by buildings. and tradition. A quite important aspect!!!
• The acropolis has no ‘space’ but only a basic platform He also talks about the buildings enclosing the spaces and says:
for single buildings. • Public realm should have more value than individual
buildings. Architects should create buildings instead of
But it is easier for the user to understand a clear de¿ned space ‚works of art‘
than extensive emptiness without clear boundaries. • These buildings should serve as elements which de¿ne
but do not occupy the public realm. They should ¿t into
These are important aspects as follows: a community of buildings which surround the public
• the user of a city has to understand the spaces and their spaces.
characteristics. • Spaces are required to attract an audience, to serve
• The traditional city offers a variety of spaces with divers several functions and to provide a form of public ex
set characteristics and a natural Àow between public pression.
and private space.
• In opposite, the city of the Modern Age has no inter In this context, the functions and the social life in these spaces
mediate space. All outdoor space is public. It is avail- are very important.
able for everyone. It is equally anonymous and has no
identity.

The old European of¿cial public places always ful¿lled several

functions:
1. during the week, they were used as trading centres and
markets
2. on Sundays and public holidays, they were important
meeting places for religious ceremonies as they sur-
rounded the church and the dome
3. on a daily base they were the places, where people
sourced their water needs at the fountain which always
was located in the of¿cial public place
4. and they were always a place to see and to be seen and
a meeting place where you met other members of the
community without previous arrangement.
Because of these overlapping functions most of the public places

were used all the time. This was important for social life of the
community.
Many cities in Italy founded during the Middle Ages (see the
photo of Assisi) still ful¿l several functions.
Because of this reason they are permanently busy :
You meet others more or less by chance, you talk to each other.
You have a drink together, arrange contacts and contracts. There
is a feeling of identity and belonging to a special group. Young
girls are strolling across the place. Young boys ride along on their
moped by ‘coincidence’. An informal exchange without obliga-
tion, to see and to be seen and to belong takes place. This factor
of the non-binding, informal, is very important.
Today’s city planning of course cannot transform Marzahn into

Middle Aged city-spaces. But we could see if and how far we can
integrate the aspects mentioned above into the current situation.

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.+,6725<2)0$5=$+1
Namberger, Gregory; Nieto, César; Pedro Gomez-Martinez ; Vanesa Sanchez Garcia ; Carolina Gomez Perez ; Pietrzk, Annett; Kaminski, Björn; Yücel, Seckin; Karlstedt,
Jörn; Sari, Didem Ebru; Marquardt, Felix; Lijbers, Arne; Maurer, Fabian; Braig, Jürgen; Duc, Nguyen; Wittkopp, Max (TFH-Berlin)
THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BERLIN-MARZAHN
The young history of Marzahn is only 20 years old. On November should be knocked out of the resentment about the “Àat misery”.
30th in 1977 the ¿rst was residential building in slab structure Finally the district “Berlin-Marzahn” was found on January 5th
¿nished. Ten years later already 150.000 people got a new home, 1979.
while until 1975 only 16.168 inhabitants lived in Marzahn and The district of Marzahn was constituted by parts of the districts
Biesdorf. But both of the villages are located on a ground, which Lichtenberg and Weißensee and included a territory of 5.700 ha
is settled since thousands of years and their building history can with 81.789 inhabitants in 1980. After the completion of 59.300
be traced back at more than 750 years. Àats in the new building area, the number of inhabitants in Mar-
zahn increased to 180.161 until the end of 1985.
Until the 1920th the city of Berlin and the towns and villages in
the environment (and among them also Marzahn) developed
mainly autonomous. The long-distance railway, the city- and the
circulating train, the waterways, the big arterial roads and the civ-
ic canalization with its sewage ¿elds, but also the civic hospitals,
cemeteries, stockyards and slaughter houses as well as military Maurer, Fabian
institutions became the regulating and connecting elements.
All these institutions were on the one hand necessary for the
functioning of the metropolis and on the other hand contribu-
tory for the urban development of Marzahn itself. Shortly after
the year 1900 Marzahn has developed to a settlement location.
With the law that found a new corporate town in 1920 also the
rural communities Biesdorf and Marzahn became part of the
district “XVII Berlin-Lichtenberg”. The incorporation of the village
Biesdorf brought 3.071 new inhabitants into Berlin; Marzahn
chipped in 745 inhabitants.
The need of such an extensive enlargement of the city emerged

from the discontent of the East-Berlin inhabitants concerning
the miserable situation in supplying Àats inside of the city. Berlin
was nearly the spot with the fewest new buildings built all over
the GDR. With the arising of up to 88.000 Àats in East-Berlin from
1971 to 1980 (almost 60.000 of them only in Marzahn) the bottom

PART 4. PREPARATORY STUDENT WORK
THE 3 STEPS OF DEVELOPMENT After the spin off of the parts Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf The conception of area 2 has been started in 1975. It was cre-
in connection to the foundation of the district of Berlin-Hellersdorf ated during the years of 1978 and 1984 in the area south of the
on May 31st 1986, the territory of Mahrzahn still had 158.480 “Landsberger Allee” and north of “Pölchaustraße”, bordered
inhabitants on an area of 3.150 ha. by “Märkische Allee” and the brook “Wuhle” as well as the big
CENTRE OF THE 1st AREA: THE HELENE-WEIGEL-PLATZ leisure park, where the international gardens can be found nowa-
days.
Area 1 was built up from 1976 to 1985 based on the urban
conceptions of Peter Schweizer, Heinz Graffunder, Thorleif Neuer,
Jörg Piesel and Dieter Schulze and based on the design of Edith The “Allee der Kosmonauten” can be seen as the main axis trough
Diehl, Joachim Felke and Wolf-R. Eisentraut. the area. The Special feature here was the interweaving and inte-
A department store has been built at the square but for the time gration of the old village core and the settlement area in the south
being no cinema and no town hall, as it was planned – those only with its detached houses. The old village was planned to be kept
followed in 1981 and 1989. The position of the town hall was and involved from the very beginning of the planning procedure.
originally planned to be at the “Marzahner Promenade”, which is The old core, which is listed as a historic monument since 1977,
actually part of area 3, but the very interesting plans of Eisentraut could be shielded from the new building area by the completion
and Bock for completing the square with these additions was of the two big main streets “Landsberger Allee” and “Allee der
quite convincing. Kosmonauten”.
THE 2nd AREA CLUTCHES THE VILLAGE THE 3rd AREA BECOMES THE HEART OF THE DISTRICT
AREA 1 AREA 2 AREA 3

3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
The GDR was a socialism state, with only one political part. The
house building was planned and executed by the state. There was
a decision in 1971 to built Àats for 2.8 Million humans.
Because of the bad economical situation of the GDR, they needed
a cheap way for realisation: The prefabricated construction.
There where two other important ideological reason in addition to

the economical. At ¿rst they believed to the advance of technol-
ogy. They promised assembly-line work will bring a rise in output
and a higher level of living for everyone. This kind of production
was introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 (fordism)
At second the GDR achieved a world of a union idea of man. They

wanted to produce identical humans. They hoped they arrived
this target, by living of inhabitants in an identical Àat.
The Wohnungsbausystem 70 (WBS70) transacted the ambition

and they built one to ¿ve Room Àats by dint of the prefabricated
concrete slabs


3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
Introducing Marzahn, we also made an analysis of the social
BEST WORST
structure in the district.
In Berlin, the local administration publishes the so called
“Sozialatlas” which is meant to describe the social situation within
the whole city and its districts. An important tool to do this is the
social index. This index is calculated by several factors that repre-
sent the health status and of a social kind, such as demographic
and socioeconomic ones.
As a result, this index is represented in a simple numeric scale of
positive and negative values. These values can easily be com-
bined with a map, that clearly describes the spatial social situation
in the city and its districts.
Surprisingly the value calculated for Marzahn is near to zero. This
means that the borough Marzahn represents an average borough
in Berlin. But a closer look on the social map of Marzahn reveals
another image of the scenery:
The values are not spread homogeneously among the area. There
are parts that have very good values ( mostly the ones with one-
family housing in the south) and some with even the worst values
possible.
3,0
2,0
1,0
Sozialinde x
0,0
-1,0
-2,0
-3,0
0$5=$+1
=HKOHQGRUI
.RHSHQLFN
6WHJOLW]
:LOPHUVGRUI
7UHSWRZ
7HPSHOKRI
5HLQLFNHQGRUI
+HOOHUVGRUI
3DQNRZ
/LFKWHQEHUJ
:HLVVHQVHH
&KDUORWWHQEXUJ
6SDQGDX
0LWWH
+RKHQVFKRHQKDXVHQ
6FKRHQHEHUJ
3UHQ]ODXHU%HUJ
)ULHGULFKVKDLQ
1HXNRHOOQ
7LHUJDUWHQ
:HGGLQJ
.UHX]EHUJ

From its very beginning, Marzahn was a very young borough.

Many young families with children were living there.
MARZAHN-HELLERSDORF
LICHTENBERG
! WOMEN MEN
As you can see on the graph, half of the population could be MITTE
tagged as “young” in 1990. After the reunion, a very drastic aging
CHALOTTENBURG-WILMERSDORF
process can be observed.
Compared to the city of Berlin, represented through the un¿lled TEMPELHOF-SCHOENEBERG
circles, the importance of this development gets even more obvi- FRIEDRICHSHAIN-KREUZBERG
ous. NEUKOELLN
BERLIN
REINICKENDORF
STEGLITZ-ZEHLENDORF
60 SPANDAU
TREPTOW-KOEPENICK
50
PANKOW
40 % -1 8 -15 -1 2 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
30
20 The graph above describes the population development of Berlin

and its districts from 1994 to 2004. Within these ten years Mar- MITTE 28,1
10 zahn- Hellersdorf lost around 16% of its population. FRIEDRICHSHAIN- KREUZBERG 23,1
According to this we can de¿nitely act on the assumption of a NEUKOELLN 22,0
0 “shrinking district”. CHARLOTTENBURG- WILMERSDORF 17,2

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2010
2015
2020
TEMPELHOF- SCHOENEBERG 15,3
BERLIN 13,3
On the right you see the rate of foreigners in Marzahn- Hellersdorf SPANDAU 12,8
STEGLITZ- ZEHLENDORF 9,5

in 2004. The rate is very low ( 3,6%). In fact there is a problem REINICKENDORF 8,9
with this graph. In Marzahn there live many so called German LICHTENBERG 8,3
5$7,2<281*3(23/(0$5=$+1 5$7,2<281*3(23/(%(5/,1 Russian immigrants that possess a German passport and are not PANKOW 6,5
represented in the calculation. Due to this fact, nobody actually MARZAHN- HELLERSDORF 3,6%
5$7,22/'3(23/(0$5=$+1 5$7,22/' 3(23/(%(5/,1 knows how many of them live in the district. Estimations speak of TREPTOW- KOEPENICK 3,4
15 to 25.000 people. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
„Weiter wohnen in der Platte“ Social problems Architectural and building activities
“Continuing to reside in the slab block”
- Demographical strati¿cation, - Restoration and sanitation
Intends to mark existing problems in the eastern wide residential demographical waves improvement of the thermal protection
areas as well as already initialised diverse programs, strategies, - Segregation with DIN – standards
and ideologies. - Loss of identi¿cation - Excelsior Àexibility in the Àoor plan design
- Re¿nement of the surrounding ambience
Urban problems / District problems Fundamental objectives - Improvement of the dormant traf¿c
- In most of the cases, wide residential areas appear Re¿nement of Ideology

homogeneous and undifferentiated. They are also set
up as a separate, functional independent estate area - the living address “The closer the inhabitants are free to live near the earth, the
According to a certain speci¿c master plan. - the quality of abidance larger is their necessity to de¿ne their territory.”
- A multiple insuf¿cient urban integration into the - the functionality and security
speci¿c city organism and the surrounding landscape. - the ecological situation Closing word: Sustainability
- The separation of functions and the mono functionality
avoid social variety Urban development approaches “Sustainable development meets the needs of the present with-
- Insuf¿cient facilities for trading, crafting, and services. out compromising the ability of the future generations to meet
- Problems in navigation and orientation - Mix of utilisation their own needs.”
- Reassessment of free space
- Re – organisation of traf¿c routes
Characteristics of younger slap block quarters - Urbanistic integration and transitions
“ An often defective, uncharitable design as well as limited us- Social planning objectives
ability of the narrower surrounding ambience.”
- Public relations of landlords
- Highly calibrated, typed apartment Àoor plans - Periodical maintenance of the outside ambience
- Missing potential of an individual apartment usage - Monetary aid of estate forms
- Low housing standard - Stabilization of assorted population forms
- Widespread constructional damages and - Perfecting of the surrounding ambience
defects, especially in the ranges of drainages, facades, - Development of the social and cultural infrastructure of
sanitary facilities and staircases the development areas


3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
INTERVIEWS WITH INHABITANTS OF THE MAIN STREET OF
MARZAHN IN 2004
most of the interviewed persons tell us, they really like living in
marzahn because they had been the privileged ones who got
their own new Àat with bathroom, toilet and kitchen in the 70s
and they still have that spirit in mind.
one lady tells us that many tourists had been carried there to
show the world how perfectly families can live in socialism – but
most of the advantages had been facade – inside the building you
had the hard and grey concrete.
a 75 year old inhabitant tells us the story about the different

of¿cial events they had to take part and wave their hands while
erich honecker went by with foreign politicians of the former
soviet union.
A SMALL BOOK
“ALLEE DER KOSMONAUTEN” - YLVA QUEISSER, LIDIA TIRRI
a 68 year old lady tells us her daughter has moved to marzahn
2004
with her children because she always loved the green and the
quit and she even wants to die there.
the authors Ylva Queisser and Lidia Tirri give us an impression
of the real lives behind the curtains of those small windows with
doing interviews with different inhabitants in the year 2004.
they do not want to be spectacular – they just want to explain
different points of views according to every-day live of the real
world in marzahn and the feelings of the inhabitants still living
there or even having lived there since the very beginning in the
early 1970s.


3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
MODIFYING THE WBS-70 SYSTEM
TECHNICAL DETAILS
MODULAR SYSTEM:
6x6 m
WEIGHT:
63 KN
BUILDING DEPTH:
12 m
FLOOR HEIGHT:
2.8 m
SUBTRACTING PARTS
REDUCE THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING

MODIFY THE SKYLINE
TAKE OFF INTERMEDIATE MODULES


3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.5(3/$&,1*,1%8,/',1*6
REPLACING THE FACADE
CHANGE THE MATERIAL OF THE FACADE

The WBS_70 constructive system consists in the combination of

structural modules that by addition con¿gure the whole building.
As you can see in the picture each Àat is composed by 2 of those

structural modules.
It is easy to work with this kind of prefabricated construction, so

there are different possibilities of modifying those buildings:
First of all, we have the way of Subtracting parts:

the ¿rst possible architectural operation is reducing the height of
the building.
The second one is modifying the skyline by subtracting modules
from the top of the building.
And the third possibility is taking off just certain intermediate
facade modules
On the other hand we can change the appearance of the building

by Adding layers, so we can:
Involve the old building with a new material layer. That new layer
would have punctual connections to the pre-existent building to
guaranty its stability
Create balconies by using light structures that the old building
would be able to resist.
Open the building to the outer green space to make the building
participate of it.
The last group of interventions in the building is Replacing the

wall. It is possible doing it by changing the material of the facade
as you can see in the pictures.
It is possible to change the appearance of each building by using

some different possibilities mixed at the same time.

3$57678'(1735(3$5$725<:25.&$6(678'<%(5/,10$5=$+1
IMPRESSIONS


3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<%,-/0(50((5
Merit Anthonisse (Hogeschool van Amsterdam)
“Nowhere in the world has until now a more beautiful and mod- infrastructure. The main roads for cars were raised, while cyclists
ern city of such a scale been build. The opportunity is here: a and pedestrians use car free ground level lanes.
project for the most comfortable living area imaginable.” (Mayor You could drive into the garage from the “dreef” and walk to your
of Amsterdam Van Hall, 1964) home through the inner street, protected from weather condi-
tions.
FOREWORD
For many years now a restructuring process has been under way In 1968 the ¿rst apartment is ready, in 1975 it contained 31 apart-
in Amsterdam Southeast District. The district is characterised by a ment buildings with 13.000 apartments, owned by 15 housing
fascinating dichotomy: companies.
The most multicultural residential neighbourhood in The Neth- Big apartments with big storage spaces, central heating, handy
erlands next to one of the most important economic centres of garbage shoots and a big bathroom, meant for families with 9LHZRQ*UDYHVWHLQ
Amsterdam. children and a middle class income. The apartments are quite
The most famous residential area, the Bijlmermeer, lying between expensive, because, it is thought that there are enough cheap
the railway to Utrecht and the city of Diemen, is undergoing a apartments available.
very radical change of face. In addition to social/economical re-
vitalisation and revamping of its management, large scale spatial Soon after ¿nishing building the Bijlmer is Àooded with many Amsterdam and the Bijlmer in the South-East
renewal is also taking place. New residential neighbourhoods are interacting problems of three types.
springing up trough the whole area. They will be ¿nished in 2010; First the housing issue:
by then over half the original 12500 foot high-rise Àats will have Many families preferred one family houses with garden, being
been replaced with new construction. build in New Towns such as Hoorn, Purmerend and Almere. At
the same time the urban regeneration starts, so many people stay
HISTORY in the old districts. And many of the Bijlmer inhabitants move
The Amsterdam district the Bijlmermeer is an area of about 2200 away when their expectations are not met: in 1974 30% per year.
hectare. Currently it provides housing for about 85.000 people of With the independence of former Dutch colony Suriname in 1975
over 130 nationalities. many immigrants come to live in the empty Bijlmer apartments.
It was build between 1966 and 1975 following CIAM principles, Secondly, the Bijlmer was never ¿nished. Many of the planned
and was supposed to be a new district housing 100.000 Amster- facilities such as shops and common spaces for recreation and
dammers in the year 2000. sport were late or never realized. So the Bijlmer is a monotone
The design of the district was made by a team of the Amster-
dam Department for Urban Development under supervision of )$&76 25,*,12),1+$%,7$176
architect and urban planner Siegfried Nassuth Typical for the KHFWDUH 'XWFK
Bijlmer are the honeycomb shaped high rise buildings, in a green LQKDELWDQWV (XURSHDQ(8RU(9$
landscape. LQKDELWDQWVSHUNP $VLDQ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQRURWKHU
In the plan was a strict separation of functions, especially in the (XURSHDQ Map of the original Bijlmer

area. wants to see their own apartment demolished.

The third category of issues concerns social safety. There is a lot Half of the high rise buildings are being demolished and replaced
of pollution, vandalism and social insecurity. Gliphoeve turn into with low rise housing, of which many private properties.
the most infamous Àat in the whole of the Netherlands. Many of the original higher roads “tt” are lowered, and most of
the original parking garages are demolished as well. With the new
Many of the idealistic ideas turn into disadvantages. housing facilities for recreation and culture are added.
Privacy turns into anonymity, the collective ideas don’t work, the Also the shopping centre Amsterdamse Poort is renewed.
upside of the traf¿c safe infrastructure turns into the downside
of social insecurity and the informal meetings in the inner streets The remaining high rise buildings of the original Bijlmer are thor-
and hall are replaced by fear of creepy persons behind a column. oughly renewed, and kept as the “Bijlmer museum”.
The collective spaces are the home base of the homeless and
junkies. ARENA BOULEVARD
In 1985 25% of the apartments is empty and 50% of the inhabit- And on the other side of the railway track huge developments
ants move away per year. The same year a renewal of 6 million have been realized. The Arena Boulevard is the pedestrian prom-
Euro starts to improve the situation. The rents are lowered, enade, 70 meters wide and 600 meters long, that forms a physical
parking is now free, thermal isolation is added to apartments, link between these two sections of the Southeast. In addition to
elevators added, public space improved, safety improves, the an expected 15,000 new jobs the area also has the largest cinema
buildings get a concierge, but problems remained. in the region, the largest covered home furnishing mall in Europe,
a multifunctional stadium and an entertainment centre. Next to '()*+.DUHQDPHVRIQHLJKERXUKRRGV
PLANE CRASH the ArenA stadium the “ArenA Tower” is planned, with 150 meter 5(' UHPDLQLQJRULJLQDOEXLOGLQJV *5(< GHPROLVKHG
On 4 October 1992 an air plane of the Israeli company El Al crash- height the highest tower in Amsterdam. *5((1 ORZHUHGURDG 0,17 RULJLQDOUDLVHGURDG
es into the Àats Groeneveen and Kruitberg. 43 people are killed.
The incident makes a deep impression on the whole country and A new train station, Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA, is build on the
suddenly the Bijlmer is in the spotlight. In 1996 a monument was same spot as the former station and was opened in 2007. It is
place don the site of the crash. now an important node for train, bus and metro.
RENEWAL
Total high rise renewal: 12.500 (100%)
In the nineties a huge renewal started. No longer was the idea to
improve the original plan, basically that is now of¿cially seen as Demolition high rise apartments: -6.550 (52%)
unsuccessful. Key for the renewal is the opinion of the current New and renewal area: 7.450
inhabitants. Renovation and sale/repositioning; -2.000 (16%)
In a big investigation is held, with 3.556 inhabitants cooperating, a Of which low rent: 2.250Renovation and rent: -3.950 (32%)
response of a whopping 77%. Of which high rent: 5.200
New housing supply:13.400 Renewed honeycomb building with new housing
Most people are in favour of demolishing the Àats (68%). 60%

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<%,-/0(50((5
Thomas Pronk, Tom Hartmanns (Hogeschool van Amsterdam)
Area map bijlmerdreef
The multicultural city of Amsterdam has in Zuid-Oost a example There was another exceptional informal activity in the Bijlmer. A
how to live together. With a diverse society and a lot of cultural competition organized by the Surinamese inhabitants. It was a
event’s it’s a place one can be proud off. The Dutch butcher bird singing contest also called ‘kwa kwa’s’, two caged birds were
greets the surinamese bakery on the other side of the street. set towards each other and the one who sang the most won the
match. This grew out to become a frequent gathering on Sunday
Thirty years ago this wasn’t the case. Back then 40.000 people morning.
lived in the Bijlmer. Many of them with a different cultural back-
ground. With the CIAM study on urban living, the Bijlmer was And the kwakoe festival is a good example how a informal cul-
constructed to house many people in high rise Àats with a lot of tural festival grow out to a city wide cultural event. It began as a
public spaces and parks. Back then there weren’t a lot of cultural football competition that was organized by a youth organization.
public spaces. And with a lack of formal public space, informal To live up to the tradition of the Surinamese people that are used
activities began to emerge. Like praying together on Sunday in to play sports on a Sunday. This a family affair.
a small room reserved for a gallery or a park with some animals
which grow out to be a children’s farm.
Bird singing contest

The problem began that the public spaces reserved for these
activities were not ready or not planned at all. In a way that was
understandable, men wanted to create a utopia for the modern
man. One with a different way of living.
It’s hard to register informal activities, and with its positive sides
it also has its downsides. For example, with no other way to park
your car except in the parking garages. The people of Bijlmer
used the public garage for maintenance and repairs.
With informal activities, no social control, the anonymity, more
criminal activities began to take place. What once was a informal
solution to a formal problem began to grow to criminal propor-
tions. In the new plans the parking garages which once stood
along the Bijlmerdreef have been replaced.
The transformation of the Bijlmer these years has made a lot of

compromises to the informal public activities. In other words, Children’s farm 2007
they have become formal.
Public garage Informal posters Children’s farm

PART 4. PREPARATORY STUDENT WORK; CASE-STUDY BIJLMERMEER
Merit Anthonisse (Hogeschool van Amsterdam)
GREEN
Originally the big green areas in between the high rise buildings
contained an extensive amount of green with many bushes. Due
to little maintenance in the eighties it seemed a lot like a jungle.
Besides the positive sides of living in such a green environ-
ment (¿shing was a popular hobby) people found that the many
trees and bushes obstructed proper orientation in between the
buildings and it was bad for social safety as well. With the ¿rst
renewals in the late 80s the green was restructured: the many
bushes were replaced with more open and structured vegetation.
Although necessary, it was a diminishing of the original plan. 1: View on Gravestein (2007)
Because of the renewal, many of the open green areas no longer

exist, they are replaced with 'regular' neighbourhoods. With the
renewal extra water was added aswell, to supply waterdeposit.
The map shows current and former green, and old and extra
water.
Part of the original Bijlmer is saved as the “Bijlmermuseum”. It

gives an idea of how the area originally looked, but on a smaller The green Bijlmer in 1986, before renewal of the green
scale only. The vastness of the urban design is gone forever.
2: View on renewed Bijlmerdreef (2007)
The green design before and after renewal in the eighties

Current situation around Bijlmerdreef showing changes in green and water
,1)5$6758&785(
:KHQWKHELMOPHUPHHUZDVGHVLJQHGLWZDVVWURQJO\LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHLGHDVRI
&,$07KLVZDVGXHWR&RUQHOLVYDQ(HVWHUHQKHZRUNHGIRUWKH$PVWHUGDP
GHSDUWPHQWRIFLW\GHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWIURPWLOO+HZDVUHVSRQVLEOH
IRUWKHHDUO\FRQFHSWDQGGHVLJQLQJSKDVHRIWKHQDWLRQDOH[SDQVLRQSODQ$QGEH
LQJDPHPEHURIWKH&,$0JURXSDOORWRI&,$0 VLGHD VZHUHXVHGIRUWKLVQD
WLRQDOH[SDQVLRQSURMHFW+HZDVYRWHGIRUFKDLUPDQIRUWKHLUWKLUGPHHWLQJLQ%UXV
VHO%HFDXVHKHZDVRQHRIWKHIHZFLW\GHVLJQHUVDPRQJVWWKHPDQGWKHPHHWLQJ
ZDVGHGLFDWHGWRORWWLQJDQGELJEXLOGLQJVIRUKRXVLQJ&,$0VWURQJO\EHOLHYHGLQD
FOHDUVHSDUDWLRQRIWKHQHFHVVDU\IXQFWLRQV7KH\VWDWHGWKDWOLYLQJZRUNLQJUHFUHD
WLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQZHUHWKHIRXUELJPDLQIXQFWLRQ VRIWKH )XQFWLRQDOFLW\
:KHQWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHRIWKHELMOPHUPHHUZDVGHVLJQHGWKH\DOVRZDQWHGDFOHDU
GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPDLQIXQFWLRQ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 7KH\EHOLHYHGWKDWWKHGLIIHU
HQWVRUW VRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDOVRQHHGHGWREHVHSDUDWHG7KHSHGHVWULDQWKHELNHU
SXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQWKHEXVVHVDQGPHWUR VDQGWKHFDU7KH\OLIWHGWKHURDGDQG
PDGHDQ8SZD\LQVWHDGRID6XEZD\VHHWKHVHFWLRQVRWKDWWKH\ UHDUHQRFDUV
RUPHWUR VLQWHUIHULQJRQJURXQGOHYHO7KLVZD\LWZRXOGEHVDIHDQGWKHUHZRXOGEH
HQRXJKVSDFHIRUSOD\LQJNLGVDQGDQ\RWKHUUHFUHDWLRQDOSHRSOH7KH\LPDJLQHG
ORQJZDONLQJURXWHVWKURXJKDSDUNOLNHHQYLURQPHQWZLWKRXWDQ\FDUV7KH\ZDQWHG
WKHF\FOLQJURXWHVWRJHQWO\PLQJOHZLWKWKHZDONLQJURXWHV$OWKRXJKWKHPHWUR
ZDVRULJLQDOO\SODQQHGWREHEXLOGIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJWKHUHZDVDGHOD\WKDWWRRND
FRXSOHRI\HDUVGXHWRWKHELJFRVWVDQGEXGJHW6RLWWRRNDZKLOHEHIRUHLWILQDOO\
FDPH7KH\SODQQHGWZRPHWURWUDFNVZKLFKRQHRIWKHPDOVRKDGDVLQJOHWUDLQ
VWRS,QWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\EHJDQDELJUHQRYDWLRQ'HGLFDWHGRQLPSURYLQJ
WKHTXDOLW\RIWKHDUHD7KHSODQZDVWRNHHSDOORWRIWKHROGLGHD VEXWDOVRPDNH
VSDFHIRUQHZSODQQLQJDQGGHVLJQLQJ7KHELJIODWVZHUHJUHDWO\LPSURYHGDQG
UHQRYDWHGDQGWKH\EXLOGDOORWRIQHZKRXVHV7KHVHDUHEXLOGWRWDOO\GLIIHUHQWWKHQ
WKHRULJLQDOLGHDVDQGFRQFHSWVZKHQWKH%LMOPHUZDVEXLOG7KLVDOVRKDGJUHDW
LPSDFWRQWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH7KH\GHPROLVKHGDIHZELJJDUDJHVDQGORZHUHGDELJ
OHDSRIWKHURDGWRJURXQGOHYHO$QGWKHUHZDVDJLDQWQHZVWDWLRQSODQQHGDVZHOO
7KHVWDWLRQSURMHFWZDVVWDUWHGLQDQGKDVILQLVKHGUHFHQWO\LQ:LWKWZR
8SZD\VPHWURWUDFNVDQGVL[WUDLQWUDFNVDQGDOORWRIVWRUHVLWKDVEHFRPHDKXJH
VWDWLRQ6HHWKHELJDHULDOYLHZ
6HFWLRQRIWKHILUVWSODQQHGVXEZD\ZKLFKZDVILQLVKHGLQWKHODWHVHYHQWLHV
3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<%,-/0(50((5
Julius Biervliet & Niels Westmeijer (Hogeschool van Amsterdam)
Originally formal places in the Bijlmer or Amsterdam South-East With the new plans for re-development now executed a lot of a renewed sports centre. These developments form a solid base
we’re located on the ¿rst Àoor of the Àats. Other locations we’re the original formal places we’re moved to locations that we’re against the problem causing informal activities.
underneath the parking garages or on some particular places in proven to work much better, and could hold the formal activities.
buildings with public facilities spread in the Bijlmer. These places we’re located around some central roads and near Besides the informal activities with a negative reputation there are
the metro and train stations in brand new buildings replacing a lot of activities that started as informal but - through growing
This we’re the original plans, but they didn’t worked out that way. the problem causing buildings. Because of of¿ce development attention from the neighbourhood and other people in Amster-
Because of a different development than projected the Bijlmer around the Bijlmerstation – that also recently has been replaced dam- turned into formal activities. These transformed activities
soon got a bad reputation. The formal places didn’t worked out with a brand new building – with a high formal image. This also (from informal to formal) give the Bijlmer it’s reputation of multi-
like the CIAM idea had projected. They turned into places with caused the improvement for formal places such as a shopping cultural society.
informal activities that we’re causing a lot of problems. centre, the city district facilities of Amsterdam South-East,

Ÿ
Sections of the original plans for the Bijlmermeer and the changes
made with the redevelopment of the Bijlmermeer. Very clear is
the movement of the formal spaces from the ¿rst Àoor of the high
rise and the parking garages to the new shopping centre. Also
replacement of most of the high rise Àats by low rise houses. Last
thing is undoing the dividing of the infrastructure over several
levels.
Ź
Projection of the honeycomb shaped high rise Àats in the
canal system of the city centre of Amsterdam. The formally
shaped buildings placed in the formal shaped canal system.
ŹŹ
Projection of the canal system of the city centre of Amsterdam in
between the surrounding roads of Amsterdam South-East,
the Bijlmermeer. Showing the scale of the of the Bijlmermeer.

PART 4. PREPARATORY STUDENT WORK; CASE-STUDY BIJLMERMEER
by Gertjan Vlaar and Jorn Schol (Hogeschool van Amsterdam)
Area map bijlmerdreef Marginal Note

The Bijlmer and its commercial background the ¿lling of these places happened too late or not at all. The ¿rst The Bijlmermeer has experienced Buildings Roads
Horeca Services
plans where ¿nished in 1968. Though the years these garages drastic modi¿cations the last de- Water Retail
In the plans leading toward the building of the Bijlmer commerce had to be completed without government funding. The result was cennia. Several plans were made Former Commerce
and services where always seen as something that would be that the many garages where ¿nished years after the Àats, and in order to renew the commercial
placed in the surrounding areas between the buildings and in the because of the lack of public funding the garages where build structure of the Bijlmermeer. The renewal of the “Bijlmer” was
neighbourhood and regional buildings. The Àats each had one or without the multifunctional aspects. Among other things the necessary in order to repair economic, social and image prob-
several added buildings at ground level. These additions to the surveillance system, the car wash and repairing areas where cut lems. Economic problems are strongly related to the commercial
buildings where supposed to have commerce and supportive out of the program. Commerce was not to be placed in the areas side of the Bijlmermeer.
functions for the inhabitants of the Àat. This would be art room’s around the Àats. These where supposed to be placed in tree
garages and child care. Social centres weren’t part of the plan, special shopping zones and in some of the parking garages and A new commercial structure is the product of several renewal
these where mend to spring up eventually when there was a under the elevated road. Of course the interior of the shopping plans. These plans are made with a philosophy that is mainly
need. These centres would contain many different industries and areas could only be started when the parking garages where ¿n- the opposite of the original plans. The original plans that where
services, like shops, businesses, cultural,- and health informa- ished, as described this was many years after the ¿nishing of the made by CIAM (more speci¿c: Le Corbusier) were based on
tion. This would create a lively and interesting atmosphere. The houses. The commerce that was suppose to be placed in the join- a functional concept which relied on the division of functions.
neighbourhood centres where to be placed inside the parking ing buildings was set-up by a workgroup wish with the approval Several new plans where made for the improvement of the Bijlm-
garages. These garages would also be a gate. Mailboxes, shops, of the inhabitants. This workgroup cancelled most buildings and a ermeer, these plans are based on a mix of functions instead of a
businesses, public phones, waiting arrears and kiosks, would foundation would be the caretaker for any needs. strong division. The idea behind this concept is to mix functions
boost this effect. in order to make the environment more attractive and lively. An-
What happened Progression in the Bijlmermeer related to the commercial exploi- other positive effect of this concept is that the entire Bijlmermeer
A downside to this is that due to many delays the initial plans of tation. area will be more crowded during the whole day which results in

a much better environmental control. restaurants and bars, and mega stores. This commercial epi-
centre will attract people from outside the city part and even
The renewal of the commercial structure is already partly ex- from outside the country! PART 4. PREPARATORY STUDENT WORK
ecuted and functioning. The commercial functions are not totally
mixed with the housing functions in order to maintain a minor Conclusion: the Bijlmermeer changes from a plan with a strong
division in private parts and public parts. There are three zones division of functions into an extrovert city part with a great
in the new plan that contain an intense commercial exploita- variety and blending of (commercial) functions. The new plan
tion. These zones are called the Dwaalwijkdreef, Bijlmerdreef can rely on her own facilities and is also attractive to visit for
and Karspeldreef and are estranged in the entire structure of the non-inhabitants. The functions are in contrast to the old plans
Bijlmermeer. These three zones are mainly responsible for a good well spread and organised more or less through the whole city
mixture of the different commercial functions. part. Across the years these garages had to be completed with-
out government funding. The result was that the many garages
The restaurant and catering industry is organized on several spots where ¿nished years after the Àats, and because of the lack of
in the Bijlmermeer. The restaurants and café/bars are somewhat public funding the garages where build without the multifunc-
grouped together in order to prevent annoyances amongst the tional aspects. Among other things the surveillance system,
inhabitants. Some negative reactions can also be heard, the main the car wash and repairing areas where cut out of the program.
argument is that the Bijlmermeer loses his unique concept and Commerce was not to be placed in the areas around the Àats.
turns into a mediocre and unspectacular city part. These where to be placed in tree special shopping zones in
parking garages and under the elevated road. Of course the
Future city planning presents a lot of Àexibility in commercial interior of the shopping areas could only be started when the
planning. Especially the three previous mentioned zones are very parking garages where ¿nished, as described this was many
Àexible and can be occupied with various commercial activities. years after the ¿nishing of the houses. They commerce that
was suppose to be placed in the joining buildings was set-up by
Clari¿cation of the illustration. a workgroup wish with the approval of the inhabitants.
The main axis that can be seen in the middle of the illustration
(horizontal orientated) is called the Bijlmerdreef. According to the
new environmental plans the Dreef will contain a wide variety of
commercial functions in the near future. The marginal note shows
which buildings already are occupied with commercial functions.
Strongly noticeable in this section of the plan is the spreading of
the numerous commercial functions. The buildings parallel to the
Bijlmerdreef are mend to have various functions. A concentration
of the mixed functions can be found near the various metro and
train station that the Bijlmermeer possesses. Major commercial
exploitation can be found at the so called “ArenA boulevard”
mainly big enterprises occupy this area and exploit cultural and
commercial functions such as an arena, various music stages,

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
A. van der Veen, B.J. van den Bosch, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, S. van der Sande, D. Heimeriks, E. Oort, S. Commandeur, M. Bonnike, F. van der Veek
Delft University of Technology
INTRODUCTION
The Dutch government researched the quality of all neighbour-

hoods in the Netherlands, which resulted in a list of the 40 most
problematic neighbourhoods, the so called ‘Vogelaars’ areas. Bos
en Lommer is on this list.
Both neighbourhoods were planned to accommodate the working
class. Within time, the society changed to a multicultural society
with low income.
Like Marzahn, in Bos en Lommer most of the green areas are

not de¿nable (semi-public spaces). Both neighbourhoods have
problems with the infrastructure, which divides the neighbour-
hood into two segments. Because of the low quality of the public
spaces, informal activities have developed. Marzahn and Bos en
Lommer are stuck in a ‘midlife crisis’.
Before we show the ¿ve themes of the urban analysis (infrastruc-
ture, green public space, formal public space, commercial public
space and informal public space), we start with a little history
about Amsterdam and Bos en Lommer.

HISTORY
Bos en Lommer used to be a small village close to Amsterdam.
People made money by trading their goods to the Amsterdam
community.
In the 1920’s plans were made to house the dockworkers and

people working in other industries of Amsterdam in the Bos en
Lommer area.
The “Algemeen Uitbreidings Plan” from van Eesteren in 1934

shows that the area is well situated between the harbour and the
city centre (¿g. 2).
The ‘nieuw bouwen’ movement was coming up at that time and

some experiments were made in Bos en Lommer such as line
buildings instead of the traditional closed building blocks (¿g. 3).
The new building movement is characterized by transparency,
space, light, air and a lot of green. They intended to create a FIG. 1 ALGEMEEN UITBREIDINGSPLAN AMSTERDAM, 1934 FIG. 3 ‘HET NIEUWE BOUWEN’
healthy balanced environment for the inhabitants.
FIG. 2 SITUATED BETWEEN HARBOUR AND CITY CENTRE FIG. 4 HAPPY FAMILIES

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
INFRASTRUCTURE
Bos en Lommer is very well connected. It is situated around the

A10, the periphery of Amsterdam (¿g. 1).
The main roads are east-west orientated. The side streets are
perpendicularly positioned on the main roads.
In the east area, they divert from the east-west direction
comparing to the west (¿g. 2).
We applied the 1st-2nd-3rd order analysis to the infrastructure

of Bos en Lommer. We used the Bos en Lommer square as
the starting point, because it is the only place were shops are
concentrated (¿g. 3-5).
FIG. 1 PERIPHERY (PINK DOT - BOS EN LOMMER) FIG. 2 STREETS
FIG. 3 FIRST ORDER FIG. 4 SECOND ORDER FIG. 5 THIRD ORDER

AT THE MOMENT, THE FRAME HAS SOME WEAKNESSES:
- The highway divides the neighbourhood into two segments.

- The streets in the south of Bos en Lommer lead to a dead end
due to the water that runs along the frame.
- The connection with the centre of Amsterdam is weak; impor-
tant roads must be structured upon their way to the centre which
will optimise the frame.
- The connection to the station is surrounded by large industry.
The routing is very unpleasant.
We made a proposition how to strengthen the frame (¿g. 7). It can

be clearly seen that the centre of Amsterdam gets connected to
Bos en Lommer. These propositions are (blue lines):
- Four connections are made over the water. The structure will FIG. 6 STREET PROFILE FIG. 8 FRAME
become more uniform.
- The connection to the centre of the town is made in the 2th
order by lengthen the already existing 2th order streets. Now the
Bos en Lommer square is connected to a much larger area. There
are three ways to the centre instead of one.
- More crossings must be made over the highway. There is
already a transformed crossing near the square. You can see the
differences in the frame.
The pro¿le of the streets differ. The main roads have wide pro-
¿les, including public transport (¿g. 8-9). The smaller, north-south
orientated streets are more narrow (¿g. 6). This division makes
the infrastructure readable for the inhabitants.
FIG. 7 PROPOSITION (THIRD ORDER) FIG. 9 PROFILE OF FRAME

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
GREEN
The green areas between the buildings were meant to be semi-

public space with a rural and open character. The areas are open
to the streets, but still appear as a garden for the inhabitants
(¿g.3).
The problem nowadays is that the boundary between public and
semi-private space is unclear and there is a need for a better
de¿ned separation between those two (¿g.5). The effect is that
minimal but effective boundaries are created by the inhabitants
and the district of Amsterdam (for example fences). Most of the
time, the semi public spaces have such an unclear character, that
they have resulted in no-go areas. Bos en Lommer has a lot of
unattractive collective private spaces, a poor maintenance of the
green and canals and there are not enough public spaces that are
recognisable as such. To solve these problems the following has
to be done: The collective private space has to become a public
space with a clear function, more social awareness with no blind
spots in the areas and more open space and light (change of FIG.2 DARK GREEN- PUBLIC , LIGHT GREEN- SEMI- PUBLIC/PRIVATE FIG.4 BLUE- WATER
vegetation).
FIG.1 COMBINATION WATER AND GREEN FIG.3 SEMI- PUBLIC SPACE WITH AN OPEN CHARACTER- MEANT TO BE FIG.5 CREATED PRIVATE SPACE THROUGH BOUNDARIES- RESULT

FORMAL
The main questions we asked ourselves where:

- How do formal functions inÀuence the public domain?
- Are formal functions inÀuenced by the economical/
demo graphical situation of Bos en Lommer?
Bos en Lommer is divided into four sections. Each of these sec-
tions has been analysed from a demographic/economical point
of view with a special focus on minimum income households.
The Kolenkit area came out as being the worst (¿g. 1). It has a
high percentage of minimum income households and also a high
percentage of nonnative inhabitants (¿g. 2).
All formal public functions present in Bos en Lommer have been
grouped and mapped. These groups are education, emergency
service, day care, sport facilities, health service, religion, play-
grounds, meeting centre, city of¿ce, library and housing associa- FIG. 1- PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD WITH A MINIMUM INCOME PER NEIGH- FIG. 3 - THE PLACEMENT OF THE FORMAL FUNCTIONS
BOURHOOD
tion (¿g. 3).
PLACEMENT OF FORMAL FUNCTIONS

There is a clear relation between the type of formal functions and
the multiculturalism of the region. This reÀects in the churches
and mosques, and in the many social meeting centres. So yes,
the economical-demogra¿c situation of Bos and Lommer does
inÀuence the formal functions. However, it is hard to distinguish
a relation between the neighbourhood characteristics and the
placement of the (type of) formal functions. However it is evident
that the formal functions with a regional reach, for instance foot-
ball clubs and regional schools, are often found near the neigh-
bourhoods borders and close to important infrastructure.
TRANSFORMATIONS
SportParkStad is a new urban project in which formal functions
play a big role in the social coherence. In the plan, different
housing projects (aimed at starters, students and seniors) will be FIG. 2 - PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH MINIMUM INCOME AND ETHNIC-
developed around the sport facilities (¿g. 4). Sport brings people ITY (L)
PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD WITH MINIMUM INCOME AND HOUSEHOLD FIG. 4 - SPORTPARKSTAD
together, no matter what their colour, age or ideologies are. This TYPE (R)
is a clear example of a formal function being used to inÀuence the
public domain and the enrich the quality of a neighbourhood. REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 74
3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
In the Bos en Lommer area we can distinguish three types
of commercial usages.
1. The most important one is the Bos en Lommer square,

which has a large concentration of shops, bars and a
supermarket. There is a daily market which attracts a of lot
of people. The square functions as a shopping place for the
complete neighbourhood and even people from outside
come and visit the square for shopping.
2. There are a lot of shops located along the major roads

through the area . The shops on these boulevards are
diverse but among them are a lot of hotels, restaurants and
café’s.
3. Spread out through Bos en Lommer are a lot of little

corner shops and coffeehouses for daily needs. These local
1. BOS EN LOMMER SQUARE 1. BOS EN LOMMER SQUARE
shops serve mainly the inhabitants of Bos en Lommer.
2. MAJOR ROADS SHOPS 3. CORNER SHOPS

COMMERCIAL
The place where the Bos en Lommer square is. The Neighbour-
hood is actually named after an old barn which used to be on the
location.
Historically seen, the space before the big farmer’s house was
very important for the people living in the close area. At this spot
the villagers used to meet each other and do business.
After the city of Amsterdam annexed the little village, the ‘square’
kept it’s important function as a meeting place.
During the 60’s the new A10 highway made an end to this, and
divided the neighbourhood in two.
Luckily nowadays there is a bridge connecting the two parts again
and the old function of the market square is turned back to it’s
original function
FIG.1 CONNECTIVITY BEFORE THE BRIDGE FIG.3 CONNECTIVITY AFTER THE BRIDGE
FIG.2 CONNECTIVITY BEFORE THE BRIDGE FIG.4 CONNECTIVITY AFTER THE BRIDGE

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
The area of “Bos en Lommer” does not bear clear evidence of
informal area’s in terms of hangouts for youths. This is on itself
quite strange because statistics point out that the community has
had its problems with this phenomenon. Besides the statistics
the neighbourhood also provides plenty opportunity for unsafe
area’s but again there is little evidence of problems when walking
trough the area.
In our report we did see some forms of informal use of public
space. We also took some pictures of area’s / situations that could
provide a
hot-spot for unsafe area’s.
One of the main problems in many area’s that where build just
after WWII had a blind plinth this has become one of the main
problems. Because of the lack of supervision and the loss of
personal attachment to the public space (¿g. 1).
The state of greenery within the area is of a poor quality the pub- FIGURE 1: STORAGE SPACES AND GARAGE UNITS FIGURE 3: STORAGE SPACES IN THE PLINTH
lic green is badly maintained.
And they can form hiding places for those of bad will. The green-
ery between the apartment blocks can be described as uninhabit-
able unused or badly maintained places. While there are several
playing ¿elds around there is evidence off the need for a playing
¿eld directly next to the apartment houses where parents can
watch over their children.
Some of the recently renovated houses received private gardens.
These private gardens can generate a better atmosphere.
FIGURE 2: PUBLIC ACCESSIBLE PORCH FIGURE 4: CLAIMED FRONT YARD

Because of cutbacks on the design of the fence, or lack of design,

the problem will soon reoccur. It won’t take long for the users to
hide these ugly fences . This will take away the view on the road
and the social control factor that was intended (¿g. 5).
Informal use of the public space can be either positive or nega-

tive. Positive use are forms of recreation or commerce. Negative
use in forms of hangouts and trash dumps
Inhabitants have made a personal gym out of the public corridor,

this proves a lack of these type of functions within the area(¿g. 8).
Other uses of these corridors and tunnels are less positive. For
example these spots can quickly become trash dumps or popular
public toilets (¿g. 9/10).To reduce problems whithin the area, the
municipality and the local inhabitants have put up signs to ¿ght
back ( ¿g. 10/11) FIGURE 6: PRIVATE GARDENS WITH UGLY OPEN FENCING FIGURE 8: CORRIDOR BECOMES PRIVATE GYM
FIGURE 5: PLAYING FIELD IN UNDEFINED GREEN FIGURE 7: UGLY OPEN FENCE HIDDEN BY UGLY CLOSED FENCE FIGURE 9: TRASH DUMP

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<$067(5'$0%26(1/200(5
Small shops are still popular on the frequently used walking
routes. While bigger shops are located only minutes away. (¿g. 9)
Allthough some dwellings
Although the area at ¿rst glance looks pretty good when you look
closer you can see evidence of something else. Its dif¿cult to see
how old these signs are since the local government has started a
cleanup campaign during this summer. Maybe this has something
to do with the fact that there is not much informal activity going
on in the streets. Are these signs off times passed by? Or is there
a side which we did not witness.
Although we haven’t seen many signs of problems or any other

informal use of space doesn’t mean that there are not things that
deserve attention. FIGURE 11: ALCOHOL RESTRICTED ZONE FIGURE 13: INFORMAL USE OF WINDOWS
FIGURE 10: “PLEASE DO NOT DO YOUR BUSINESS HERE” FIGURE 12: SMALL SHOPS FIGURE 14: YOUTHFUL ARTWORK ON ELECTRICITY BOX

CONCLUSION
The government of Amsterdam has started a high ambition

campaign in response to the vogelaar report earlier this year.
One of the ¿rst steps made was to improve the control of the
neighbourhood by introducing a neighbourhood watch program.
This seems to have some effect while certain evidence of past
problem area’s still exist the presence seems to have gone. But
if the watch program is terminated there is a large possibility
that the problem will reoccur there needs to be bigger changes.
The local government has already picked up on this statement
and have started to renovate some of the existing buildings by
introducing housing units on street level they aim to introduce
a certain social control over the street. another implementation
they have started to develop is to give out public green to houses
therefor the local government doesn’t have to maintain the large
amount of public green as it does now therefor saving money and
time. plus there will be a better diversity on the street. All these
things add to the improvement of the public space hopefully
preventing further problems. The ¿rst steps of improving bos and
lommer have already been made but the changes will still need
to prove themselves.

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<1257+$/,&$17(
A. Esclápez Boix, R. García Sacristán, L. Navarro Jover, C. Coves Piqueres, C. Narciso Linares, C. Vivancos Orts, E. Pérez Fons (Universitad de Alicante)
HISTORICAL EVOLUATION
Alicante is a predominantly tourist city situated on the Mediter-

ranean coast. The oldest part of Alicante is the centre from which
it has grown in time in concentric rings. The aim of this article
OLD PART
is to present the socioeconomic and spatial transformation of
the north part of Alicante. These areas sprung up in the North
outskirts towards the end of the 1950, and were created to ac- 1956
commodate social classes with low purchasing capability, who
came from other areas better situated in the city and because of
the immigration. 1978
In some of these areas, many of the dwellings were used as a 2005

second home. The owners were also working class, but most
of them use to live in Madrid and they use their second homes
to spend their summer holidays. Owners used to rent these
houses, but because of favourable credit terms and the favour-
able economic moment at the beginning of the 60’s, most of
them decided to buy a dwelling; these second homes were also
considered an investment for the future.
These areas haven’t got too many public services and were
disconnected between them, seeing as many immigrants settled
there in the 1960’s and 1970’s. These areas divided the city unity
because they were separated from city by huge nondeveloped
spaces. The main road network set up is using a grid system,
with badly planned housing developments. The typical building
structure is open blocks and independent buildings, where the
internal space is unused and lacking in a special urban dedication.
Developments have a high density and are overcrowded; the bad
construction of the dwellings, contribute to the degradation of
these areas.

1. VIRGEN DEL REMEDIO AREA
This area was started to be build up at the beginning of the 1960’s

in consequence of a huge urban bylaws infringements. This area
accommodated lot of low economical support workers. The city
renovation process was very advanced in other parts of Alicante:
old dwellings were replaced by new and more expensive ones.
That caused the movement of some of the inhabitants with lower
VIRGEN DEL CIUDAD JARDIN LOS ANGELES
purchasing capacity from the city centre to the outskirts. REMEDIO
2. CIUDAD JARDIN AREA

1956
This area grew up to create a new urban landscape absolutely dif-
ferent inside the context of the city. Ciudad Jardin was set aside
to cheaper dwellings. The main aim was to apply an hygienist
ideology which talked about a new way of life with more contact STORIES
with nature, in response to the overcrowding and congestion 1-2-3
problems that were present in the centre of the city. It is situated 4-5
6 and more
away from the city centre and hasn’t any means of transport. 1978
However, it has been able to develop because of private trans-
port. The inhabitants from this area are middle class, excluding DWELLINGS/BUILDING
workers because of the high price of these houses. 20 and more
15 to 19
10 to 14
3. LOS ANGELES AREA

8 to 9
6 to 7
4 to 5
1984 2 to 3
From the beginning of 19th century, this area was already oc-
cupied by some cottages, which were the foundations for the POPULATION
future area. The new buildings started to develop together with more than 2000
1750-2000
farms. At the beginning of the 20th century, and thanks to the 1500-1750
1250-1500
tram which helped urban growth, it was possible for ¿rst time to 1000-1250
750-1000
live away from their workplaces. They set up here in ground Àoor- 500-750
houses. From the 1950s onwards, the Los Angeles district started 2002 less than 250
to acquire its present physiognomy with more building volume.

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<1257+$/,&$17(
A. Esclápez Boix, R. García Sacristán, L. Navarro Jover, C. Coves Piqueres, C. Narciso Linares, C. Vivancos Orts, E. Pérez Fons
HOMOGENEOUS AREAS
3
After studying the area we draw the following conclusions.

We have ¿ve different parts inside the analysed district; each one
2
presents a homogeneous city urban structure.
1
From the social point of view the district has several problems. 2
Some parts of the researched area have become a focus of immi-
gration where people from several countries live and it confronts
other parts of the district where the local people from a different 1
social class live.
3
1. Ciudad Jardín 4
This area was originally formed in the 20´s like a cooperative
2-4
zone of cheap housing like suburbs. It was done by the hygien-
ist ideology to increase contact with nature and eliminate the
problems that the agglomeration caused in the centre of the city. 4
As time went by the social status of its inhabitants improved and
it became an integrated part of the city. 5
1
2. Vírgen del Remedio
This area has a homogeneous typology because it was developed
by the municipality with a single project model for social housing.
The density is high and some of the buildings even have shops
and of¿ces on the ground level. Nowadays, immigrants are living
in this district.
2
2 2 21

3. Plaza lo Morant 3
This neighbourhood is a popular residential area with excellent
accessibility and high quality public spaces in the middle of the
blocks; because it is a public park.
2
4. Benissaudet
1
3
It is characterized by the recent constructions with the typical het-
erogeneous typologies; in fact, the area’s infrastructure is mainly
formed by the former ceramic industries. Now there are isolated
3
buildings with fence and private open spaces without shops or of-
¿ces. These buildings are taller than the buildings from the other 3
areas, and their inhabitants are medium class young people. 4
3 2-4
5. Los Ángeles
This area has a different typology and morphology and it was cre-
ated in the 60s to accommodate social housing. There are typical 4
buildings with only a ground Àoor next to a three-storey building.

5
Because nowadays the new buildings are substituted for more
expensive housing, so they are higher. And this causes a higher
density and the population can grow. Nowadays people from low
and medium class live here. 3
4 4
1
5
4 4 5 51

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<1257+$/,&$17(
A. Esclápez Boix, R. García Sacristán, L. Navarro Jover, C. Coves Piqueres, C. Narciso Linares, C. Vivancos Orts, E. Pérez Fons
PUBLIC SPACE The conclusions of the street hi-
STREET HIERARCHY erarchy could be a street around
The main streets are: the area and two perpendicular
Gastón Castelló Av. which connects the district with the highway street of less importance that
and extends up to the urban centre. Novelda Av. which connects connect different points of the
the town of San Vicente with the city of Alicante. district. The crossing of these
Baronía de Polop Av. which de¿nes the north limit of the case- two streets is the Morant Park.
study.
In the second level we can ¿nd two streets, and both of them
connect Lo Morant Park with rest of the district. The rest of the The conclusions of the green
infrastructures, as a third level, have their own characteristics spaces are as follows:
depending on the area of the district. The height of the buildings We have an important park in the
doesn’t depend on the wideness of the streets, so we can ¿nd middle of the district and others
buildings from 2 to 6 storages. squares of less importance.
GREEN SPACES The relation between them is
There are three types of green spaces. closer. Each square is used by
Parks, we can ¿nd two: Lo Morant Park which is the centre of the the people who live around but
district and it is supposed to be used by all the inhabitants. San there are no relations with the
Nicolás Park, less important than the ¿rst one. big park.
Garden: The Garden of the Gascuñana Dr.
Squares, each area on the district has its own small square: Orán
and Argel Sq.
EQUIPMENTS
We can emphasize:
The teaching establishments. We can ¿nd 5 of them, one in every The conclusions of the green spaces are as follows:
district. We have an important park in the middle of the district and others
The leisure and sports establishments. They are all inside Lo squares of less importance.
Morant Park. The relation between them is closer. Each square is used by the
Commercials. There are two wholesale food markets placed near people who live around, but there are no relations with the big
to main communications. park.
Sanitary centres. There are two, both near Gastón Castelló Av.,
one of the main avenues.
Sanitary centres. There are two, both near Gastón Castelló Av.,
one of the main avenues.

The most important green space is Lo Morant Park, and it’s so big I A B
that structures the whole district.
The rest of the green spaces that we can ¿nd in the district are
small parks and squares which are inside their own area and are
much smaller than Lo Morant.
So we have a very big green area surrounded by the different
areas of the district each one with its own small square or garden.
They different squares are:
Gascuñana Dr. Square C
Lo Morant square C D
Vicente Aleixandre Park E
Los Ángeles Park
Ángeles square
San Nicolás Park
F
Virgen del Remedio Park
Orán and Argel square
There is an easy way to link Lo Morant Park with the rest of the
A
green areas due to the short distance and small size of the differ- I
ent areas. That is the reason why the inhabitants can use both. E F
G
Every small green area is related to its own part of the district. B
And it supports the surrounding buildings.
The Lo Morant Park is a green area that’s included in the city
structure later than the others parks. That is the reason why it
isn’t integrated with the rest. Besides the fact, Lo Morant Park
is a closed park with only a few entrees. So Lo Morant Park has
D
the identity of a city garden and the other green areas have the H
identity of district squares.

This situation causes that the little areas have no relationship G H
among them and now they have become marginal areas that
have no traf¿c. If the lack of municipality support is added to this
situation the parks get completely isolated when the night comes
and the zone becomes a dangerous place.

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<&5$&2:
A.Balog, G.Bieniasz, A.Bogacz, I.Hajdasz, M.Jagielak, K.Koper, R.Koszel, M.Kulczycka, B.Popiela, S.Szyszka, A.Wielgosz; (CUT)
Introduction to public space case studies in cracow may be encountered in Cracow.
The newest developments (Krowodrza, Ruczaj) also seem to have
Cracow is the third biggest city of Poland, located on the banks of much in common with the main subject of the workshops- Ber-
the Wisáa river, in the South of the country. The ¿rst settlements lin’s Marzahn.
in the area date back to prehistory, but the ¿rst town-like structure
occurred in early middle ages. In the year 1257 the location act All four places have been analysed and presented using the same
took place, regulating the city status and enforcing new spatial methods:
organization. The regular street grid incorporating the earlier - structural and compositional analysis,
existing elements has survived to present day, de¿ning the look - functional analysis,
of the city centre. - public domain analysis using the bubble diagrams illustration of
‘experience and use of the space’ developed by Paul Kroese,
As long as XIXth-century the city itself developed inside the city -activity analysis using the de¿nition of activity of necessity and
walls, on the area of about 1 square kilometre. Simultaneously, up selection by J.Gehl,
to ¿ve other, autonomous cities functioned just outside Cracow’s -urban scanner, a method used to illustrate detail of the public
walls. When Cracow ¿nally started the expansion in the XIX-th PHASES OF CRACOW’S SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT space (based on Marc Koehler concept).
and early XX-th century, the growth was rapid, as the city ‘swal- To allow comparison all areas are presented using the same scale
lowed’ the smaller neighbours. unscathed. Under the communist regime another new city and graphics.
was built in the close proximity: Nowa Huta. Later it was also
HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE CASTLE
The next major step in the city’s history happened after the sec- incorporated, bringing with it a huge area of underdeveloped land AND THE WATERFRONT
ond world war. Luckily, Cracow emerged from the war nearly between the cities. This, combined with the modernistic tendency
for building new dwellings outside the city, resulted in enormous
spatial growth and an. effect known as ‘urban sprawl’.
Nowadays, Cracow is enjoying good economical growth, thanks

to Poland’s general situation and enormous increase of tourism,
started by the opening of cheap airline connections with Western
Europe. In the same time we can observe further tendency to
build over the land outside the city. This development is nearly
unplanned, and does nothing to rise the quality of life in the city,
For this presentation we have chosen 4 different areas and 4
different sequences of public spaces in Cracow: the Royal Route,
the centre of Nowa Huta, Krowodrza Górka and Ruczaj Zaborze.
Those four places exemplify the changes of concepts of public HISTORICAL VIEW OF
space in history, illustrating also varied quality of space which THE ALL SAINTS SQUARE
UP TO 8 DIFFERENT CITIES EXISTED AROUND CRACOW

The royal route It is not surprising that such an interesting environment is a mag-
net for people and a place where all kinds of commercial services
The Royal Route is a sequence of streets and squares starting thrive. In the same time the wide offer of services attract even
by the FloriaĔska Gate (the former main city gate) and leading more people, and so the wheel spins....
through the old city to the Wawel Castle. For this presentation we
have also included the new square in front of the railway station The wild commercialization of the public space has also visual
and new shopping mall, assuming that it’s a logical continuation drawbacks. The out sprawl of uncontrolled advertisement ob-
of the mentioned sequence. scures the buildings and blocks lines of sight. Also the aesthetic
THE CLOTH HALL IN THE MARKET SQUARE BY NIGHT of many small kiosks, trolleys etc. used for commercial purposes
is doubtful. On the other hand, they add a lively element to the
The unique quality of the plan lies in the way in which the univer- city, distinguishing it, for example, from the perfect German
sal geometrical model was adapted to the local situation. The grid ‘innenstadt’s.
was angled and deformed to allow incorporation of earlier exist-
ing elements, mainly churches and the castle. The most obvious Popularity of the Old City has led to a situation where nearly all
example of this is the delta-like Grodzka street linking the Market the buildings are already used for commercial activities. There
with the castle through the area of earlier are hardly any real ‘local inhabitants’ left there, and this seems
settlements (Okóá, All Saints Square). to be a bad sign for the area. It is likely to lose the authenticity, be-
This excellent urban composition has survived through the centu- coming a sort of open air museum, or even worse, a theme park.
ries nearly untouched. On the contrary, the architecture has been Many people from Cracow have already started to choose other
changing through time, with every epoch changing the existing districts (Kazimierz) for socializing, because of overcrowding of
and building new elements. All that changes add up to create the Market Place. If this tendency continues the tourists are likely
what we can see today. The variety of architectural styles, it’s rich to conquest it completely. This will lessen the importance of the
detail provides a wonderful decoration of the public spaces, while area as a public space (a ‘saloon’) for the city.
the strong urban composition ensures order and makes orienta-
tion easy.
BLACK MAP WITH COMPOSITIONAL AXES-THE ROYAL ROUTE
The most important moment in the creation of the Royal Route

was the great location in 1257. By this act the city was granted
certain rights and was redesigned to match the urban ideas of
that era. Perpendicular, regular street grid was introduced, and
the grounds parcelled out. PANORAMA OF THE MAIN MARKET SQUARE, THE BIGGEST MEDIEVAL SQUARE OF EUROPE

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<&5$&2:
Nowa huta- aleja róĪ Those well de¿ned spaces lack attractive services and therefore
do not generate enough activity to make the area a lively place,
Nowa huta is an important district of Cracow located in the south especially in the evenings. The need of renovation of buildings,
of the city. It was planned in late forties as a separate city, by Ta- infrastructure and greenery is also obvious.
deusz Ptaszycki with team. Built during the ¿fties it was in fact an Much has been done in last years, but quite a lot of dirt has jet to
industrial city serving the huge steel works developed simultane- be removed, if we are to appreciate the district in it’s full glory.
ously. It had, however, a broad functional programme and was Car parks have to be built to remove cars blocking the pave-
supposed to be a model habitat for the new model of ‘working ments, and greenery has to be brought to equal, high standard.
class’ society. Politically it was supposed to balance out the intel- Those problems are closely linked with the local population’s
lectual, academic and ‘reactionary’ city of Cracow with a ‘healthy’ relatively poor economical situation. The area is still suffering
working-class population. LENIN’S MONUMENT IN THE ALEJA RÓĩ from the social problems caused by the change of the political
system and severe reductions of employment in the steelworks.
The urban composition with ¿ve main axis crossing on a central Fortunately, the worst times seem to be already over. With the
square resembles closely the ideal city plans of renaissance and general fast economical growth of Poland, the local situation has
baroque. The streets are de¿ned by building blocks, exactly as in improved noticeably in last ¿ve years.
historical cities. This traditional layout is completed with architec-
ture in social-realistic style, a historical ‘costume’, which was ob- Moreover, the common image of Nowa Huta is slowly changing
ligatory in that time. It uses elements from different time periods, from a deteriorated, dangerous ‘black hole’ on the map to a tour-
especially from the Polish renaissance. ist attraction on a more than local scale. This has been achieved
Surprisingly the quite old-fashioned city plan of the centre of by a combined effort of some dedicated locals and the municipal-
Nowa Huta seems to work much better than the later modernistic ity. Especially the actions of young people from this neighbour-
developments. It is, however, not Àawless. Although the district hood are gaining a lot of attention, establishing the position of
does present an unique urban and architectural quality it’s public Nowa Huta as a strong centre of alternative culture with theatre,
spaces are far from ideal. galleries, clubs, break dance groups, music bands, rugby club etc.
BLACK MAP WITH COMPOSITIONAL AXES-NOWA HUTA AREA PUBLIC SPACE IN THE PEDESTRIAN-ONLY PART OF ALEJA RÓĩ

KROWODRZA GÓRKA pavement serves as a communication and public space connect- The age pro¿le of the population is rather balanced, and doesn’t
ing the dwellings, important services end public transport. seem to become a serious problem in near future Social groups
are diverse. There is a slight majority of old or middle age peo-
Low, residential buildings are aligned crosswise to the main axis, ple, but there are also young people in the community. They enli-
attached as ‘ribs’ to the ‘spine’ of the main axis. They are skillfully ven the area participating in local sport clubs or cultural activities.
angled to create differentiated urban interiors. More space is
allowed in the centre where the services were originally planned.
Higher buildings are located on the outside of the area, de¿ning
it’s border, and providing visual accents, which close the spaces
between the horizontal buildings in the middle.
Between the housing there are playgrounds, car parks, public and
green spaces. Leaving the vehicle communication on the outside
of the area enabled planners to give nearly all the inside space to
pedestrians. The whole main pedestrian axis is not crossed by a INFORMAL ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA-KROWODRZA-GÓRKA
single road.
BLACK MAP WITH COMPOSITIONAL AXES-KROWODRZA-GÓRKA AREA
Krowodrza Gorka Area was developed from 70’s to 90’ according

to a plan by Krystyna Toááoczko It is located 2 km north from the ‘URBAN SCANNER’ OF ADVERTISEMENT-KROWODRZA-GÓRKA AREA
city centre. Borders of this district are de¿ned by railway on the
south and a principal city ring road on the north. On the west it
borders with a park, and on the east with newer, less structured
developments.
Main compositional idea of the district is an axial composition.
Long pedestrian way forms a “spine” of the district. This long
PANORAMA OF A ‘PUBLIC SPACE’ IN KROWODRZA-GÓRKA AREA

3$5735(3$5$725<678'(17:25.&$6(678'<&5$&2:
ruczaj zaborze CASE STUDY SYNTHESIS-RUCZAJ
Ruczaj is a housing area from the 80s, which is fairly representa-

tive for that period. it is a result of modernistic city-building ideas
and, unfortunately, lack of money and resources characteristic
from the communist times in Poland. The effect of this is usually
rather boring architecture (cost- cutting in materials) and interest-
ing, but incomplete urban composition.
‘CONCRETE DESERT’- URBAN LANDSCAPE OF SAME PARTS OF RUCZAJ
It is dif¿cult to say if public space does exist in this area. There

are no traditional streets or squares, so the social activity hap-
pens in the green, recreational areas between the buildings and in
some places around the services. Potentially the second category
could be counted as public space, if it wasn’t for the poor quality
of those places.
The amount of greenery is a big advantage of living in the area.

The dwellings are surrounded by it all around, or at least that is
what can be seen on the map. In reality the quality of the green-
ery is varied, same parts can hardly be counted as recreational
areas. Improving the situation is crucial, because with some effort
those places could be turned into real public spaces.
The areas like this are hard to evaluate. On the one hand, most
people seem to be satis¿ed with the quality of life there. Surpris-
ingly, they also feel safe, although the ‘outsiders’ will not like to
go around Ruczaj at night. The area satis¿es all the basic needs
(necessary activities), but for anything more (activities of choice),
BLACK MAP WITH COMPOSITIONAL AXES-RUCZAJ AREA one has to go to the city centre.

CASE STUDY SYNTHESIS-KROWODRZA GÓRKA CASE STUDY SYNTHESIS-MARKET SQUARE-ROYAL ROUTE -general conclusion
The best sequence of public spaces in Cracow- the Royal Route-

has been achieved as a result of skilful ‘master plan’ completed
and complemented in centuries’ long continuous process. Other
presented areas have never reached the urban quality which
was planned for them, nor did they have a chance to develop
harmonically to meet the present day standards. They still suffer
from the communist era lack of money, time and resources. Most
of the later changes- additional services for example- have been
spontaneously added as ‘patches’ on the un¿nished projects.
Complex, long term planning is necessary to improve the situa-
tion, but, sadly, this is nearly impossible without changes in Polish
law. Urban and architectural revitalisation has to be executed
simultaneously with a broad social programme, which has to
be initiated by the municipality. Rising awareness and ensur-
ing participation of local communities is crucial for reaching and
maintaining high quality of public spaces.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
M. Anthonisse, B. J. Van Den Bosch, A. Van Der Veen, J. C. Biervliet jr., A. Pietrzak, G. Namberger, J. Balog, G. Bieniasz, L. Navarro, C. Nieto, C. Vivancos
lost
COMMERCIAL IDENTITY
The identity of Marzahn is a mixture out of the former identity of

a 1970s modernist GDR housing-project and the development
of the “post-wall” inÀuence. The “wohnungsbaugesellschaft”
had been trying to develop and reactivate the area with a huge
amount of money (about 700 mil euro within the last 10 years),
the result we see there today is that, from a commercial view,
the only area you have commercial activity is the Eastgate area.
The former development for “Franz-Stenzer-Straße” with building
some kind of “arcade” with a steel structured roof is getting more
and more empty. The former shops around the “Freizeitforum”
are all empty and the only commercial activity we have there is a
Chinese fast food kiosk and the governmentally supported activi-
ties inside the “Freizeitforum” as a swimming pool, a theatre, a
library and a youth club.
Continuing north towards “Ringkolonnaden” its getting even
worse. Along “Lea-Grundig-Straße” there is absolutely no activity.
The former shopping area “Ringkolonnaden” is now divided into
two parts. the north eastern part is closed and the decision is
already made to demolish the buildings; the south western part is
still active and was combined with “Mehrower Allee” all along the
way to the S-Bahn-station and is besides the Eastgate the only
active commercial area in a smaller scale.

PART 5. MAPPING PUBLIC SPACE
FUNCTIONS MAP ACTIVITY MAP
FUNCTIONS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY

In the south the East Gate provides shopping and daily shopping. Here is shown that the most activity takes place by the East Gate
The Marzahner promenade (from East Gate to Freizeitforum.) Mall (south) and on the road from the S-bahn station Mehrower
has no leisure function at all, this makes it very monotone. In the Allee towards the Ringkolonaden (north) After the realisation of
north there is a multifunctional area. The daily needs are concen- East Gate the activity on the Marzahner Promenade decreased
trated in 5 areas, spread out over Marzahn. enormously, shops are closing and buildings are being demol-
ished.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
LOST IN COMMERCIAL SPACE
The section of the commercial street shows that the pro¿le is
very wide. The section has no human scale, so you can feel un-
safe. Because of the large scale, it’s hard to orientate in the area.
There are hardly any people on the street in the evening. You are
so called lost in commercial space.
CONNECTIVITY
The commercial areas are well connected by train. The shops
near the Ringkolonaden are place on the most important route to
the station.
The connection by car is weak. You have to drive around the
neighbourhood to get to the commercial areas
The walking distance between the two most important commer-
cial areas is about 1 kilometre . This is to long to walk. It is pos-
sible to use the tram connection between the two areas.

The atmosphere from the Ringkolonaden to the train station is

reasonable. There is a lot of open space in between the shops,
so the space is badly de¿ned. There are also some abandoned
buildings.
TRANSPARENCY
For the map we used the ground Àoor facades as measure point
for the transparency. The Eastgate facade is mostly closed and
therefor introvert, it does not add to the quality of the public
space.
Through the Marzahner Promenade the facades are semi open,
which is good in theory, but it cannot compensate for the lack of
activity.
THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE SHOPPING AREAS
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere around the different commercial areas varies.
The Eastgate has a lot of activity so the atmosphere is good. You
don’t feel “alone”. Also on an urban scale, the buildings around
the Eastgate area are placed relatively close together and give
spatial guidance, which adds to a better atmosphere.
But on the Marzahner Promenade the atmosphere gets less
pleasant, there are a lot of empty shops and the maintenance of
the buildings is neglected. And the section is to wide, there is no
orientation.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS FUNCTION USAGE
East Gate
Freizeit Forum
Marzahner Promenade
The type of people in the different commercial areas are not the same. The Eastgate is very popular
amongst the youth. The Freizeit Forum is being used mostly by the older people, who go swimming and
relax there. The Marzahner promenade is used by all adults.

DEEP MAPPING DEEP MAP OF THE EAST GATE

We choose the East gate because it is the most important
commercial place for Marzahn. In the East gate are all kinds of
functions, like daily shopping, special needs, services and some
entertainment. Around the East gate there is a strict dividing of
functions. The entertainment centre stands alone. The blocks con-
tains mostly services and special needs.
The activity near the East gate is partly because of the large
bus station in front of the East gate. People from the train get to
the bus. These busses drive to all parts of Marzahn.
The other activity is caused by the East gate visitors. East gate
attracts visitors from Marzahn and surroundings.
The parking place of the supermarket is used a lot by visitors of
the Marzahner promenade. At the back of the commercial blocks,
some commercial activity has developed.
The commercial shops at the Marzahner promenade and the
Eastgate are not inviting, because the ¿rst ground facade is not
transparent.
The back of the East gate is totally closed. There is hardly any
activity.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
WELL CONNECTION BY TRAIN HARDLY ANY ENTERTAINMENT NO DIVERSITY IN SHOPS
EASTGATE ATTRACTS CHAINSTORES SHOPS ARE DIVIDED IN GROUPS MISSING IDENTITY->HARD TO ORIENTATE
SHOPS ARE ON GROUND FLOOR SPACE NOT OF HUMAN SCALE GAP BETWEEN LUXURY AND LOCAL

OPPORTUNITY THREAT
LONG WALKING DISTANCE BETWEEN COMMERCIAL EXISTING COMMERCIAL STRUCTURE GROUND FLOOR lOCAL SHOPS CANT COMPETE TO EASTGATE
COMMERCIAL CENTRE MOVED TO SOUTH EAST ABANDONED BUILDING -> FLEXIBILITY DEMOLISHING large SCALE PROVIDES UNPLEASANT FEELING
SWOT ANALYSES
The SWOT analyzes is a good way to measure the
positive and negative elements of a plan.
Strong stand for elements that should stay.

Weakness stands for things that should be changed.
Opportunity stands for the element that can be used.
Threat stands for element that must be changed.
POSSIBILITY CONNECTING PARK TO COMMERCIAL MARZAHN IS SLEEPING CITY-> HARDLY ACTIVITY

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
THE VOICE OF MARZAHN Jürgen we met in Eastgate.
We prepared a list of questions before we went to Marzahn. This I am from Hellersdorf and I grew up there. I live with my wife and
is not all we have because the people we’re very talkative and our son that is 14.
gave us answers to questions we did not ask them. The answers I am 40.
are most interesting and with them we can really typify the com- My wife works here in Eastgate. Eastgate has 54 similar compet-
mercial areas of Marzahn. The place where we interviewed the ing malls in Berlin.
people is also noted. Our son likes to come here and hang out with his friends.
I like to go to come here it is nice to get away from the rest of the
You can say that there are two groups: depressing Marzahn.
Group 1. (the families and seniors) I go with the bus, the connection is good.
Thinks that it would be better for Marzahn if the shops are spread
out along different places instead of the clustering in East Gate. Group of young students from Marzahn, hanging out in front of
They are optimistic about the future of Marzahn, although the Eastgate
East Gate is not a step in the right direction. We come from Marzahn, study in Berlin and still live here with our
How safe do you feel?
parents.
70
Group 2. (the kids, students and the youth) We are 21-23.
60 They miss places to hang out with their friends. Marzahn offers In our time off we go into Berlin for example: Alexanderplatz or
50 Morning
almost nothing for this group. So they are hanging-out in front Hackischer Markt.
40
Daytime of buildings and make a lot of noise to draw the attention for We missed this, the Eastgate mall we like to hang out here. There
30
Nightime
instance with graf¿ti spraying. East gate is their ’chewing-gum for is a lot to do and it is a good place to hang out with our friends.
20 the eyes’ We don’t feel super safe, you here that there is a lot of criminal
10 activity. But we never had a conÀict ourselves with the Russians.
0 More and more the drug dealers and prostitutes are coming to
very unsafe 1-2 unsafe 2-4 neutral 4-6 safe 6-8 very safe 8-10
Marzahn. And the people are moving out. Later if we have the
Why and how are you here? money we will also move out of Marzahn.
100 by public transportation
90 by car
80 by bike
70 by foot
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daily shopping Shopping Leisure Hanging out Passing
through
SHOP OWNERS SAY: ‘‘LET’S TEAR EASTGATE APART” YOUTH; ‘‘EASTGATE IS COOL’

CONCLUSION • In Marzahn the business people need to rent their buildings. It would be better to spread the shops out over two or three
Marzahn is in a current state of mid-life crisis. This is the result of: centres and make it a part of the urban structure. The commer-
• The shrinking city phenomenon which creates a lot of empti- This is not as attracting as buying and the buyers will take better cial space needs to be in a better balance with the other types
ness, empty apartments empty shops and empty spaces in care of their own buildings in terms of maintenance and image. of space as: green, infrastructure, formal and informal. A better
between without a clear identity. As result of this the buildings are This will also attract people from other layers of the society which frame is needed that allows you to make your own circuits. Shops
neglected, won’t get updated and the atmosphere is gone. will contribute to the enrichment of the society of Marzahn. are not depressing, this should be made more inviting, ground
Àoor facades should be more transparent.
• A lack of balance, harmony and interaction between the differ- The transition between the residential part of the building and the
ent types of spaces and people. Green and unde¿ned spaces are commercial needs to be articulated. The scale and height of the
dominating in this strictly blue collar neighbourhood. buildings are too massive this should be made more human and
needs to have variety so it will help you orientate. The commer-
• A poor frame that does not allow the people of Marzahn to cial plan should be integrated with the plans for the other spaces
create their own circuits. As a result of this the three commercial to really make it work.
centres: East Gate, Marzahner Promenade and the Ringkolonaden
have a bad connection by foot, car, bike and public transportation.
• We can draw from our questionnaire that none of the inter-

viewed people were passing through. So all the traf¿c that comes
to the commercial areas of Marzahn is destination traf¿c.
• The favourite place of 70% of the Marzahners is the Burgerpark.
AL
I
AY
• 75% of the people come for shopping but for leisure only 15%
ERC
will come into the centre. This means that Marzahn is missing a
COM
BW
space for leisure.
EN+
• 85% of the people don’t feel safe when it is dark. PROPOSITION
SU
GRE
In our design phase we will try to tackle the problems with the
• 80% of the youth of Marzahn is hanging out on the streets or in help of our conclusion points above. REE
T
IAL ST
the East Gate mall. Marzahn needs space for this group. COM
ERC
The clustering of shops within the East Gate mall weakens the
possibilities for the Marzahner Promenade. East Gate is a very OLD VILLAGE
introvert building that does not add anything to the quality of the
public space.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
C. Narciso Linares, R. García Sacristán, T. Hartmanns, K. Kramer, B. Kaminski, S. Yücel, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, A. Bogacz, I. Hajdasz, Gema Saorin Marin

What are formal public spaces?

Formal public space can be described as a public space designed
to serve a speci¿c function. These formal spaces are often impor-
tant meeting places, serving a wide variety of functions. This can
be schools, playgrounds, libraries, city of¿ces, squares and so on.
Work Mapping the formal functions
During the mapping of formal functions we divided them into ¿ve
subgroups: green formal functions, educational functions, health
functions, playground and sport facilities.
GS
How can the functions be characterized? The most important
TTeaching characterization of the formal functions was to order them ac-
cording to their ‘ reach’ . They have been divided into different
OS
O gradations, from regional to block functions. This immediately
shows a concentration of regional functions in the south-west re-
gion of Marzahn, positioned next to the main connection with the
city of Berlin. The formal functions with a district function are also
“LA
” placed near the main infrastructure. Other more local functions
LE
LIT T are spread throughout the neighbourhood of Marzahn.
region
e is
Hom
My Castle district
my neighbourhood
block

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
C. Narciso Linares, R. García Sacristán, T. Hartmanns, K. Kramer, B. Kaminski, S. Yücel, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, A. Bogacz, I. Hajdasz
GREEN PUBLIC SPACE MAPPING HEALTH CARE MAPPING SPORT FACILITIES MAPPING
Green formal functions Health functions Sport facilities

When looking at the green formal functions map the centre The northern region near the Ringkolonaden can be character- All sport facilities in the focus area oriented on the main infra-
shows an intends region of green, this is the Burgerpark. The ized as the health section of Marzahn. This is where the health structures, and are mainly positioned on the district borders.
park is the green heart of Marzahn, which by itself is a very green centre is situated as well as the residential facilities for the elderly. Some important sport functions are the indoor courts and swim-
district. The main difference of the Burgerpark compared to the A school for disabled people can also be found just east of the ming pool inside the leisure centre, some football courts and a
other green is that it is clearly de¿ned as a park, a designed for- Ringkolonaden. skating area.
mal space. The other green strokes in the green formal functions
map are mainly used for decoration.

Educational functions
The educational functions that can be found in Marzahn can be
divided into three groups:
- Kindergarten
OS
O
GS - Grundschule
- Oberschule
They are equally spread throughout the district.
OS
O
Playground
A lot of playgrounds can be found throughout the entire district.
Cable railways, slides, swings and other playing attributes are
present. The similarity of the playgrounds is their orientation: all
of them are orientated within the building blocks, except for those
in the Burgerpark. This can be named positive because every
child has the possibility to play somewhere close to their homes,
which is also wishful for their parents. On the other hand it dis-
courages children and parents to go to some general playground
where they could meet each other.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Liveliness
Opinions of inhabitants were collected during ¿eld research.
Interviews have been taken, with a special attention for their
opinion about the public spaces within the Marzahn district dur-
ing day and night. This resulted into some interesting insights of
the region.
Liveliness at day
The East Gate (a new modern shopping centre), leisure centre
and Burgerpark are generally liked by the population during
the day. The Leisure centre is holding a lot of functions like a
swimming pool, theatre and a bowling alley, and is a place of
great activity. The EastGate is said to a place of great activity and
modernity. This modernity is hard to ¿nd anywhere else within
the district, but seems to be wishful. The Burgerpark is a place
people like to walk trough during the day. Walking trough the
building block was generally experienced as unpleasant. Another DAY SITUATION
place the interviewed people did not like is the Ringkolonaden, it
is lacking functions, so people just walk trough it. The presence of
drug dealers creates a feeling of being unsafe, The shopping are
between the leisure centre and the Eastgate is said to be boring,
there are almost no shops and even less activity.
Liveliness at night
When darkness falls over Marzahn, the opinion about certain
places change drastically. The Leisure centre for instance, loved
during the day, is experienced as an unsafe area because of youth
drinking and hanging around the building. The same can be said
about the Burgerpark, the bad lightning and absence of activity
makes it a uncomfortably area, which people try to avoid. They
prefer walking and cycling beside the well lighted main roads.
Drug dealing and heavy drinking is a problem in the places with
low activity, but also behind the crowded EastGate commercial
centre. NIGHT SITUATION

Deep mapping Connectivity to the urban grid
Two important of¿cial public spaces were chosen to analyse more Both the Leisure centre and the Ringkolonaden have been ana-
closely, the so called deep-mapping. These speci¿c areas are the lysed for their research to the urban grid. A space syntax analysis
leisure centre and the Ringkolonaden, and where chosen for dif- was implied on both areas. The outcome of this space syntax
ferent reasons. analysis shows the reachability, both physical and cognitive, of
For the leisure centre the reasons are obvious: a large number the places.
of of¿cial public functions are situated within this complex. This The method shows the leisure centre is well connected on a re-
centre has the largest concentrations of formal functions within gional scale, but the local to the Burgerpark and the rest of north-
the Marzahn district. The Ringkolonaden is a place with a low ern Marzahn is not acceptable. It is cut of from the park because
concentration of functions, because all the (commercial) func- of a large and busy road cutting the park off. The southern part is
tions were drawn away from it by the large shopping centres. But well connected to the Eastgate and the commercial zone in be-
because of its position near the park and even more important on tween. This seems quite contradicting: the leisure centre contains
a public transfer route, many people walk trough the Kolonaden. a lot of functions which are important for the local community, yet
It has lost his meaning as a commercial area, and is now evolved the centre is poorly connected on this local level.
into an import crossing area, and of¿cial public space, but with a The Ringkolonaden is well connected to the Burgerpark which is
lack of function. positive. The connection to the rest of Marzahn is less positive, it
is poor. Again this area is cut off by large infrastructure, and has
no connections into the local living areas. It can be seen as a blind
spot within Marzahn.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Orientation
Using the connectivity analysis it is made clear that the Ring-
kolonaden isn’t connected well on the local scale, the same can
be said about the leisure centre. But what about the local orienta-
tion?
Leisure centre
The leisure centre has a pedestrian connection to the south,
leading towards the Eastgate. This is a clear commercial route,
yet the orientations isn’t as clear as it should (or could) be. This
is because the opening from the leisure centre is somewhat
hidden, and is not opening itself towards the commercial area
and the main roads. On the north side the centre only has a car
connection: people arrive by car using the main street, park, and
afterwards leave the same way by car.
Ringkolonaden
The Ringkolonaden is a crossing point of four routes. The route
leading to the south had the best connection with the urban grid
of Marzahn, and is also clearly recognizable as a green route. The
east/west orientated route is focused on the two public transport
station at the endpoints of both routes. The identity of the west-
ern route is clearly commercial, the eastern route is purely used
as a travelling route and has no clear functions. The building at
the Kolonaden are not used.
The route leading to the north is not well connected and doesn’t
have it’s own identity. Most buildings are empty and the route
itself twist its way to a busy street and a parking lot.

The Marzahn panelled structure of the buildings creates a feel-

ing of lonesome and anonymity. One of the problems are the
small windows of the Àats in the façade, like in a prison. Another
problem is the height of them. There will be no contact between
the inhabitants inside of the Àats and the visitor who is outside
passing. The view has no point to ¿x so the facade looks like a
wall. It separates the individual and private space of the Àat from
the urban public space outside. In succession the connection
between inside and outside is broken and the public space has an
anonymous ambiance. The space has no identity.
?
NO INDIVIDUAL NO INTERACTION NO IDENTITY
3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Impressions of the leisure center region identity.

Deep mapping conclusions Conclusions of deep mapping: Ringkolonaden
The Ringkolonaden and Leisure centre have been analysed to get The connectivity is good towards the Burgerpark, it has a clear
a clear view why these place were or weren’t functioning. The route and a clear green identity. The connection to the north
analysis perform are based on the 3 main principles: connectiv- however is unsatisfying and unclear. It lays on an important public
ity, recognizability and activity. These three principles have to be transport route, so their is some activity, however people just use
in balance to create successful of¿cial public space. The diagram this route because they need to, not because they want to.
used by Ir. M. Koehler was the basis for the diagrams created dur-
ing this project. Most commercial functions have moved away from the area,
which has resulted in a functionless blind spot without any clear
Conclusions of deep mapping: Leisure centre identity.
People have no reason to come here, they can’t identify it and it
The connectivity of the leisure centre is pretty good by car, the can’t ful¿l any of their needs, resulting in an absence of liveliness.
problem here is the orientation: the building has his back turned At night the people of Marzahn avoid the Ringkolonaden.
towards the main roads. The slow traf¿c connectivity is accept-
able towards the commercial south, but unacceptably bad to the
north of Marzahn.
The function of the leisure complex is very important and unique

within Marzahn, however it does not reÀect this importance, it
remains quite anonymous and is not recognizable.
The orientation of the area is unclear because of the position of

the entrance: it does not open towards the main routes, orienta-
tion and connection do not correspond. The pedestrian route had
a clear commercial identity.
Liveliness during the day is great, at night however it becomes

some sort of no-go area.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
C. Coves , A. Esclapez , T. Pronk , J. Karlstedt , D. Ebru , F. Marquardt , D. Heimeriks , S. van der Sande , M. Jagielak , K. Koper , R. Koszel
TYPES OF VEGETATION TYPES OF GREEN AREAS IMPORTANT PLACES
In order to have a clear view of the green in the Marzahn In Marzahn we can recognize 3 kinds of green spaces.: public, This map gives an idea of the different importance of the several
area it is important to know how the density of the green semi-public and private green area. The most of them are semi- green areas in the district. We divide them into three categories of
is spread within the area. As we can immediately see, the public green areas. Relative small part take private green areas. importance – from very important to less important. An indicator
whole area is very green. However, there are some con- They’re situated on the east of Marzahn. In the middle of district for classifying the importance of an area was the combination of
centrations where the green is much more dense. we can see a quiet large park ( public green area). In this district its size and location.
In the middle we can see the park, where there are we have some “unidenti¿ed” green areas – they seems to be The most important area can be found in the middle of Marzahn,
bushes and trees at the edges. We can also distinguish a semi-public but in fact they are too big to work properly. Although the big central park. Another two very important green spaces are
large forest on the west side and a small part of “ green this classi¿cation, we cannot really see the differences. All the located at the border to the inner area. On the one hand, there is
belt” in the east which has a higher density. Next to the district of Marzahn seems to be the same: similar vegetation, the wood in the west and on the other hand the huge green belt
main infrastructure there a lines of trees as well. huge distances between buildings and the height of them, makes of the “Wuhletal”. The green area around the culture and leisure
it like the impression of staying in a settlement for giants. ”Hu- center at the end of the promenade is part of the second cat-
man scale” is totally forgotten. egory, as well as the green area situated above the central park.

ACTIVITY ‘ S -USAGES MENTAL MAP
The activity map shows a variety of activities in the green public In that case it’s a lighter bubble. Next we show the amount of On this map we tried to show the different exaggerated stere-
open spaces. It’s based on our research in the area and different the use, that is an estimate of the number of people relative to otype opinions of the people we interviewed mixed with our own.
interviews. The symbols are the kind of activity that is common in the whole of Marzahn doing that activity. The intensity means It’s fun to make such a mental map, but it can tell you something
that area. It shows the different usages of the green open public the possibility of coincidental meetings. It’s a combination of the nonetheless. You can see the bottle of vodka with the Russian
spaces. It’s the use of the green that the people especially come intensity and the amount for a speci¿c activity. The whole picture hat. The border gate suggest that this part is occupied somehow.
to the green areas for. So it’s not riding a bike through the Ring- could tell you something about the usages of the entire area. The drawing on the right of the map, is a guy who is lost between
Kolonaden to get where you need to be. That’s infrastructure. In the nighttime the map changes dramatically. Because of the the buildings. He doesn’t know what to do in these green areas.
We tried to show the density of use as well. It is shown in the lack of light in the park, it’s not a place for any activity. The only This is the case for the entire grey area on the map. On the bot-
legend, and it means the activity that is bound or not, to a speci¿c real activity in the green public area is walking with the dog. The tom right a fence keeps the green areas closed. In the middle
place. Like riding the bike, that is an activity that can be done comparison of the maps learn us, that the nighttime complete there is the park. It is shown as a green and happy place, where
everywhere, so it’s not bound. differs from the daytime. And the feel of insecurity can be a result kids play with their kites and have fun. The promenade is shown
of the lack of activity’s and lighting at night. as a hangout place for beer drinking, smoking bored guys. Put
together we have a mental map. It’s a way people recognize or
identify certain public spaces. There is a opportunity to change
this map.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
The difference in density between the green area in the courtyard

and the park is visible here.
In the park, there is a lot of dense green, the surrounding build-

ings are far away and not that visible. You really have the feeling
you are in the green.
In the courtyard the trees are somewhat swallowed by the build-
ings. There is green in the courtyards, but they have a more deco-
rative function, you do not have the feeling that you are walking
in nature.

SCANNERS
In order to state something about the green, it is also necessary
to say something about the important places where people go
and meet. So we have selected some examples of green places,
places to join, squares and other public spaces.
GREEN
In the Marzahn area we can see a lot of green, but there is not
much variety between the types of green, everything besides the
park looks more or less the same. We can state that only the park
has a strong quality in the subject of green.
PUBLIC SPACES
Throughout Marzahn, there is a lot of public space between the
buildings and next to the infrastructure and the park. There are
some small squares, but they are not very clear, because they
almost vanish in the big open spaces in the rest of the area.
PLACES TO JOIN
There are a lot of places to meet each other in Marzahn, espe-
cially for children. The problem here is that there are maybe too
much of these spaces, so it is quite unclear where to meet.
There are no points where everybody goes, so there is not as
much contact as would be preferable.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
DEEP MAPPING DEEP MAPPING CONNECTIVITY DEEP MAPPING IDENTITY
For deep mapping, where we zoom in on the planning area, we
have selected three areas of interest. We have decided to choose
3 areas of different scale and interest. The ¿rst area is the park
area, which of course is a major issue in the green public space
of Marzahn. Then we have chosen one of the unde¿ned “ques-
tion mark-areas” because it is a site with a great opportunity to
make modi¿cations. In the small scale we have deep mapped the
courtyard between the apartment buildings. This area could be
interesting, because there are a lot of those areas throughout the STEP I STEP I
plan, where the green public space seems to be unused.
For all three scales we have analysed their identity, connectivity
and activity. We have interviewed some people to ¿nd out about
identity issues and observed the activity and connectivity.
THE CONNECTIVITY
The function of the courtyard really works in its own, but the con-
nectivity map indicates that the huge number of those courtyards
is very bad connected to anything in the nearest area.
The unde¿ned space is actually quite well connected to the sur-
rounding courtyard buildings and other functions. There are even
some informal paths people walk over, so the connectivity func-
STEP 2 STEP 2
tion is probably the only function the area has. Therefore it has
more reach than the courtyards have, but this unde¿ned space
lacks recognizability and identi¿cation making it largely unattrac-
tive resulting in a limited public domain. The park has a network
of walk- and cycle paths and is therefore quite well connected
within itself, but the surrounding buildings act as a wall and
disconnect the park from the rest of the area. There is nearly no
introduction to the park already have any identity. The unde¿ned
“question mark-areas” have a real problem with identity, there is
actually nothing, no functions or a reason to go there. They are
only great open spaces without any identity and reveal a number
of problems making them less useful for the inhabitants identity. STEP 3 STEP 3

DEEP MAPPING ACTIVITY DEEP MAPPING TOGETHER THE IDENTITY

The identity of the courtyard is quite unclear, people go there
to enter their house, but don’t really know what else can be ¿nd
there. The courtyards don’t really have any identity. The unde-
¿ned “question mark-areas” have a real problem with identity,
there is actually nothing, no functions or a reason to go there.
They are only great open spaces without any identity and reveal a
number of problems making them less useful for the inhabitants.
The park is a different story, people know what to expect there
and use it for the purpose intended.
STEP I
THE ACTIVITY
The courtyards provide only a small amount of activity. People do
not even go there to enter their houses. Only sometimes there
are small children playgrounds, but the much more used ones are
located in the public spaces. In the unde¿ned middle scaled area
there is nearly no activity. People are walking through because
they need to go somewhere, but that is all.
The park provides quite a lot of activity, especially during the
summer, but also in wintertime.
CONCLUSION
The huge amount of public space seems to be more a problem
STEP 2
than a quality in the special case of Marzahn, just because most
of the open green space consists of very similar, unde¿ned areas,
which are therefore not used enough. The unorganized structure
of the green and the lack of diversity decrease the quality of this
very green district.
When we combine the three layers in one map we can see some
interesting conclusions.
For example the courtyard is quite well connected, but there is
neither activity nor identity, so there is an opportunity there. The
unde¿ned “questionmark-areas” should get a reasonable function
in addition to their quite good connectivity and the central park
STEP 3 needs much more introduction to the surrounding areas. The
entrances are very unde¿ned and not inviting enough.
3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
SWOT is short for: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and STRENGTH: WEAKNESS:
Threats. It is an easy way to analyse a region. It is not a deep way
to analyse a plan but the results will give you a well overview of
the positive and negative aspects of the working area. It is also
a clear way to present your ¿ndings and conclusions to other
people.
STRENGTH:
S1.Marzahn has a lot of inner city public green and the green
areas are wide spread (Marzahn is the most green area of Berlin).
S2.In the old village part of Marzahn the houses have a private
garden.
S3.The big park in the middle of the area “central park”.
WEAKNESS:
W1. There are too much unde¿ned and unorganized green areas.
W2. People don’t use the green areas.
W3. The position of the park is unclear because of the difference
S2. W1.
altitudes in and around the park. Because of this, the park is invis-
ible in some directions, so the movement of the park is mostly
unclear. This is also because of the high density of the vegetation.
W3. S3. W2.

OPPORTUNITIES: THREATS: OPPORTUNITIES:

O1. With the right interventions, the park can be a crowded well
visited and used place.
O2. The semiprivate and public green spaces can be connected,
so the different areas are one part and no longer exist out of
several units and have a clear public function.
O3. There is a possibility of creating private spaces (gardens) for
inhabitants of the Àats.
O4. There is a possibility of creating recreation (in the park, in the
free green areas and in the new free space when some buildings
are demolished).
O5. We can give some buildings an interesting function so that a
route through the green is created.
O6. At the moment the inhabitants are old, but there are a lot of
interesting places for youngsters.
O7. There is enough space for creating water (for example ¿sh-
O8. T3. ing, feeding the ducks, contemplating the landscape, etc).
O8.The four “unde¿ned” areas near the semi- private green (in
between the groups of buildings) can get a new function and a
new identity, so the area can become a lively open green space
where people can come together.
THREATS:
T1. When nothing is going to change in the green area, the inhab-
itants of Marzahn can decide to leave.
T2. When we don’t transform the green areas in Marzahn they can
result in an unsafe and violent place.
T3. The four “unde¿ned” areas near the semi- private green (in
between the groups of buildings) have to get in the mental map
of people, so that Marzahn won’t fall apart any further.
05. T1.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
CONCLUSION
PROPOSITIONS
Green areas are the greatest value of Marzahn. Although most
people like the idea of living ‘close to nature’, the green areas in
the studied district doesn’t seem to attract people too much. Ad-
dressing this problem is necessary to improve the quality of life in
this part of the city.
According to our analysis this goal could be achieved by giving
the green open spaces more DEFINITION, IDENTITY and assuring
better CONNECTIONS between them. The exact solutions for this
are going to be the subject of the design project during week two.


3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
E. Pérez, P. Gomez, J. Schol, A. Lijbers, F. Hoffmann, F. Maurer, B. Schüssel, E. Oort, F. van der Veek, M. Kulczycka, B. Popiela
Non formal or unof¿cial public spaces can be seen as places, that
are not used for a purpose (or in a manner) they were designed
for, but in different way. This informal usage can be characterized
by different attributes like spontaneity, recurrence or repetition,
surprise, agility and creation of identity. For the subcultures, we
discovered a very particular type of appearance in the public
space, which can be described as the mushroom theory. In times
of global networking, the way of getting together has changed
signi¿cantly.
Young people with similar interests organize themselves online.

This causes a lack of need to express within the public space.
This development is strengthened by Marzahns typical privacy
with the effect that the formal public space is in¿ltrated by a
mushroom like network under the surface.
This network pops up into the space from time to time in a way
mushrooms do with their fruit.
In Marzahn there some situations that are parallel to the routine

life of people. There seem to be different communities of people
which create informal activities in the city. Such as skaters, hip-
hoppers, social activists, demolition, activity of the buildings,
private gardening and some kind of art on the streets like graf¿ti,
sculptures, tattoos...
The analysis includes interviews with Marzahn´s pedestrians and

social workers, mapping, photos and drawing. Although Marzahn
used to be quiet and not so crowded, some potential issues sur-
rounding the liveliness like the future demolition of some build-
ings or the manifestation of the rapers in their music-videos

APPROACH TO URBAN EXPLORATION the quarter to make a campaign and show Marzahn as a nice, communities there. Thanks to those information we were able to
creative place. reach spots were subcultures meet and discover the network of
First of all, we went to Marzahn to take photos and prepare infor- the underground network.
mation for the analysis. As we were cycling trough the area, we After sur¿ng in the internet we made a trip to ¿nd out more
discovered some kind of manifestation in stickers, graf¿ti painted about the materials we found. It turned out to be a great idea. We
on walls and posters which helped us to get some information. discovered a skate shop where were a lot of T-shirts and hood-
We also discovered that the quarter is really active and alive as far ies. Shop assistant told us they are popular and many people buy
as the underground network is considered. them.
Stickers and Àyers we found led us to the web site address and Afterwards we decided to make interviews with skaters and hip-
what is interesting the site is not only an online shop but also an hopers from Marzahn. They gave us a lot of information about
advertisement for Marzahn containing many articles about it. The places where they usually hung out, meet and have their skate-
web sites and clothes you can buy are created by inhabitants of parks and what is the situation between them other subculture
sticker web sites shop interview spot

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
SUBCULTURES
Reading trough the tourist guidebooks people will come across

the district of Marzahn because of the gardens of the world.
Maybe you would read about the Plattenbau this type of build-
ing with its closed character forces the youth of Marzahn to hang
out. They could even recommend that you don’t visit the eastern
suburb of Marzahn at night. There is a presence of neo-Nazi gangs
and skaters but there are also positive subcultures which are more
accepted like gardening clubs. Also gravity artists and musicians
are active within this area. All in all Marzahn has an interesting
mixture just like many suburbs. Of course there are negative ele-
ments but keep in mind the situation they are living in the amount
of public space and the lack of private and semi-private space.

SUBCULTURES:
Rights.
Proud of Marzahn.
Place to be: Burger park and Ringkolonnaden.
Music: techno, electro, party house and Onkelz.
Hanging on the streets ant more clubs.
Kids.
Scared of going to Burger park and Ringkolonnaden.
Scared of the graf¿ti artist.
Burger park: Beatings get ¿lmed and put on interne
Play football on of¿cial clubs and walk around in the neighbor-
hood.
Want more things to do.
Skaters .
LEGEND INFORMAL USAGE:
Skate on the skate spots.

Intensive activity
Informal Public Space/ ĺ
spontaneous & temporal activities 1
Music: hip-hop and rock.
Breakdance at the sports hall.\
Want new bars and new skate spots.
dirt tracks fidjis / cigarettes
drinks skaters
Fidjies.
grafitti youth-house
From Vietnam.
meeting point kids
Selling cigarettes.
rights wedding-garden
Illegal.
partyplace gardening projects
hanging out nakeds
Nudist.
Image campaign. have been demolished
Showing nice spaces in Marzahn. will be / have been transformed
Activist. will be demolished
might be demolished
atmosphere of emptyness
empty shops

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
STREET ART However the universal theme in most, if not all street art, is that
adapting visual artwork into a format which utilizes public space,
Street art is developed in public spaces — that is, “in the streets” allows artists who may otherwise feel disenfranchised, to reach
— though usually refers to art of an illicit nature, as opposed to a much broader audience than traditional artwork and galleries
government sponsored initiatives. It can include traditional graf¿ti normally allow.
artwork, stencil graf¿ti, sticker art, wheat pasting and street poster
art, video projection, art intervention, and street installations. Whereas traditional graf¿ti artists have primarily used free-hand
These kind of examples of art we can notice also in Marzahn. Typi- aerosol paints to produce their works, “street art” encompasses
cally, Street Art is used to distinguish contemporary public-space many other media and techniques such as wheat pasting, stickers,
artwork from territorial graf¿ti, vandalism, and corporate art. stencil graf¿ti, mosaic tiling, video projection and street installa-
tions.
The motivations and objectives that drive street artists are as
varied as the artists themselves. It grows in places where people For these reasons street art is sometimes considered “post-graf¿-
don’t usually pay attention to each other and are anonymous. ti” and sometimes even “neo-graf¿ti”. [citation needed] Street art
Street art can be a powerful platform for reaching the public, and can be found around the world and street artists often travel to
frequent themes include add busting, subverting and other culture other countries foreign to them so they can spread their designs.
jamming, the abolishment of private property and reclaiming the
streets, Marzahn reÀects a powerful frame of this facts.

INFORMAL YOUTH GROUP LEGEND INFORMAL USAGE:

Intensive activity
Informal Public Space/ ĺ
On the research for subcultural expressions, we found very infor- spontaneous & temporal activities 1
mal activity shown on pictures relating to Marzahn: Naked people

in public! It turned out, that this was a very well organized image dirt tracks fidjis / cigarettes
campaign published as a calendar. Young people from Marzahn drinks skaters
and people from other countries living there were posing to grafitti youth-house
represent another image of the district: a tolerant, young, modern meeting point kids
and colorful one. The people were actually asked for their favorite rights wedding-garden
places in Marzahn- Hellersdorf and had their picture taken. So, partyplace gardening projects
by locating the sceneries, a map was created showing attractive hanging out nakeds
places in the district and their appearance within the planning area
which isn’t very dense. have been demolished
will be / have been transformed
In fact the locations are not indicating informal public spaces but will be demolished
concerning with this task lead us to very basic conclusions. might be demolished
There are communities that care about the image of their district atmosphere of emptyness
and want to change it. empty shops
In this particular case, the calendar project can be seen as a very

successful example of informal activity inÀuencing the public.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
EMPTY BUILDINGS
With the increasing number of people in the Marzahn area,

especially the young people, there were too many apartments
unoccupied. The housing company decided to demolish almost
four thousand apartments (5%).
Due to the absence of children and the demographic develop-
ment there were also too many schools. The classes sometimes
contained only a few pupils. For that reason the housing company
also decided to reduce the number of schools.
In our area there are ¿ve different types of variation of emptiness.

Some have already been demolished and some have been or will
be transformed. There are also buildings that will be demolished
next year and some that the planners still discuss on what to do
with it. At last, there is the group of buildings that were already re-
furbished and now stay untouched. Where the demolished build-
ings once stood, new spaces have appeared that are now closely
watched by a lot of planners. Many try to create new projects
such as wedding gardens or private gardens.

The transformed buildings were for instance reduced in their sto- LEGEND INFORMAL USAGE:
ries or the blocs were cut. The number of stories differ between Informal Public Space/
Intensive activity
ĺ
¿ve to eleven now. spontaneous & temporal activities 1
Many buildings don’t contain enough inhabitants to keep the dirt tracks fidjis / cigarettes
buildings functional so the housing company works on a de- drinks skaters
molishing plan for the buildings. Therefore the company tries to grafitti youth-house
empty all not yet refurbished and nearly abandoned buildings. meeting point kids
They also buy people out of their apartments. Sometimes it takes rights wedding-garden
some years before this process is ¿nally settled. partyplace gardening projects
hanging out nakeds
The empty buildings have a certain impact on the atmosphere of

the environment. The main inÀuences in the atmosphere are in have been demolished
the area around the Ringkolonnaden and in the area around the will be / have been transformed
two school in the south west. will be demolished
might be demolished
The two empty dwellings, one eleven stories high and the other atmosphere of emptyness
six stories high, together with the empty former shopping centre empty shops
(the south building of the Ringkolonnaden) it frames a square. The

emptiness of these three buildings have a huge inÀuence on this
square. The square seems deserted and almost dead.
The area with the schools is located in the middle of a hous-

ing area. The housing company already demolished one of the
schools and the other two will follow. The emptiness of the two
schools give the feeling of a deserted area. The parts where the
inÀuences overlap you can almost double this inÀuence on the
environment.
In almost every building in the Marzahn area there are empty
apartments and the further away you move from the Eastgate
shopping centre the more empty shop you will come across.

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
LEGEND INFORMAL USAGE:
INFORMAL GREEN SPACES Informal Public Space/
Intensive activity
ĺ 1
spontaneous & temporal activities
Marzahn is a quite green area with loads of meadows and public
parks but buildings surrounded by greenery do not feel emo- dirt tracks fidjis / cigarettes
tionally connected to. It is our goal to get them feel related to drinks skaters
their surroundings. There already are some projects in Marzahn-
youth-house
Hellersdorf that are initiated by the local government. These
grafitti
private gardener-cells are rented to nearby living inhabitants for

meeting point kids
a small cost. The not rented allotment gardens near Marzahn are rights wedding-garden
not attractive, because they are too expensive for people. The partyplace gardening projects
temporary installed gardening areas on former school-grounds hanging out nakeds
are much cheaper.

One example for a real informal usage of free green spaces is that have been demolished
one of the former school-garden, of the Alfred-Döblin-Schule, will be / have been transformed
called „Garten der Begegnung“ (‚garden of meeting‘). The task will be demolished
has been to obtain the school-garden. The charitable association might be demolished
called ‘Plattenverbund Marzahn’ just restructured the existing area atmosphere of emptyness
and want to expand them. Their goal is to keep this idea alive,
so the pupils can still get knowledge of gardening. It also should
empty shops
become a point of connection to the surrounding residents.
The inÀuence of these gardening projects becomes more and

more interesting, because the green spaces and parks are not that
point of identi¿cation they could be. Connecting the people to
their neighbourhood is needed, so they take care on their district.
We have the idea to install more of these temporary gardening
–projects as stimuli to the residents. These gametes can gravitate
private activities to design the green areas on their own ideas.
There are a lot many examples in other countries that use this
kind of “informal green spaces” such as New York : “Green Guer-
rillas”, England: “BEN network”, New York City: “Green Thumb:
Community Gardens”, France: “Nomadic Garden”.
INFORMAL INFRASTRUCTURE

map, the Burger park gets better connected to the extended park
By doing the 1st-2nd-3rd order analysis of Marzahn, we found out in the west. So the informal paths stimulate informal activities that
in what way the informal paths inÀuences the connectivity of the take place in the park. There are also more possibilities to reach
neighborhood. the promenade and the Ringkolonnade, where informal activities
take place in the evening.
The informal paths that are part of the cognitive map are all
fragments of the 2nd or 3rd order, because people can reach all
formal places by formal paths (1st order).
Formal - First order
Formal - Second order
Formal - Third order
Informal - Second order
Most striking is that by adding the informal paths to the cognitive Informal - Third order

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
Carolina, Vanesa, Gertjan, Niels, Jürgen, Duc, Max, Marjolijn, Saskia, Sera¿n, Agnieszka
This part of the analysis of the Marzahn area contains the infra-
structural situation. Every investigation of the area in this chapter
is taken from the view of infrastructure. This subject contains the
following aspects: the location, direction, accessibility and use of
the roads, pedestrian zones and the public transport.
SPUTNIK MARZAHN
The analysis is divided in several parts. First we take a look at
the physical situation of Marzahn in relation to the other parts of
Berlin, next we zoom in to the Marzahn area. The ¿nal step is the
mental situation: what is the real use, atmosphere and connectiv-
ity of the provided infrastructure.
The result of the infrastructural analysis is providing a view of

the whole network. We can conclude whether the connectivity is
suf¿cient and functioning the way it should. The question: is the
infrastructure dividing and/or connecting the area of Marzahn?
PLANET BERLIN
DOMINANT DIRECTION ON VARIOUS SCALES

Physical infrastructure
We ¿rst needed an analysis to investigate the position of Marzahn
Several analytic maps were produced in order to research the and Berlin on a regional scale. We decided to look after the domi-
physical infrastructure in a chosen area of Marzahn (Berlin). It is nant directions that are related to Berlin. The analysis is based on
necessary to make a division in between these different research the two most important highways that enter Berlin. These main
maps in order to produce a scienti¿c and structured analysis. roads are placed in the dominant directions North South and East
The most important structure throughout all the physical analysis West. Also important to know is that these main roads are part
is based on different scale levels. We had to investigate the differ- of the infrastructural ring around the city of Berlin. We have also
ent scale levels in order to learn about the infrastructure in Mar- viewed the last main road in order to complete the ring. These NORTH-SOUTH CONNECTIVITY
zahn and, maybe even more important, its context. We will have roads are important in order to get a clear overview on the struc-
to understand the surroundings of Marzahn, this will result in a ture of the net. For this reason we added the secondary and third
clear overview of all the infrastructural relations. For this reason level roads on the west border of the ring as well.
we will start our research with several maps of the major scale in
relation to Marzahn. Next we will research the lower scale levels We can conclude that Marzahn is very well reachable within the
which are in a relation to the district. North South connection. Marzahn has even two major secondary
roads which are directly linked to the major highway system of
A wide variety of methods can be applied in order to research Berlin.
the infrastructural system in the region of Marzahn. The following EAST-WEST CONNECTIVITY
methods are used to research the physical infrastructure related
LAYER
to Marzahn:
The connectivity in general: the connectivity in-between two
points or areas can be measured in many ways. The most basic
way is just to compare the hard facts. Relations and connections
can be measured by summarizing the existing roads. A good
overview is created when the irrelevant roads are deleted.
The connectivity in relation to the “3 step strategy”: the quality of
a connection can be measured by using a “three step” strategy. It
is wise to analyse the situation according to this strategy. It shows
how well a point or area is connected to its surroundings.
The connectivity shown in bubbles: this analysis is very useful for
the research on public transport. The bubble analysis is a sort of
point structured analyses which result in a good overview on the
entire situation.
Connectivity in general: “Berlin surroundings” scale CONNECTIVITY OF THE MARZAHN DISTRICT IN RELATION TO BERLIN AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
Connectivity in general: berlin center-marzahn LAYER
This is the analysis on the “Berlin scale” of the connectivity in

general. This analysis shows how well connected Marzahn is in
comparison to other city parts. The illustrations of this analysis
are divided for the different roads that border the district Mar-
zahn. Further on are examples of other city parts. These other
districts are more or less randomly chosen. The maps related to
Marzahn are produced in relation to the two most important high-
ways. The reason is that these highways are the most important
roads when we look at the connection between Marzahn and its
surroundings.
We can conclude the following when we compare the other

districts;
There are very limited choices when someone want to travel
by car out of Marzahn. The infrastructural network more or less
forces the users to make use of the highways. Other opportunities
to travel on a lower level to the city center hardly exist. This struc-
ture doesn’t improve the situation. The relation to other districts
misses because of the missing intermediary roads. People must
use the highway, because of this travellers are forced to travel via
the main highway net of Berlin which results that they approach
every other district as an “outsider”.
Other districts are a lot more intertwined with the rest of the city.
This is one of the reasons that these city parts are more popular.
Marzahn is very good connected to the major highway system.
On the contrary the district misses these connections on various
lower scales.
CONNECTIVITY TO BERLIN: WESTERN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN BORDER RELATION CONNECTIVITY MARZAHN AND OTHER AREAS

public transport ANALYSIS: berlin center-marzahn LAYER MARZHAN TIMETABLE

week/weekend daytime week nightime weekend nightime
This analysis is produced according to the bubble analysis ALEKSANDER PLATZ 22 min 48 min 37 min
structure. It is most important to research Marzahn in relation to POTSDAMER PLATZ 33 min 60 min 49 min
the city center of Berlin (Mitte). The bubble map shows the access
AHRENSWELDE
HAUPTBANHOF 30 min 60 min 60 min
points to the public transport stations, bus stops and more.
Different lines and colours can be noticed on the map. We can MEHROWER ALLE
conclude that Marzahn is rather poor connected to the Berlin city SHONHAUSER ALLE
center. The only usable and fast connection is the S-Bahn. This RAUL WALLENBERG STR.
line connects the west side of Marzahn to the city center of Berlin. NORTH KREUZ PRENZLAUER ALLE
WEDDING
A second possibility is to travel by tram. Though the tram is not WESTHAFEN

very effective. Many stops, the low average speed and necessary GREIFSWALDER STR
MARZHAN
transfers make the tram a slow travel opportunity in relation to POELCHAU STR.
the S-Bahn. JUNGERN HEIDE HAUPTBAHNHOF
ALEKSANDER PLATZ
LANDSBGR. ALLE
SPRINGFUHL
So to summarize; the only feasible way to travel in-between
WESTEND STROKOWER STR.
BELLEVUE FRIEDRICH STR.

Marzahn and Berlin Mitte is the S-Bahn. Busses are mostly used
JANNOWITZ BRUCKE FRANKF. ALLE
UNTER DEN LIDEN
OSTBAHNHOF
to travel in-between the borders of Marzahn. TIERGARTEN FRIEDRICHSFELDE
MESSE NORD OSTKREUZ
POTSDAMER PLATZ LICHTENBERG
WESTKREUZ ZOOLOGISHER GARTEN WARSCHAUER STR.
NOLDNER PLATZ
HALENSEE
TREPTOWER PARK
HOHEN ZOLLERND.
SCHONEBERG
BUNDESPLATZ
HEIDELBERG PLATZ SUD KREUZ
INNSBR. PLATZ
TEMPELHOF /AIRPORT/ SONNEN ALLE
NEUKOLLN
HERMANN STR.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MAP OF THE MARZAHN DISTRICT IN RELATION TO BERLIN

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
public transport analysis: marzahn internal 3-steps analysis
The map of the public transport system, shows the S-bahn, tram The connectivity of the main facilities in the area are visualised
and bus stops. Each stop is circled, in order to show the ‘pre- with use of the 3-steps method. This type of analysis shows
ferred walking distance’ of the people. According to the reach all the roads which are within the reach of a person who only
of the different transport systems, the walking distance changes crosses 3 decision points (roundabouts crossings and/or strong
from 150 to 300 metres. angles).
Projecting this analysis on the south of the area (Eastgate, shop-
Even though there are several options for taking any public trans- ping promenade and the multifunctional building), we see that all
port system, the area is not covered by the bubbles. The reason the lines (the roads) do not reach the inside of the northern part.
for this is the fact that the route of the railway system is going The only connectivity to be seen, are the bounding roads and the
along the roads, while the stops of the different systems are close roads inside the southern part. For the facilities in the north (shop-
to each other. This provides a good connection between tram ping mall, the Ringkolonaden and the Bürger park) the situation is
and bus, but gives the inhabitants hardly any option to choose the other way around: the inside of the southern part is not being
another route. reached. ...
LAYER LAYER
S- Tra Bu
Ba
hn m s s sto
30 top p 1
0m 25 50
ra 0m m r
di
us rad adiu
iu
s s
PUBLIC TRANSPORT MAP OF MARZAHN 3 STEP STRATEGY APPLIED ON NORTH-EAST ROAD 3 STEP STRATEGY APPLIED ON SOUTH AND WEST ROAD

... Projecting the 3-step analysis on the bordering roads, the

reach from the ‘outside world’ is shown. These roads are each
connected to the area, but not to themselves. This means that
the infrastructure makes it dif¿cult to travel within the borders of
Marzahn without taking a detour. The infrastructure redirects cars
back to the main roads and does not provide ef¿cient internal
connections.
LAYER
3 STEP STRATEGY CROSSING SQUARE CAR AND PEDESTRIAN SITUATION OVERVIEW EAST GATE IN 3 STEPS
3 STEP STRATEGY NORTH EAST SOUTH BORDERS OVERVIEW NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN FACILITIES IN 3 STEPS

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
4 Faces LAYER SEC 1
With the 4-fases analysis method we take a closer look at the

edges of the area. The map gives an impression of the housing,
parking spaces and green, situated at the inside borders. The red
lines show the position of the sections. SEC 2
The sections make clear that the roads have a very wide range.
Even tough most parts of the bordering roads are surrounded by
high-rise buildings, there is no balance between width and height.
The human scale is missing, which causes an uncomfortable feel- SEC 3
ing and a huge gap between both sides.
SEC 3b
SEC 3c
BORDER AXE
1ST ROAD
2ND ROAD
SEC 4
3RD ROAD
GREEN CONNECTION -PEDESTRIAN CROSSING-

TRAIN
TRAIN STOP
ROAD TRAM
TRAM STOP
PARKING AREA
TRAM
COMERCIAL AREA
TRAIN SPORT AREA
SECTIONS 4 FACES 1 2 3 AND 4

mental infrastructure on the east side of the park is left blanc, which is being caused by
the fact that there are no facilities in that zone.
The mental part of the infrastructure analysis is giving a view of
the actual situation of the neighbourhood; ‘Drawn from life’. The The places that were marked by the inhabitants as ‘their territory’
goal was to ¿nd out the real use and function of the area and it’s include their own homes, mostly the direct surroundings and
roads. And with this, the atmosphere of the main roads an the quite often another public space. Hardly any questioned persons
reachability of Eastgate (new station and shopping mall). counted one of the dividing roads as a part of their personal area.
To ¿nd out what the reach of the inhabitants is, we went inside
Marzahn and interviewed the people. The main questions were: private territory routing inside passing quality object accesibility private territory routing inside passing quality object accesibility
routing outside routing outside
what would you consider as your neighbourhood, what is your neighbourhood neighbourhood
most frequent route inside and outside Marzahn? Furthermore we
asked if they crossed the main roads and how they felt about the
reachability of Eastgate. Besides this, we made our own interpre-
tation of the situation as we discovered it to be.
With this gathered information we were able to analyse the area

on a non-theoretical way. This results in mappings of the atmos-
phere of important crossings, density of the area, favourite roads
and the so called ‘territory’ of the individuals.
All together, this is an investigation of the situation of the con-

nectivity and atmosphere of the area, the way it’s actually being
experienced and used.
Territory
‘The territory’ we de¿ned as the place where you feel home,

where you have a connection with and/or where you like to go
every day.
By drawing these areas as bubbles in the map, the grey turns
darker in case of overlap. These places that are often being
marked, provide coincidence. The dark grey spots are the East-
gate, the Bürger park and the northern shopping mall. The area PRIVATE TERRITORY NEIGHBOURHOOD

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
Atmosphere:
The main roads (Märkische Allee, Mehrower Allee, Blumberger-

damm, Wallenbergstraȕe and Landsbergerallee) are considered
to be functioning as mental ‘walls’. At certain spots the roads are
dif¿cult tot cross and/or have just very few safe crossings, either
with or without traf¿c lights. The questioned people considered
Eastgate mostly as good accessible, especially when they didn’t PANORAMA EASTGATE FACING WEST
have to cross any signi¿cant roads to get there.
private territory routing inside passing quality object accesibility private territory routing inside passing quality object accesibility
neighbourhood routing outside neighbourhood routing outside
Panoramas:
The pictures shown on the two pages give a panoramic view of

the dividing roads, the way we mentally experience them. With
or without traf¿c lights, pedestrian areas and cycling paths, the
roads all have speci¿c problems and strengths visible and are
provided with proposals for improvement.
Circuits:
The people that are moving themselves inside Marzahn are

mostly going by foot. The dark coloured north-south lines on the
map give a clear impression of the ‘walking highways’.
For going anywhere in Marzahn, hardly anyone uses the car. The
given reasons are mostly the walking paths and public transport
connections, in contrast to the very poor possibilities for the cars.
The S-bahn and the car are preferred to get out of Marzahn,
mostly to the centre of Berlin. The people go directly to the
surrounding roads, from where they take the only connected
highway. We mapped the movement of the inhabitants. The in-
formation is based on interviews with the inhabitants. Clear maps
related to this subject can be found on the next page.
ROUTING INSIDE ROUTING OUTSIDE

COLOURS INDICATE LOCATION OF PANORAMAS
private territory routing inside passing quality object accesibility

neighbourhood routing outside
PANORAMA MEHROWER ALLEE FACING NORTH
PANORAMA MEHROWER ALLEE FACING NORTH
PASSING QUALITY PANORAMA LANDSBERGER ALLEE FACING SOUTH

3$570$33,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
concept
Thesis Fragmented island:
Marzahn can easily be seen as an island, away from the ‘main

land’ Berlin centre and surrounded by large scaled roads. The
area itself is divided into segments by the crossing roads and the
difference in program. The inhabitants do not feel connected with
their neighbourhood and have a limited territory.
To improve this situation, Marzahn has to change into one self- Berlin “mitte”
providing area. Therefore is it necessary to transform the now
dividing roads into connecting roads. By making the fragments
of Marzahn merge with each other, the area becomes an healthy MARZAHN old situation
environment which can be connected to the surrounding neigh-

bourhood.
Berlin “mitte
MARZAHN NEW situation
MARZAHN old situation MARZAHN NEW situation
EXISTING SITUATION (LEFT) AND NEW CONCEPT (RIGHT) FRAGMENTED ISLAND THESIS AND CONCEPT MARZAHN AND SURROUNDINGS EXISTING SITUATION AND NEW CONCEPT

CONCLUSION
Marzahn is separated from Berlin by the 1st and 2nd level roads
and the S-bahn, that at the same time provide a connection with
the ‘outside world’. The area has an infrastructural network that
is connected to a highway that goes straight to Berlin centre. Un-
fortunately this is the only quick option to choose. For the public
transport we can conclude the same: even tough the S-bahn
provides a good connection with Berlin, there is no suf¿cient
alternative.
Due to the infrastructure it is almost impossible to travel from A

to B within the borders of Marzahn without taking a detour. The
infrastructure redirects cars back to the main roads and does not
provide short internal connections; hardly anyone drives through
the neighbourhood. SPUTNIK MARZAHN
The area has three popular spots: in the southwest (Eastgate),
middle (Bürger park) and north (shopping mall), while the mid-
eastern part is almost deserted. The area is divided into segments
by the main roads, which the inhabitants can not pleasantly cross.
The north-south routes form a ‘pedestrian highway’ and provide
the connectivity within the boundaries.
All together, Marzahn has a network that demands the people to

travel in one way, without another opportunity. Due to the border-
ing roads, there is hardly any interaction with the surrounding
districts. The internal infrastructure divides the district Marzahn
into several smaller parts: a fragmented island in Berlin.
PLANET BERLIN

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
0$QWKRQLVVH%-9DQ'HQ%RVFK$9DQ'HU9HHQ-%DORJ*%LHQLDV]/1DYDUUR&1LHWR&9DQFRV-%LHUYOLHW*1DPEHUJHU$3LHWU]N
STRATEGY ity. It makes it possible for the commercial to establish on the
important lines. Commercial needs activity to survive. But not
The beginning of our strategy is to connect most important only activity is necessary. The environment in the neighbourhood
transport lines; the S-bahn and the tram through Marzahn. This is of a very low quality. There are a lot of low incomes and many
is the main transport method in Marzahn .These lines will be con- buildings are abandoned.
nected to between the train stations and the tram stops. The main Commercial needs costumers who can spend their money. They
direction will be east west. also need density around them, because people don’t want to
ACTIVITY CONNECTIONS
Because of these connections, we can provide the highest level of
activity in Marzahn.
These lines will be the main direction of commercial develop-
ment.
It’s well known that you can’t create commercial activity, but you
have to make an environment to attract the commercial activ-
TWO IMPORTANT CONNECTION LINES: S-BAHN AND TRAM COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY

PART 6. (RE)DESIGNING PUBLIC SPACE
travel too long for their shopping. So to create a better environ- centres; The Ringkolonaden, the Freizeit Forum and the Eastgate.
ment for the commercial, the area of Marzahn must be optimized. These are on the most important activity points with the most
density around them. The second level is the small scale com-
For the strategy there are 2 elements used to optimize the quality mercial. This commercial is stimulated over the hole length of the
of public space of Marzahn; they are integrating water areas and activity lines.
green areas. From the interviews we found out that a lot of people
miss the water in Marzahn. They want the water for recreation,
but also to compromise with the lot of green unde¿ned areas. A
new centre of identity in Marzahn will be created with water and
green, so the commercial activity can be stimulated.
The water will be in form of a pond and in the form of canals. The
canals will be used to structure the urban plan. It’s very hard to
orientate in the neighbourhood, because of equal buildings and
large green spaces. The water connection will connect the North
with the South of Marzahn. It will also be connected with the
existing river the Wuhle, that divides Hellersdorf from Marzahn.
So the water and the green of the plan will be integrated with the
water and the green in the whole area.
An other north south connection already exist. A few commercial
point are already there.
The axe will be structured . So the commercial will be stimulated
to be more active. This axe can develop in a more informal way,
based on water and green areas (so called local axe).
The green in the area will be more de¿ned because of the con-
nection other areas. OPTIMIZE PUBLIC SPACE: GREEN AREA
To create density, you have to attract new people to Marzahn. there should be build housing of a different type and price. We
There are already a lot of empty apartments, because no one lower a few Àats, so the don’t form a border. And a few buildings
want to live in them. There is also only a possibility of renting a will be demolished, because they are in a bad state. The density
place instead of buying. You can optimize these buildings with will be increased near the east west connection an this could cre-
the strategy of cutting buildings. So the urban structure will be ate a diversity of incomes.
changed, to provide new connection and available living space. To construct the environment of the commercial areas we use
a strategy of 2 levels. The ¿rst level is the large scale commer-
Another problem is that there is no diversity the incomes. So cial. They will be centred on the 3 already existing commercial OPTIMIZE PUBLIC SPACE: WATER CONNECTIONS

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
MASTER PLAN
OLD CONSTRUCTION NEW CONSTRUCTION WATER

The old structure divides Marzahn in little islands, the distances The new structure is bridging between the big empty spaces. It Water makes connection between the existing, new designed
between the buildings are too big. There is no clear structure that creates connects and most of all makes it able for everyone to buildings and the context the river the Wuhle. In the middle is
connects and allows you to create your own circuits. Because create their own circuits. The new structure works like a chain the big lake which can be used for different purposes like leisure,
the lack of real routes to travel it is hard to orientate yourself in connecting the whole district within and with its context. shopping, and recreating.
Marzahn.

GREEN PUBLIC SPACES AND AXES

Green is used as buffer zones that make it easier and more pleas- Small spaces between the buildings make squares and other pub-
ant to move from the areas with water to the areas with buildings. lic spaces that create opportunities for development of commer-
Because of a high tactility it gives you a peaceful feeling and you cial spaces. This along the axes in our plan connect the shackles
really physically feel that you are leaving and going into a new of the chain.
area.
SUNSHINE MARZAHN

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY This should be implemented in the whole of Marzahn, but on the
To create more commercial traf¿c to the Ringkolonaden, the map you can see an example of how this could be realized in this
horizontal connection from the Ringkolonaden to the east needs neighbourhood.
to be improved.
We improved the urban plan with these urban areas:
In the map you can see we created a new road for cars to im-
prove the connection. a) A big hole in the building to create a new pedestrian road.
Additions to the building. Private gardens mixed with public gar-
ATTRACT dens, public garden is smaller with better scale. Reference: Hoop
Marzahn should try to attract people starting a business, to bring Liefde en Fortuin, by Rudy Uytenhaak.
movement and jobs to they area. In the existing buildings there is
plenty of space. So these should be sold per sector, you get the b) Because of the road the square is smaller. Formal square with
m3 you want. existing fountain, new road turns the building facing Ring-
Off course this is also possible for people looking for a nice apart- kolonaden into landmark. That building should get a public formal
ment: just buy the two or three top Àoors and create your own function like for example a library.
kingdom.
c) We created a lake or pond in between the existing trees, the
ENHANCE URBAN DESIGN form a green scenery with potential. Add playgrounds for chil-
Furthermore, the urban design of Marzahn needs to be enhanced dren, youth and adults. The commercial dot should be a nice cafe
to lure new people to the neighbourhood. People of different with a terrace on the east bank, facing west. Aerial view of the neighbourhood
social status and with different backgrounds. New people means
new customers. Therefor Marzahn needs to be a pleasant district d) Villa Allee. Marzahn has plenty of space so people
to live in. To realize this we need to improve different things: should get the opportunity to build their own villa,
with swimming pool in their huge backyard, in Marzahn.
- improve infrastructure for cars Because the area is not too popular yet this is a great
- make infrastructure more clear for everybody chance for people.
- improve “human scale” of urban design
- create different urban atmospheres
- provide different types of housing
- improve the quality of green, add blue
- redivides density
- facilitate possibilities (You Can Do It In Marzahn!)
Hoop, Liefde en Fortuin, by Rudy Uytenhaak

main roads
pedestrian/cyclists roads
commercial
private gardens
existing buildings
lowered existing buildings
new buildings
d
water
b

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
DETAILS COMMERCIAL AREA (SECTIONS)
The commercial area should be optimized. The problem now is

that there are a lot of empty commercial spaces. You can create
an environment for a better working commercial area, but you
have to look in the future. If the market is going down, shops can
disappear again. So there should be created a Àexible commer-
cial space. There are some different options.
FLEXIBLE COMMERCIAL SPACE

The ¿rst ground facade are as good as closed in the commercial
areas. The commercial should be inviting. There also are a lot
of small shops. If we create a large open ¿rst ground Àoor, it’s
already more Àexible. This ¿rst ground can be design in different
ways.
If we have an open ¿rst ground facade with a roof above, the OPEN SPACE SHOPS TRANSPARENT SPACE
buildings don’t form a block anymore. So the connection to the
commercial area will be improved.
If we make the ¿rst ground Àoor transparent shops will be more
visible. The costumers will be more invited.
If the commercial shops leave, because of a bad economy, the

¿rst ground Àoor can be closed an become a gallery.
This all provides a Àexible usage of the commercial areas.
TRANSPARENT SPACE SHOPS OPEN SPACE


3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
CHAIN PLAN
The chain plan is inspired by the lecture about commercial
spaces. The distance between the public spaces need to be right
not too much and not too little. There are three distance exam-
ples: friction (too close), interaction (right space) and no interac-
tion (too far out). This model is applied to the public spaces of
Marzahn. Every part of Marzahn can be seen as a chain. The park
is a green chain that is connected to the lake that is a blue chain
which is connected to the East Gate chain which is a red (com-
mercial) chain. Bit by bit this plan can be realized. As long as you
make the chain longer you are on the right way.
CONCEPT SKETCH OF SITUATION NOW (BROKEN CHAIN)
1. CONFLICT
2. INTERACTION
CONCEPT SKETCH OF NEW SITUATION (CONNECTED CHAIN) 3. TOO FAR OUT.

Image by Gaja Bieniasz

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
The connection through the buildings is made by paths with three
kind of different materials. The main higher roads pretend to
seem the movement of water drawing a serpentine and the rest
of the streets follow this oscillation.
We can join different levels not only with different material hori- 3
zontally if not with different heights of the paths vertically. We use

this way of walking from underground until passing by across the
buildings by levels. We make wholes that help us to follow the
continuity of our connection.
3'
1 1'
1 2'
2 2' 1'
3 3'

EMPTY SPACE VS QUALIFIED AREA

By L. Navarro and C. Nieto
Connect two spaces separated by an empty space, with no spe-

ci¿c use or utility, it can be done qualify this space, playing with
such topography, existing and planned, to ensure that it not only
produces a transit mechanic, but a place to stay, where people
can walk, look, talk, sport practice, meet, or simply being in a
place where they feel comfortable.
Water is another element of this new topography, it is meant as

an addition or overlap, but as something anecdotal that gives the
space a sense of calm and closeness to nature.
It is in this new topography which establishes a new social space,

and their levels may occur between new forms of small business,
where there is a direct relationship that always exists between
where people stay, whether outdoors or taking a coffee .
The intention is to encourage street life in a place where there

is not, perhaps because they are not produced the necessary
conditions for this to happen, not through increased trade, but by
increasing the areas where people can stay comfortable because
then it is in those places where little trading makes sense and
there really is by and for the people.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
Concept Marzahn Waterfront
marzahn status quo 2007
The CIAM- inspired Marzahn landscape is one nearly void of indi-
viduality. This stark degree of uniformity in landscape and urban
structure is the reason why any attempt to revitalize, regenerate
or rebuild the district will require drastic if not radical change in problem: no identity
the urban fabric. Our proposal may, for some, be fairly disturbing. bad orientation
It may seem that our suggested plan is overly enthusiastic or may
offer no solution to the design questions, but we are convinced low density
that the problems at hand are of such a drastic nature that an
only equally drastic solution will pose any hope in solving it. The
proposition aims to improve connectivity, and better the quality
and distinctness of the built environment.
The existing free space between the blocks in Marzahn is a li-

ability. There is no clear ownership of the space; there is a lack
of hierarchy and a clear lack of belonging for the local residents.
The land itself has little recreational appeal. Our proposition is to
condense the living areas of Marzahn into a smaller footprint. The
remaining space will be used to accommodate the build of a large
water body in the center of the district. This large body of water
can accommodate small scale marine activities and water sport.
Future development of a larger body of water in Marzahn North
may add to the recreational potential of the area. The introduc-
tion of a signi¿cant water presence in the northeast of Berlin
has a de¿nite market potential and related maritime and leisure
industries may be enticed to come to this area of Berlin because
of this unique facility. Waterfront development is also the most
expensive real estate in Berlin, and as such could prove to vector
a marked change in property demand---and of course, value--- in
the district.

SOLUTION
marzahn 2007
model view from north

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
The water development is bordered on the north, west and south
by development. The Border to the East is formed by develop-
ment with a clearly de¿ned rustic character. It will be a green,
wooded character while contrasting greatly with the existing
urban character will serve to diversify the Marzahn landscape.
To the west of the lake, a broad green “Fauna Passage” creates
an extra connection to Lichtenberg. This effectively covers the
S-Bahn and makes for a more natural bridge function.
Housing, created from the partial demolition of the existing build-

ing network will be used to ¿ll in the new plan. Whilst strength-
ening the genus loci, the buildings will also reduce construction
costs. All orthogonal sections of the old building structure are
manipulated: the building height is brought back from 10-14 sto-
ries to 4-6 stories. Additionally, sections of the buildings between
load bearing inner walls have been removed. This breaks up the
existing width of large blocks which obstruct ground level line
of site. The increased line of sight is an important component
in achieving a greater degree of transparency in the district. Ad-
ditional elevator- and stairway cores are added to the remaining
constructions increase vertical transport and compensate for lost
stability. A part of the development is located on the edge of the
water or literally immersed in it. This represents a radical depar-
ture in the placing of said typology in a new medium. This rather
foreign approach is used, quite forcefully, in effectively altering all
preconceptions of the district. No second face-lift for Marzahn but
a coronary bypass.
The existing large space between the buildings is ¿lled with an

SOLUTION
development step 1:
- pixellation of existing buildings
- decreasing heights
- renewal of buildings
- add new buildings

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(&200(5&,$/38%/,&63$&(
extra rows of new housing blocks., increasing density. Special
attention has been paid in differentiating the existing and new possible activities:
blocks so as to increase the individuality of the blocks. The
resulting effect of recycling old building parts and adding new
real estate
ones, on a smaller scale, is pixellization. The reduced blocks, senior housing
placed closer to each other and in greater frequency than the
old blocks, yields an interesting screen of pixels that comprise daily needs
the housing environment. Although the resulting pixels maybe
somewhat irregular and random, the additional housing added to recreation
the scheme increase not only the density but add structure to the
concept. Special attention has been paid to signi¿cantly improv- service / restaurants
ing the connections within Marzahn and the districts adjacent
to it. Greater Berlin is therefore also more readily accessible to
entertainment
the residents of Marzahn-Mitte. Irregardless of the large body of water sports
water in the center of the district, the connections in the district
have been improved. ...
The important buildings from the DDR period, namely the Freizeit
Forum, the Ring Kolonade and the impressive 25-story high rises,
have been preserved not only to strengthen the Genus Loci but
also serve as an important markers of the district, some visible
when entering the district. This tactic serves not only to more eas-
ily de¿ne the new urban landscape but also adds a greater variety
in the built environment: a completely new built environment
cannot legitimate itself.
The Freizeit Forum and the Ring Kolonade both occupy central
positions in the urban frame. They are positioned alongside im-
portant local connections that also connect Marzahn to adjacent
districts. These landmarks also divide the district into distinct
segments while at the same time allowing for full, unobstructed
connection.

SOLUTION
development step 2:
¿ll the empty space with water
advantages of water:
increase of density
water has no scale
low maintenance cost
attractivity
housing quality
...

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
R. García Sacristán, G. Saorín Marín, C. Narciso Linares, K. Kramer, T. Hartmanns, S. Pieterse, L. Capota. B. Kaminski, A. Bogacz, I. Hajdasz.
SWOT analysis
Strength
The strongest point in this area is East Gate which is located

at the edge of the district and generate the bigest activity in
Marzahn. There is a strong commercial and public connection be-
tween shopping center and the Leasure Center which nowadays
is not enough exploit. This area has great potencial to develope
and can become one of the most important formal public places
in Marzahn. It has also direct connection with the park.
Weakness
Despite it’s potencial, the whole area is not enough used. There
are very few and bad quality commercial buildings. This caused
the low level of the quality of the area and doesn’t attract the
inhabitants.
Opportunities
This place can be well used by incorporating new functions like

shoops, cafes and restaurants.
Threats
If this area would be left without any intervention there is a threat

of even lower density of people than nowadays. That might cause
that very few people will enter the area and the other parts of
Marzahn.

Ideas
After many analysis we conclude in two ideas how to improve

the functioning of this place. We want to make the connection
between the East Gate and the square arround the Leasure Center
more ef¿cient and attractive. Our goal is to streanghten the main
axis of Marzahn which leads from East Gate to Ring Kolonnaden.
The central point of this axis would be the square arround where
the Leasure Center is the heart of Marzahn.
The ¿rst concept is to leave the existing building of Leasure

Center and keep all the functions in it. The activities like mini thea-
tre, bowling center, swimming pool, library are very important
for the local people. We want to connect squares on both sides
of the building by creating the interior passage through it. This
will create a Àuent Àow of the people on the main axe. So far the
building of Leasure Center is some kind of barrier.
First concept of the square around the Leasure Center

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Existing Leasure Center with the new interior passage New design of the roof on the East Gate New design of the roof on the East Gate
Image of the new square around Leasure Center

The second concept is to move the functions of existing Leasure

Center to the buildings arround Ring Kolonnaden and the new
sport area near the park. That let us create new formal public
space in the middle of the district. new composition consist of
two tree-storey buildings. The distance between them is around
90 metres and space inbetween used for open space activities.
Our proposal is to create some snakeslike stripes with different
levels above and under the ground which let people sit, stand,
lay, relax and simply talk to each other. It is also possible to put
some tables from restaurants and cafes in front of the buildings
to make better connection with outside. The square will be the
proper place to take a rest for the people crossing this place. In
the new designed area people will be able to sit and take a cup of
coffee.
Second concept of the square around the Leasure Center

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Image of the new square around the Leasure Center Different proposition of the roof on the East Gate Image of the new square around the Leasure Center
Image of the new square around East Gate

common characteristics
In both cases we create a new tram stop on the right side of the
square. This will encourage people to come and visit this place
and take a break in the middle of the hard day.
To connect the park with the square we propose to cut the exist-
ing road which currently is a huge barrier for this area. This has
a result in designing the new space of the street. It was made
smaller and more in a human scale.
New design of the roof is suggested to connect two seperate

buildings of East Gate and Cinema and to create a new public
space.
View of the new street design Skatch of the new square around the Leasure Center
Skatch of the new square around the Leasure Center

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Swot analyse of the area
- Strength
The area is shaped like a square. It re
minded us much of central park New York.
There is much existing green that we can use. The
difference´s in the ground level is something we can
use as well.
- Weakness
The area is beinig interferred by an big infrastructural
object. It´s a high way Ày over from a nearby road.
- Opportunities
Our vision is a fun ¿lled sport park. With many things
to do for everyone. But we payed more attention to
the younger one´s because of the nearby schools.
And the lack of modern fun things for the kids.
Sketch of area Marzahn
- Threats
Our planned area costs a lot of money. So our planned
idea´s can turn out to be halfbaked because of cost
reductions. Perhapes the functiones wouldn´t be used
as much as we hope. And they will become a victime
of vandalism. Drug dealing and lack of activity.
The parks Our plan area

Concept THE FUN-CTIONS

- Axis
We wanted to create an axis in the area. To make it
more structural. And to make a clear route for the
people to walk.
- Mingle
To us it was important that the whole area, the so
called apendix of the existing Burger park is de¿ned.
So it becomes a part of the Burger park instead of
being a apendix. So it has to mingle with the existing
park.
Design consequence´s
- Axis
In order for the Axis to work you need to have
functions alongside of the line. We think that the word
´Function´ sounds a bit static. So we de¿ned it as
FÚN-Ctions´. We planned: Skate Park, CONCEPT AXIS
Football area, Cloak rooms, Improved housing tower,
Monument, Library, Cafés, Playing area´s, Art gallery,
Swimming Pool, Dancing, Parking space.
- Mingle
Destroy some buildings to get the park more con-
nected with Burger park. Use of water to create
oneness. Make the park look organic with the use of
hills.
Design the majority of the architecture as organic.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
The Design of the map
- Functions
1. Ice skating 1 2
2. Ice skating professional
3. Sporting
4. Street skate ramp 3
5. Swimming pool, sauna 4 5
6. Dressing room 6
7. Cafe 7
8. Sporting; basketball, soccer 8
9
9. Library
10. Café
11. Art gallery 10
12. Dancing 11
13. Improved housing, restaurants, club
12
13

It´s all about design
“God is in the detail.”
“A birth of a vision, which leads to a feeling. Draw it, straight out

of you´re head. And perhaps you can follow you´re vision.
Don´t think. Do it instead”

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Marzahn Mitte - The new local center
The ringkollonaden in its present form is not functioning and peo-

ple experience it as unpleasent. This is a pity, because the area
is an important public transport route for the people of Marzahn
and a local commercial area is connected to the ringkollonaden.
The main goal for the redesign of the ringkollonaden area should
be to bring back lifelyness and activity. This can be realized by
creating a clear identity, good orientation and functions that suit
the neighborhoods needs.
A long line crossing the kollonaden from east to west will be the
main guideline, having two endpoints: a subwaystation and a
tramline station. Two important squares are on this line, one is a
market square, the other is the theater square. On this guideline
and squares a great variety of functions are present, all of them
primarily to provide the local society. The crown jewel of the area
is the theater square with a pond and the city hall/library building
placed in the water.

Determing the functions
In order to be able to state all functions in the research area, there

has been made a distinction between the ground Àoor and the
¿rst Àoor of the buildings. Both ¿gures on the top of the page
show all functions. The division of function is as following: formal
space (purple), commercial space (red), of¿ce space (blue), living
space (brown) and artistic space (green).
By comparing both pictures a couple of things can be stated.
At ¿rst, the commercial area is only situated at the ground Àoor
(except the LIDL supermarket and the restaurant). All Àoors above
the commercial spaces are ment for living appartments. The sec-
ond thing that can be stated is that the theater and the city of¿ce/
library building is (partly) standing on poles, so people can walk
onderneath it.
Potential programmetic composition FUNCTIONS ON THE GROUND FLOOR FUNCTIONS ON THE FIRST FLOOR
Although a mixture of functions is wishfull, some buildings have

certain characteristics by which a potential program can be com-
posed. In the two ¿gures at the bottom of this page, a potential
programmetic composition has been made for buildings with a
commercial and formal function.
The supermarket is situated near the main road, because of the
good reachability. The regular shopping area is situated around
the market square. Some bars and a restaurant are placed in front
of the pond, because of the nice view and the connection with
the park. Some semi-commercial buildings are placed in the sur-
rounding of formal functions. The buildings will be occupied by
for instance a travel or job agency.
The theater square is surrounded by formal functions, like the
theater itself, the poolcenter and the bowlingcenter. The city of-
¿ce also accomodates a library. The health center is situated at
the other site of the main road that runs through the area.
PROGRAMMETIC COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL FUNCTIONS PROGRAMMETIC COMPOSITION OF FORMAL FUNCTIONS

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Orientation
To make a place more lifely and active it is crucial that the people
want to come there and know how to do so. It needs to be clearly
de¿ned, be recognizable and the place must have a clear orienta-
tion. The height of the buildings is contributing to this orientation:
because the Marzahn residential buildings are all high-rise, the
center of activity has relatively low buildings. In the upper left
¿gure the dark-brown colored buildings are 6 stories high while
the light-brown buildings are merely 4 stories high. The orange
buildings are 2 stories high.
Pedestrian connections
The upper-right ¿gure displays the pedestrian entrances of the

area. Because it serves primarily a local function it is crucial that it
is well connected at the local scale. This connectivity is realised BUILDING HEIGHTS PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS AND ORIENTATION
as shown in the picture.
Road types by maximum speed
A pedestrian area shouldn’t be cut off by large roads, so the old

roads are being downsized. In the ¿gure down-left the green lines
illustrate 30 km/h roads, the orange lines are 50 km/h roads and
the red line is a 80 km/h road.
Sightlines and references
Three important entrance points to the area are shown in the bot-
tom right picture. These are the main focus areas, because of the
crucial part they play in the connection and orientation of the area
with its surroundings. They will be discussed on the next pages.
ROAD TYPES BY MAXIMUM SPEED SIGHTLINES AND REFERENCES

@ the theatre square
From the theater square, the view is astonishing and nicely

variated. The new city of¿ce and library building is situated in
the pond and stands free from other buildings. It works as an
important anchorpoint and therefore the architecture needs to be
outstanding. A reference that illustrates such a building is shown
on the image on the bottomleft of this page. The city of¿ce of
Reykjavik in Iceland shows a building that stands in the water and
is nicely illuminated at night.
The theater square is a place where people come together and

meet. To stimulate this, some bars and restaurants are situated
on the route to the park in front of the pond and the city of¿ce
building. Besides this, people can hang out on benches or the
concrete sitting blocks around the fountain that illustrates the
middle of Marzahn.
An other way to bring livelyness to the street is to mix up differ-

ent kinds of transportation. Through the main axis, people can
only move by feet. From the theater square, people will have
a view at cars and trams that appear from behind the park and
disappears after passing the city building and reverse.
An other important sight is the Bürgerpark, which connects the

local center to the regional focussed shopping area. In front of
the park is a playground and picknick area situated where parents
which children and people that are working in the city of¿ce
building will meet.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
@ the parkroad
The parkroad opens up at the end of the Bürgerpark and shows

the impressive theater. The facade of the building contains the old
building of the ringkollonaden. This old building is integrated with
a new building which forms the new theater. The old building of
the ringkollonaden is used to give the theater square a new iden-
tity with a reference to old times. This is important for the people
that have been living in Marzahn for years. The theater will be
used to show plays, cabaret and art moves. Besides this, it might
be interesting for companies to keep conferences and meetings.
It is important for the formal functions that are surrounding the

theater square attract people. By passing the city of¿ce/library
building, people will still be able to see the theater square, the
bars and restaurants and the opening of the shopping street. This
because the city of¿ce stands on poles. The variety of functions
and livelyness in the area will make people that are just moving
through Marzahn curious. Thereby Marzahn can expose its inter-
esting identity what might attract new visitors and/or inhabitants.

@ the market square
The market square full¿lls a very important function for the local
society. It is a place full of activity and interaction. The square is
bordered by commercial buildings and is directly connected to
the theater square and the metro station by respectively an of¿ce
boulevard and a shopping street.
The square is cut off from the main road by a green area. When
driving on the main road, the livelyness on the market square is
visible. Benches have been placed in front of the green area, so
people can sit and relax.
The market square is named after its main function: the market.
The market provides product that are not available elsewhere and
adds to the feeling of cosyness and social coherence.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&()250$/38%/,&63$&(
Section A Section B Section C
This section cuts through the market street that connects the This section cuts through the market square from the north to the This section cuts through the market square from the east to the
market square with the theater square. The pro¿le of the pedes- south. The market is in this direction 132 meters wide and is con- west. The market is in this direction 137 meters wide and is being
trian street is 27 meters and the buildings are 16 meters and four nected to the street by a green area. intersected by a 30 km/h road and is bordered by commercial
stories high. buildings of relatively 16 and 24 meters high.
MARKET STREET SECTION (A)
NORTH-SOUTH SECTION (B)
EAST-WEST SECTION (C)
B
A

Section D Section E
This section cuts through the theater square from the north to the This section cuts through the theater square from the east to the
south. The market is in this direction 95 meters wide and is being west. The market is in this direction 112 meters wide and is being
intersected by a fountain and is bordered by the theater building intersected by a fountain and is bordered by two formal buildings
and the pond. (pool and bowling center).
NORTH-SOUTH SECTION (D)
EAST-WEST SECTION (E)

3$575('(6,*138%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
C. Coves , A. Esclapez , T. Pronk , J. Karlstedt , D. Sari, D. Heimeriks , S. van der Sande , M. Jagielak , K. Koper , R. Koszel
THE GENERAL MAP OF THE GREEN AREAS
The GREEN strategy:
Green areas are used as a connector for the area
The Marzahner promenade together with the extended park for
the core of the area
The lake creates a new lively spot and serves as an annex to the
park
The visual connections are introduced to improve legibility of the
main axis
The new development around the lake helps to change the image
of the area and diversify the social pro¿le
The interior spaces of the building blocks get connections to the
park and/or lake area
The semi-public spaces inside the blocs are changed into private
The opening of the area towards the small houses area brings
more people in and helps to integrate the neighbourhoods
THE MAIN AXIS CONNECTIONS OF THE MAIN AXIS

CONCEPT
The concept of our plan is to make the park more clear, so that
people want to go there. To do so, we want the park to have
clear area’s that all have a different function.
The connection we establish between the leisure centre and east-

gate and the park with the ringkolonaden is also very important.
First we want to attach the sports to the park, we will connect it
by a lake.
Than we add some functions, concentrated at the park side of the

lake.
We also improve the area around the ring colonnade, so the peo-
ple there will be invited to go into the park.
The third point we want to establish is to make the park more

visible, safe and accessible. To do so, we make two clear paths NOW-GREEN AREAS AS A BARRIER
beside and through the park. One on the east side it will function
like a promenade, with lights to make it a safe passway. On the
west side it will be the connector between the different areas in
the park.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS IN WITHIN THE GREEN

AREAS
FUTURE-GREEN AREAS AS A CONNECTOR

3$575('(6,*138%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
DIFFERENT USES AND CHARACTERS OF GREEN SPACES
3. 4.
1. 2.
2.
1.
3. 4.

CONNECTIONS
In the analysis part of the booklet the unclear connections be- The second option (map3) shows the creating of a path through
tween the green areas is presented as one of the main problems the leisure-centrum to the park. This should make people who
of the area. enter the centrum more aware of the park. And a landmark people
The lack of connection between the park and the promenade is can identify with. This building can have different function an
de¿nitely a problem. As seen on the ¿rst map, there is no clear should work as an portal to the main park. It should attract people
path to go to the park. The connection is interrupted by the wide from the promenade to the lake and to the commercial areas
road and the leisure building itself. ahead. MAP1
CONNEC-
In order to make a better connection there are two options: TION
In both cases the road dividing the leisure centrum and the park PROBLEMS
The ¿rst seen on the second map, shows the option of destroying is clearly a problem. By making the road smaller and introducing
the leisure-centrum. This will create a open area, and by doing so speed bumps and bends. We can create a sort of ‘scenic’ route.
creating a clear connection between the promenade and the park. Where people make a turn to an interesting place near the road. In
The downside of this is of course the destruction of the leisure- this manner we can make people really aware of the park and its
centrum, a place people know and use. Because of that, the surroundings. This also allows for pedestrians to cross in a safer
second possibility is preferable. way.
MAP2
SOLUTION1
MAP3
DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES OF DESIGNING THE GREEN THE ROAD CROSSING THE PROMENADE REDUCED IN SIZE SOLUTION2

3$575('(6,*138%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
PROMENADE
What the park needed was a clear and structured path, an axe.
That’s the reason we created a promenade at the left site of the
park. It’s not only a factor of bringing structure and clearness into
the park, but it also connects the park with the tram. In the old
situation the tram is laying next to the park. But the park and the
tram were not involved with each other, which was a pity.
Now the promenade creates a pleasant path, were people can
walk day and night. Because of the lighting, the safety shall in-
crease and the users will feel comfortable 24/7.
Because of the large and low steps, the promenade is not going
to be a boundary, but slowly fading away into the green of the
park and the park and promenade appear as one peace.
CULTURAL ACTIVITY IN THE PROMENADE
PARK AND PROMENADE- A SECTION

RELAX
The relax area can be used for different types of activities. It is a

buffer from the promenade to the lake. It is a open area without
many dense trees. It also contains the next part of the promenade
and a commercial building. This building brings the park and the
leisure centrum closer together. It is a extension of the existing
leisure building. This could also be a centrum for relaxing sports
like golf or Àying a kite. In this part of the park there is a lot of
open space. It’ s perfect for a walk. It gives you a clear view to
FEELING PATH
where you are going to. But if you don’t need to go anywhere it’s
perfect for relaxing. Seeing the people go by, watching the differ-
The idea of this project is connecting two public buildings that
ent activities in the lake.
nowadays are disconnected by a large road and an unclear park.
For this reason this path is a sequence of activities and feelings
which can be experienced by the inhabitants with their senses.
The path begins at the leisure centre and ¿nishes in a cultural
building and has a clear sequence of activities:
- Relaxing area where you can lay down in a hammock
with the sweet sound of the wind between the leafs of the trees.
- Recreation area for running, swimming, ¿shing, playing
cards etc. There is also a small beach here to sunbath play vol-
leyball, etc.
- Commercial-leisure area, where you can ¿nd small
shops, cafes and a big “Smell Building”.
This building is reused to provide space for walking, selling and
eating products with special aromas.
On the ground Àoor herbs are grown like rosemary, mint, thyme,
basil, etc. In the ¿rst Àoor there are Àowers like roses, poppies,
lavenders and tulips. These two levels are open to the air so peo-
ple on the outside can smell the scents.
In the following levels you ¿nd the next sequence of smells: food
(like bread, vegetables and fruits), desserts and coffees. The top
TURBO GOLF DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES OF RE-USING THE EMPTY Àoor provides a nice view over the city.

3$575('(6,*138%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
THE LAKE AREA:
The lake is introduced to improve the quality of one of the ‘unde-

¿ned’ areas which have been described in the analysis
It provides an interesting view and in the same time reduces the

amount of surplus space
ACTIVITY:)
The attractiveness of the area around the lake should encourage
new development, which will change the image of Marzahn and
bring in some social diversity
The activities, which are connected to the lake, are concentrated

in the east part of it to bring life into the main axis of Marzahn
(Burgerpark and Promenade)
A hotel or of¿ce building standing in water can provide a striking

landmark for the area
BRIDGES AND BOARDWALKS
WESTERN PART OF THE LAKE AMPHITHEATRE ON THE LAKE

THE EXISTING SITUATION IDEA

RINGKOLONADEN
For the area around the ringkolonaden we have decided to undo

the plans to demolish three of the four buildings. Instead we de-
molish just one and use the space to create a little parks quare.
This parks quare will be an introduction into the park for people
walking by. We also add some commercial functions like one or
two cafés and a restaurant to attract people into the park area.
One of the remaining buildings we adjust by placing a large, very
attractive and visible extra construction on, so it is visible from
the park and people will be attracted.
The ringkolonaden area now will also be usable for temporary
events like season markets, summer festivals and for ice skating
in the winter.
Important factor in the reshaping the ringkolonaden was improv-

SOLUTION 1 SOLUTION2 ing the connection between the park and the east west axis
crossing the Kolonade. This axis is linked to the tram and s-bahn
stations, and therefore crucial for the connectivity of the area.
A VISUAL ACCENT FOR THE KOLONADEN

3$575('(6,*138%/,&63$&(*5((138%/,&63$&(6
COURTYARDS
The problem of the courtyards were as follows: it was an unde-

¿ned space, Àoating between public and private: semi-public. A
semi-public place is dif¿cult to understand for the users. Of¿cially
the space belongs to the inhabitant of the surrounded buildings,
but is also accessible for other people (outsiders). This can be
confusing which, in this case, resulted in a non- used, unstruc-
tured green space. Another problem was that the courtyard was
too big for one use . To make it work we have to bring some
structure into the courtyards by dividing it into private gardens
and a clear semi-public space. There was a lot of vegetation in
the old situation (sometimes very dense) which made it unclear
and unpleasant for use.
The created private gardens are made for the inhabitants of the
¿rst Àoor. The semi- public space is on another level, lower than
the gardens, so that a kind of arena is being created and also a
boundary (the path) that separates the private from the semi-
public. The semi- public space has a low density of vegetation,
mostly grass and some trees. In this way social control is possible
and parents can let there children play in the available play-
grounds without worrying.
COURTYARD WITH PRIVATE GARDENS AND PUBLIC ROADS COURTYARD-A SECTION COURTYARDS - PRIVATE AREA WITH WINTER GARDENS ETC.

EPILOGUE
Year 2030: Marzahn is one of the better known and popular

dwelling areas of Berlin. It offers some of the most scenic views
in the city, and during the last years it has gained a lot of atten-
tion, thanks to it’s spectacular restoration. In it’s main part it
has remained an affordable housing area, so it attracts a lot of
young people. In addition some better class housing has been
erected, and the lake-side apartments are a popular option for the
upper-middle class. The diverse offer of activities, especially the
picturesque, arti¿cial lake ,all situated in the greenery, brings a lot
of people from the neighbouring districts. This makes Marzahn a
really lively place, one that sets a new standard for the revitalisa-
tion of the ‘plattenbau’ areas in central and eastern Europe.
VISION OF DEVELOPMENT OF MARZAHN

AROUND THE CENTRAL GREEN AXIS- CON-
NECTIVITY OF THE GREEN AREAS SHOWN BY
ARROWS.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
MANIFEST OF THE INFORMAL So, as the research was proceeding, we created a model to
describe the appearance of informal activity in Marzahn, which is
To start from scratch, let’s make clear what aim had been de¿ned similar to the organism of a mushroom.
for the exploration of the public space: Actually, a mushroom is not the thing you see, while walking
The revitalization of the satellite city of Marzahn. through the forest. The actual organism grows in the soil, under
The public space got structured into 5 basic functional groups the surface and invisible. The so called mycelium then creates
of which every one of these, provides certain qualities for the fruit-bodies from time to time, which are the hints for its exist-
public space as a whole. For us, the “informal group”, this means ence.
that we ¿rst had to de¿ne the qualities, informal public space or
informal activities could produce. According to what was said about public space as a whole and
the qualities of informalities to be produced, we can conclude
First of all, it does break through monotony and de¿es conven- that it must be the goal to integrate the informal space into public,
tions, it can cause refreshing surprise, it has the power to create or - in other words - unify the parallel universes.
identity and, for sure is able to attract people.
Getting back to Marzahn and the analysis that was made, we For this purpose, we created a strategy to initiate a process that
came to the very basic conclusion that the informal space is not will help to activate Marzahn as an urban public space. With the
visible at ¿rst sight. Only hints were found that were evidence for analysis we pointed out the opportunities and the conditions.
its existence. The opportunities are the “mushrooms” we found, and additional
informal activity
ones we invented to give suggestions for creative space usage.

The conditions we found were the huge amounts of unused

space, especially the empty buildings. They could be the link be-
tween private and public or informal and formal. If it is possible to
convince the owners that a certain concept can work, they could
save their money for demolishing the buildings and reposition
them as future investments. On one hand there must be private
spaces for very cheap rents, on the other public spaces could be
integrated that can be seen as elevated activity spaces.
As you can see on the map, there are different locations of un-
used housing estates spread around the map, which is necessary
integrate the whole planning area. In the middle there are three
high rise buildings, of which one will work as a “lighthouse”. Not
in the very meaning of the word, but in a metaphorical manner.
If it is possible to ¿ll the house with lots of different types of us-
ages – informal, formal, private and public, it could transport the
“smell” of change to the general public.
public space
surface
informal space
empty buildings

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
TAKE OFF
Nonetheless, it is absolutely necessary to have a starting point or

- as we spoke about universes - a big bang. This Event will be the
“take off!” . It will be an exhibition event that is capable to gather
lots of publicity. Famous artists from all over the world could use
this chance to show their work under very special and spectacular
circumstances.
We want to integrate the whole planning area. So there will be
lots of exhibition spaces in different empty buildings and unused
open spaces over Marzahn. These will be connected by a path,
that works itself as an urban-landscape installation and lead the
visitors through the area.
Summarizing functional aspects of this exhibition route is the
initiator for the renewal process and ¿nally, it works as an image
campaign for the borough because it leads people from all around
the world into and through the “satellite”.
As reference we use the art work of Christo Vladimirov Javacheff
who made a route in Central park. All tourist and art lovers could
informal paths and spaces

follow the path and visit all places. At those places there are
exhibition areas where the subcultures can show their work. That
work can be any form like; art, ¿lm, photos, sports etc. The path
is also a connection between all places and makes it one network.
The path can also expend to every new place with the network.
The path can go anywhere, there is nothing that stops the path.
That’s why it can connect all exhibition areas and make one route
threw Marzahn. The path can go over buildings, under buildings,
threw buildings and around buildings. The path can also go enter
everywhere, if there is a gallery on the 3rd Àoor the path goes to
the 3rd Àoor. The distance between the area’s is around 500m and
are will be interactive things to do on the way.
3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
OPENING THE FACADES
In order to create liveliness in the public space of marzahn we

have created possibilities for informal usage of the empty build-
ings. This however will not be enough the empty buildings at the
moment have such closed facades that there would need to be
changes otherwise the functions that will grow inside will become
secret to the public and our goal is to improve the relation with
the public space. In order to do this we will open up the facades
this will create physical visual and acoustical relations to the
public space.
There will be possibilities to continue the path trough the building

allowing public space to intrude into the private atmosphere.
These empty buildings become public space in some parts and
remain private in other places.
These large buildings can also act as a great backdrop for con-
certs and you could place the canvas for a large open-air cinema
on the facade in the warmer months.
perspective section view

INTERACTIVE ART Another fountain has a similar function as the windows. When the
visitors inject their CDs in the slot, the fountains, installed in a row,
To make Marzahn more lively we want to create an art scene with start shooting in the air to the rhythm. As an impulse we want to
projects such as sculptures, fountains, paintings and many other install cubes to draw the kids away from the refurbished buildings.
things so that artist and inhabitants can express themselves. Artists and kids can use those cubes to paint and spray on these
To attract artists we need to create the right conditions to make public walls and by this they can show their art to all the visitors.
them feel welcome and to increase their creativity.
Eye-catching sculptures can be placed at an important spot like
Some facades can be transformed into a huge spouting fountain an intersection between the formal and an informal line. This
or it can be used as a giant equalizer. Both can be used interactive. sculpture can be glossy to reÀect the environment and the people
The pictures on the facades are able to change their appearance of Marzahn.
for instance from a person to a building.
The blinking windows show an equalizer. The visitors only have to

play their CDs and the lights of the windows start moving to the
Rhythm of the music.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
WATER AND ITS INFORMAL USE:
Water is very imported for the development of public space and

the (informal) use of it. We want to create more water in the area
to stimulate the use of public space.
It has special qualities that you can’t ¿nd in other areas and can be
used in several ways both formally and informally. But water itself
is also a very important peace of public space. It functions as a
landmark and a meeting point. It also provides a sense of security
because of the clear over view. One of the best things about a lake
is that it is also usable in every season.
THE INFORMAL USE OF WATER:
Water can be used for a variety of activities. Social activities can

be sports like swimming, ice skating, sailing and windsur¿ng.
Other social activities can be family trips, because a lake can be
used by al ages.
Water can also be used as a display of art. The water can be

mixed with art, examples can be a Àoating artwork or a continuing
line under water.

GETTING PUBLIC SPACE INTO EMPTY BUILDINGS
We want integrate public space inside the abandoned buildings

through a new informal network of paths. Having free spaces, one
of the characteristics of Marzahn is the countless informal paths
that have appeared spontaneously. Following this informal exist-
ing infrastructure, and in order to maintain this identity developed
by the inhabitants of the district of Marzahn, we apply the same
system to communicate with the empty buildings.
After the empty building were mapped, we created a series of in-

formal paths to communicate them. Each informal path will affect
certain characteristics that suit the different subcultures (children,
old people, nudist community, skaters, graf¿ti artist ....). Also,
each path will have an informal way to integrate within the build-
ing: creating small openings in the case of the path of children,
putting in ramps for skaters facades, and so on.
The basic idea is the concept of the movie “The wizard of Oz”
(1932) and the sentence “follow the yellow brick road”. Along the
route of the informal path people will ¿nd new experiences that
encourage them to enjoy the neighborhood of Marzahn in a man-
ner different from that experienced so far.
Informal path 1_ Jumping Puddles

Who? Children.....When? After the rain.....How? Making holes in
the formal paths and getting into the empty buildings opening lit-
tle doors in the facades according with the scale of the children
Informal path 2_ Watching life going by

Who? Old people.....When? Sunny days......How? Making a long
bank like an informal path and getting into the empty buildings
opening little windows in the facade and / or doing more balco-
nies

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(
SKATE-PARKS
Public spaces for people who like spending time in an active way
are very important for increasing the quality of life in housing area
such as Marzahn.
Ideas of our project consists of extending the existing base of

extreme sports and building new informal spaces with multifunc-
tional usages.
Ramps, rails, gaps and benches are forms of “small architecture”

which we would like to add into our project. However street furni-
ture is not enough. The most important are the users, people who
are going to identify themselves with these places.
For amateurs, beginners and visitors we would like to

organize parties, competitions and shows that are supposed to
improve image of extreme sports as a healthy and active way of
life.

LEISURE TIME
Marzahn seems to be an abandoned place where people do not

use the space in-between their houses. That is why we have
decided to propose how can they make their lives more colourful
and
interesting only by meeting other inhabitants.
One of the most prominent empty buildings within the area are
the tall high rise buildings. These are able to house the higher
income of people that could Àoc to Marzahn after the take-off.
These buildings give great view over the whole area of Marzahn.
On top of these apartments would be a great opportunity to
place restaurants where view is breathtaking.
What to think about a high-end club lighting up the night sky act-
ing as a “lighthouse” a bright shining expression for the Marzahn
district attracting visitors from all over the Berlin to enjoy this view
of Marzahn and the great cultural activities in the area.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)250$/38%/,&63$&(

Starting out as a big scale art project ten years ago , the city
district of Marzahn Berlin has become one of the most popular
places in Europe and even recently has been covered by a cnn
news report on artistic places of the World. It’s hard to relieve
that this city district was once under treat by the amount of empty
buildings and the moving out off inhabitants.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
Introduction, large scale analysis & general concept
Peter de Bois & Karen Buurmans (Delft University of Technology)
SPACE OUT OF PLACE
Marzahn lies on the outskirts of Berlin. It was designed as “calling

card” for the former DDR but had not even reached completion
when the Wall fell in 1989. The strong political connotation, the
dated spatial concept (both in terms of building typology and
infrastructure) and the fact that Germany in general is facing the
problem of dwindling population and henceforth “shrinking cities”
result in a difficult situation for Marzahn.
The vacancy percentage is huge and draws heavily on the

already excessive amount of public space. Current development
policy consists of renovating and transforming certain relatively
well qualified building blocks and simply demolishing others to
induce a certain pressure on the remaining supply. Using existing
structures is an important entry, especially with regard to the Marzahn and the central part of Berlin and henceforth consider
issue of image as total eradication would basically imply denying it an integral part of the Berlin Metropolis. After all, this is the
the sheer right of existence of the area as a whole, but there is no usual course of action when the problematic areas within a city
clear, coherent spatial concept as to which parts should be kept are concerned. However, in case of Marzahn and the general
and where blocks can be deleted. problematic of “shrinking cities”, still a rather unexplored
phenomenon, one could ask if not the opposite should be
In addition to that, there is no concept as to what to do with the attempted: growing settlements start from a central core, expand
extra space demolition will yield. Simply pruning ad random and eventually merge with other growing settlements. Shrinking
will only add to the already existing problem of too much settlements, especially when they lack identity of their own and
space without clear use and identity and struggling commercial are merely considered peripheral to the main city, could perhaps
programme. If Marzahn is to develop a certain level of self- try and focus more on concentrating in their own right. The
supporting quality than it will have to become embedded in the relatively recent formation of the district Marzahn – Hellersdorf is
cognitive structure of a wider population. in fact an important potential step into that direction.
Obviously, it is tempting to try and improve connections between

MARZAHN IN BERLIN
The area of Marzahn that is object of this study is clearly

recognisable in the whole of the district Marzahn – Hellersdorf.
Looking at the line typology it becomes clear that there is little
differentiation in line typologies. Basically, there are only two
types of lines:
(1) very short and local lines that disclose the (over)large building
blocks
(2) a couple of longer lines that connect Marzahn to its

surroundings.
Compared to the existing fabric of Hellersdorf for example this in

itself makes Marzahn an obvious exception within the district.

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
With regard to the longer external lines it is important to note
that the emphasis lies on the East-West connection to the centre
of Berlin. Herewith does Marzahn fit the general template of the
Berlin Metropolitan region.
Looking at the main infrastructure of the whole of Berlin it is
interesting to note that there is basically a fissure between the
North and the South part of the city. On this level of scale there is,
rather amazingly considering the not too distant past, no trace of
an East-West division. Main transit axes interconnecting districts
run East-West and this is, as already stated, also true for Marzahn.
Marzahn – Hellersdorf. Three-Step analysis clearly shows the

contrast between the embedment within the framework of Berlin
as a whole and the wide gaps in the local reach of Marzahn –
Hellersdorf.
It should be noted though that the East-West axes are few and MARZAHN - HELLERSDORF
incapable of severing the barrier posed by the road and rail
tracks running along the West border of the area. They only serve When the network is analysed zoomed in one level, the dominant
Marzahn on a higher level of scale and do little on the level of direction of connection is North-South. Looking at the structure
the district itself. Even though the connection with Berlin centre of these North-South lines a clear pattern can be distinguished
and the embedment within the Metropolitan fabric appears to with a regular mesh width. Embroidering from this pattern and
be relatively fine, the industrial zone West of the infrastructure implementing it throughout the Marzahn – Hellersdorf district by
barrier prevents true interaction. In addition, the Wühl river inserting some minor missing links may be the first step towards
East of the study area also poses a barrier within the district more coherence on the level of the district. The existing North-


3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
South lines actually already do interrelate the more local district
level, but again the Wühl river in the East and the infrastructure
barrier in the West prevent the system from penetrating much
further into Hellersdorf. It is on this again East-West level of scale
that most major interventions will have to be realised in order
to create the coherence needed for a more balanced-functioning
urban frame in Marzahn.
CONCEPT
Main conclusion is that some levels of scale are missing in Mar-

zahn itself and the district of Marzahn - Hellersdorf as a whole The
following sequence of drawings sketch the consecutive levels of
scale, emphasising the internal logic, orientation, of each separate
level.
Consequently implementing this structure throughout the whole

district is vital to the building of an urban frame that is more bal-
anced and will facilitate more bottom-up self-generating develop-
ment than the currently existing top-down and serially planned
system does.
Primary interventions consist mainly of detecting and mending

some vital missing links in the existing structure. (re)linking cur-
rently unconnected streets and lines will change their role and
signi¿cance within the system as a whole and programme


3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
will follow. Obviously, on a lower level of scale redesign and
repro¿ling of these streets and areas to make them ¿t and
recognisable as to their changed position are important design
assignments.
On the level of scale of the district as a whole (and the study

area in particular) the rede¿ned structure will provide the anchor
points for concentrating (re)development, whether it concerns
preservation and/or transformation of existing building blocks or
demolition, eradication. No more randomness and a boost for
bottom-up investment.
Three-Step analysis of the renewed situation shows that a much
larger part of Hellersdorf is actually reached. This is mainly estab-
lished by mending and activating sub-local East-West connec-
tions. The central landscape area of the Wühl river will, instead of
remaining a ¿ssure, turn into the central focal point and quality of
the whole district.
For the study area in Marzahn itself the proposed interventions in
the network mean a stronger connection with the industrial site
West of the infrastructure barrier, providing the building blocks
bordering that barrier with the potential to also develop into more
industrial types of use and/or perhaps issues like (art)ateliers or
workplaces.
The currently North-South oriented park area will be more ¿rmly

linked to the surrounding fabric by several (new and intensi¿ed
existing) East-West axes with the potential to create a green cor-
ridor all the way from the industrial zone to the Wühl river area.
The main North-South axis central in the area will develop into
the socioeconomic backbone. Along this axis which interconnects
all important cross-axes as well as the historical core of Marzahn
and the green corridor general intensi¿cation of (sub)urban dwell-
ing could take place., feeding the cross-axes and the programme
already situated there.


3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
3-step analysis
By doing a 3-step analysis of the frame with the new roads includ-
ed, we can compare the connectivity with the existing situation.
In order to make an appropriate evaluation, we will again take the
surrounding boarders as the starting point.
These maps show a better connectivity with the surrounding

area and the roads are continuing behind the edge of the drawn
map. The pedestrian zones are now hardly crossed by roads, and
then only by domestic ones. Even though this cuts down some
connections (in particular the direct connection with the southern
border) the overall connectivity of the area has increased.
3 STEP STRATEGY: EAST BOUNDING ROAD (NEW) 3 STEP STRATEGY: WEST AND SOUTH BOUNDING ROADS (NEW) 3 STEP STRATEGY: ALL IN (NEW)

Levels
LEVELS
Current roads: New roads:
Starting from the highest scale, we divided the typology of the 1 Removed
roads into several levels. In the ¿rst analysis of the existing situa- 2 2
tion we discovered that long lines (highway-level) and very short 3 3
lines (small roads around the building blocks) are dominant in

4 4
the area. Connecting lines should be represented by roads on a

5 5
6 6
medium scale; in between the mentioned ones.
In order to connect Marzahn with the surrounding area and to

complete the internal frame, we strategically merged existing
roads. The former gap between local and provincial roads will be
closed by introducing roads of an intermediate level.
The maps show the current situation (grey) and the additional
roads (red). To avoid useless circling roads and to decrease the
density of inner roads, we also removed some parts (red dotted).
In order to create domestic roads that are connecting instead of
dividing the area, we decreased the amount of direct connections
with the high level roads.
The result is a frame that is represented in all levels of scale. The

lines are longer and the recreational and commercial areas are
reachable by more domestic roads. This provides a better relation
between the inner parts of Marzahn from the view of a pedestrian,
more clear and straightened network for cars (inside and outside)
and a direct connection to the surrounding areas.
NEW ROADS ON 2TH LEVEL NEW ROADS ON 3TH LEVEL

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
LEVELS
Current roads: New roads:
1 Removed
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
NEW ROADS ON 4TH LEVEL NEW ROADS ON 5TH LEVEL

Our attempt was to make a multifunctional core of Marzahn con-

nected with important places of surrounding areas. Clear routes
of de¿ned public spaces strengthen the perception of the area.
Axis selection:
1. formal - from East Gate to the northern Marzahn,
through Leisure Centre and Ringkolonaden, parallel to the tram
route and a new road next to it; we connect all the areas of Mar-
zahn on a North- South axis,
2. touristic - from East Gate to the commercial centre of
Hellersdorf, through the old centre of Marzahn, Chinese Gardens
and the old part of Hellersdorf
3. informal- pedestrian, from East Gate to Ringkolonaden,
through Leisure Centre
4. East- West- pedestrian, connecting smaller squares and
commercial buildings, also crossing the Ringkolonadens’ square,
5. North- South- connecting the sport area with East Gate
and northern Marzahn
6. Connection to a future Business Park- on the west side
of Marzahn
Images of the main public spaces:
1. East Gate- lowered surface of the square; we achieve
more enclosed, human space,
2. Leisure Centre- heart of Marzahns’ Salamander; formal
space with its raised building, transparent in the ground Àoor,
with an outside terrace. Very important position- here cross all the
main axis (1.formal, 2.touristic, 3.informal)
3. Ringkolonaden- informal; space for artists, appropri-
ate for events like concerts, festivals and a street market twice a
week, temporary installations, cheap low- scale housing,
4. Sport area- proposal of a shallow lake used for ice-
skating in winter and skateboarding in warmer seasons,
5. Local squares- on an East- West axis; by less important
commercial buildings, on a pedestrian and bike path connected
to the centre of Hellersdorf ROADS AND SQUARES NEW SITUATION NEW BUILDING BLOCKS

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
IMPRESSIONS NEW USE OF PUBLIC SPACE IMPRESSIONS NEW USE OF PUBLIC SPACE

IMPRESSIONS NEW USE OF PUBLIC SPACE

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
Domestic streets
One of the goals in this project is to get Hellersdorf closer to

Marzahn. The fusion between these two districts is made possible
by infrastructure. A better interaction between the two previous
mentioned districts can be achieved by realising infrastructure on
the right scale level, also mentioned as “layer”.
An effective connection can be found in the infrastructure on

the mid layer (s.a. layer 3 or 4).The current situation in marzahn
doesn’t provide suf¿cient infrastructure on this level. One of
the objectives of this concept is to provide the region with this
infrastructure.
Another objective is to make these streets attractive for outsiders

as well the inhabitants of marzahn. This concept states that the
roads in question must function as an attraction. The roads are
linked to various well reachable facilities.
The street that is described in this analysis starts in the city dis-
trict Marzahn and leads through Hellersdorf joining the different
areas. Also remarkable is the fact that the street has a connection
to various public transport systems.
The Marzahn part of this important piece of infrastructure is

subject of drastic modi¿cations. modi¿cations are necessary for
several reasons. our main arguments for modi¿cation are:
Recognisability. Identity-places in which people will like to meet

Connectivity. Virtual and physical accessibility.
Interactivity of uses and users. Working with diversity of functions
that densify in certain points making the public domain a fact.
SITUATION ROAD OF SUBJECT IN RELATION TO MARZAHN

SITUATION ROAD AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO MARZAHN

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
SITUATION ROAD AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO MARZAHN

SECTION Concept Block structure
The illustration below shows an important section of the im- By comparing city structures and functions all over the world one
proved road. important is the move of the parking facilities. Cars certain rule appeared to us.
are no longer parked alongside the street. The with of the street Cities were built on the BLOCK-STRUCTURE.
itself is reduced as well. there is more room for social activities. Through thousands of years of city planning the theme of private
another improvement is the reduction of the mental border. The and public space, closed and open rooms played the most impor-
area left and right of the street are no longer divided into two tant role in planning.
separate islands. The block gains structure and uniqueness through his different
vertical orientated houses. It is always accessible from different
spots and organized effectively inside trough the yard.
Therefore we created a “block plan” for in Marzahn.
Beside of the plan we de¿ned a density map of the blocks.

1rst the infrastructure inÀuence :
The street hierarchy where the block is connected to plays an
important role towards its density.
2nd aspect is the inÀuence of objects in the range of the block:
The more important the inÀuence / the more inÀuences the block
has, the denser the block has to be.
At last we made four design studies for the possible block in
the district. They can be inserted in all possible block structures
because they only show us the variations we can have in the
existing structure. The density of the blocks can be adjusted in all
the design versions.
Conclusion
The block structure-concept could be used as the main changing

method in Marzahn. Missing structure, identi¿cation, navigation,
diversity and connectivity can gained back. It might not be the
overall solution, but the ¿rst step back to a human urban city.
SECTION NEW STREET PROFILE

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
BLOCK DESIGN EXISTING STRUCTURES BLOCK INTENSITY STREET HERACHIE BLOCK INTENSITY BUSINESS GREEN LEISURE BLOCK INTENSITY
GIVEN SITUATION CLOSED BLOCK | PRIVATE SPACE
ABOVE: ANALYSIS BLOCK STRUCTURES- DESIGN AND INTENSITY UN-

DER: EXISTING BUILDING BLOCK AND NEW PRIVATE BUILDING BLOCK

EXISTING STRUCTURE
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
CLOSING STRUCTURE
FILLING STRUCTURE
DENSITY: 60% DENSITY: 62% DENSITY: 45

DENSITY: 79.8%
DIVIDING STRUCTURE LONDON - CITY FLORENCE VIENNA BARCELONA
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5 km x 0.5 km
VERTICAL STRUCTURE
LINKING STRUCTURE
“BUNGALOW” STRUCTURE
DENSITY: 71.9% DENSITY: 73% DENSITY: 65.6% DENSITY: 57
MADRID BOLOGNA AMSTERDAM NEW YORK LOWER MANHATTAN
0.5 km x 0.5 km
0.5
120 m x 100 m
0.5 km x 0.5 km
.5 km x 0.5 km
EXISTING STRUCTURE
CLOSING STRUCTURE
DENSITY: 39% DENSITY: 50% DENSITY: 43% DENSITY:
BERLIN - WILMERSDORF BERLIN - MITTE BERLIN - FRIEDRICHSHAIN BERLIN - TYPICAL BLOCK
FILLING STRUCTURE
0.5
0.5 km x 0.5 km
115 m x 160 m
150m x 125 m
DIVIDING STRUCTURE
5 km x 0.5 km
VERTICAL STRUCTURE
LINKING STRUCTURE
DENSITY: 12,78% DENSITY:
SITY: 12
12,78%
BERLIN - MARZAHN BERLIN - MARZAHN
“BUNGALOW” STRUCTURE DENSITY: 14% | FSI: 1 20 |
ANALYSIS BLOCK STRUCTURES MARZAHN BERLIN AND OTHER CITES REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 222
3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
CLOSED BLOCK | INFORMAL SEMI - PUBLIC PROGRAM OPEN BLOCK | URBAN VILLAS + INFORMAL SPACE
CLOSED BLOCK | PRIVATE SPACE TOTAL REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING PROGRAM | URBAN LINK
RENEWED BLOCK STRUCTURES

Treating the Mehrower Allee has to follow two objectives. One is Consequent use of this kind of parking allows to erase great
reducing the tremendous scale of the existing street pro¿le, as it amount of the surface parking areas and use the leftovers spaces
is visible in the section ( ), towards the human scale. On the other for the needed restructuring activities. We can achieve leading
hand we aim to increase the signi¿cation of Mehrower Allee as the road on the south side of the existing pro¿le to save the more
connection between the future Business Park on the west part sunny north side for the future uses living, small sized commer-
of S-Bahn tracks and Hellersdorf on the east part of Marzahn. cial and business use, gastronomy and an extension of the park.
We form thereby one of the new required East- West connection
on a district layer as the results of the analysis. Due to its traf¿c From West to East there will be the two main building types. First
signi¿cance the road will have 20 m width within two driving and are townhouses in south- northern rows over basements for
one parking track in both directions, plus minimum 5 m foot walk smaller local business use in the ¿rst block and small shops or
and bicycle row. According to its name, Mehrower Allee will be gastronomic use in the second one. The park is extended west-
formed as an alley with trees running along both sides- from the wards into the street, its limit is marked by a climbing wall with
Business Park until its destination “Helle Mitte”- the Hellersdorf a restaurant in the ground Àoor. In the east part there are several Existing Buildings
center. The existing scale of the Mehrower Allee street pro¿le city villas shaped as a four and ¿ve Àoor buildings, keeping the Parking Inside Housings
stretches from 80 to 130 m wide and 18 to 33 m high. The subjec- reduced axes of the street. The remaining parking areas get open Aditioinal Buildings
tive feelings transmitted in such a street is plain and emptiness. stripes between the parking rows with trees planted, which will Tree Covered Parkings
Leading the road tracks at one side of the street pro¿le and ¿lling cover them completely in some years.
the rest with new buildings or using it in another way is an obvi-
ous solution to raise the density of the street. MAP OF THE RENEWED ROAD
Main problem that appears rapidly is the huge amount of parking

space. It is due to the three objectives obtained in the existing
construction. At ¿rst, parking close to the housing, secondly,
parking towards the streets- interior parts of the blocks kept
green, and ¿nally, visible open parking space in order to avoid
frightening feelings of closed park decks.
Nearly the whole surface in between the houses is used by street

or parking zones. Researches at night time have shown that just
nearly three quarter of the parking surface is needed.
A solution for the problem as well as for the vacancy problem of
the housing buildings is in installing car elevators inside the build-
ings, making the inhabitants bring their cars even closer to bed as
they already do. NEW SECTION

3$575('(6,*1,1*38%/,&63$&(,1)5$6758&785(
concept: radical option
single family housing / existing
high rise existing
A radical version to the concept is developed as well. It can be possible areas to be densified
helpful to approach a design the other way round. An effective commercial
design can be made by developing an extreme concept and 1st class roads
2nd class roads
reducing the concessions to executable and useful inputs. This is
IN
3rd class roads
ERL
4th class roads
FB
S
useful in order to collect our possibilities and design options. This
TO
train line / s-bahn
S
OU
so called radical option interprets the analysis somewhat differ-
pedestrians
tram line
ent. The ¿nal result of this radical concept is shown on this page. T tram stop
BU
The main changes in the plan are summarized below:
SSIN
S train stop ES
PAR
K
- 35% of the existing buildings are being demolished.

- New roads & connections are going to be realized in east-west SHOP
T
direction / Hellersdorf-Marzhan- Business Park/ T
- New commercial promenade is located closer to the main s- S
bahn station / track>business. S
- Existing structure is to be designed and adjusted where needed

- New structure is added in order to create a higher density.
HELLE
RSDO
- Historical part of Marzahn to be connected with the main struc-

ture T
- The structure of the blocks is going to be adjusted to the main T
grid
UTH
To provide better space of living in Marzahn, it’s necessary to cre-
-SO
BERLIN
ate high quality public spaces and S
S
T
high standard housing. There is really strong „bad image” of T
existing type of housing, which needs to be replaced by TRE
CEN
modern friendly architecture. The connection between Hellersdorf BER
LIN
Marzahn and proposed business park could

put Marzahn in the heart of the regional area. Commercial func-
tions should be more close to the main communication line,
/s-bahn line & main road to the city centre/ Whole structure
should be more clear to give inhabitants clear readable space.
EXISTING SITUATION WITHOUT DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

S PART 6. (RE)DESIGNING PUBLIC SPACE
single family housing / existing
high rise existing
possible areas to be densified
commercial
1st class roads

2nd class roads
3rd class roads
4th class roads
train line / s-bahn

pedestrians
tram line T
T tram stop
S train stop S
S
T
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
A. van der Veen, B.J. van den Bosch, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, D. Heimeriks, S. van der Sande, E. Oort, F. van der Veek, S. Commandeur, M. Bonnike (TU-Delft)
PREFACE
An implementation of the results has been made after ¿nishing

the workshop by the students from the TU Delft and it is part of
an extensive evaluation. The aim of this implementation is to
show the resemblances and contradictions between the several
designs. The RGBG method has been used to visualize the inte-
grated strategy for the Marzahn region.
The RGBG method uses the colors Red, Green, Blue and Grey
for giving an abstract view on the interventions on respectively
the commercial, green, water and infrastructual elements in the
designs. The colors purple and orange were added to represent
formal and informal interventions.
After the designs were abstracted in their principles, the different

themes and thereby colors have been put together which resulted
in an integrated map for the interventions concerning commer-
cial, green, water, infrastructure, formal and informal elements.
All these different maps have been combined with each other to
look for resemblances and contradictions within the proposed
interventions.
OVERLAY OF THE ANALYSIS OVERLAY OF THE DESIGNS
The ¿rst part of this implementation aims at giving a clear under-
standing about the impact and relevance of the different interven-
tions. The conclusions from this analysis have been translated
into nine steps of intervention which can be seen as a strategic
plan for Marzahn in order to function properly again. Public Water / Commercial Public Space /
leisure, recreation & nature retail, shopping, private investment
Infrastructure Public Space / Informal Public Space/

(pedestrian) & gathering spontaneous & temporal activities
Green Public Space/ Official Public Space/

green, leisure, recreation & nature public services and facilities, formal

PART 7. IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTIONS
COMBINED INTERVENTIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE AND GREEN - RESEMBLANCES

Local recreational roads are provided with green strokes,
contributing to the domestic character.
Improved connection and accessibility of the Park established
by roads alongside and through the green area.
Downgrading of the Raoul Strasse will strengthen the green
connection between the Leisure centre and the Park.
The west wing of the park is in both maps an important area
of development.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND GREEN - CONTRADICTIONS

Infrastructure concentrates on the long lines alongside and
through the park, while green is more speci¿ed on the short
lines from and into the park.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMERCIAL - RESEMBLANCES

Straight north-south orientated axis, connecting East Gate to
the central and northern commercial areas.
S-Bahn and commercial activities strengthen each other.
The location of important infrastructural crossings is related
INFRASTRUCTURE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMERCIAL to commercial hot spots. The success of commerce depends
on the accessibility. Infrastructure and commercial complete
each other.
The north-south roads are more like transport lines, while the
east- west lines are local, commercial lines.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMERCIAL - CONTRADICTIONS

The ‘new’ Leisure centre and the north-south axis strug-
gle with each other. At this point choices have to be made
together.

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
A. van der Veen, B.J. van den Bosch, S. Pieterse, L. Capota, D. Heimeriks, S. van der Sande, E. Oort, F. van der Veek, S. Commandeur, M. Bonnike
INFRASTRUCTURE AND FORMAL - RESEMBLANCES

Infrastructure is being developed or placed, accommodating
and connecting the formal intensi¿cation areas.
Infrastructural landmarks are situated near the formal intensi-
¿cation areas.
The infrastructure within the park wing area connects this
formal area to the rest of the neighbourhood.
Clear infrastructural development is placed around the formal
development centre at the Ringkolonnaden. This indicates the
importance of this area. The infrastructure accommodates the
activity of this formal centre.
A formal psychological connection between the historical
town centre and the former leisure centre is realized. A new
infrastructural route is connecting these two areas.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND FORMAL - CONTRADICTIONS

The infrastructure along the northern axis is both being up-
graded and downsized. This is a clear conÀict considering its
destination.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFORMAL - RESEMBLANCES

Both designs are connecting important public spaces.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND FORMAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFORMAL
The important areas of the informal group are closely located
to main roads.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND INFORMAL - CONTRADICTIONS

The informal routes are inconstant of form and crossing ev-
erything, as well as important roads.
The infrastructural network connects in a direct way, where
the informal route takes a detour.
Infrastructure is more orientated on the west part of the proj-
ect area, where informal also takes a tour to the east.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER - RESEMBLANCES

Small canals spread out from the straight north-south axis to
several lakes.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER - CONTRADICTIONS

The central lake is positioned in the middle of the straight
north-south axis.
GREEN AND COMMERCIAL - RESEMBLANCES

Development lines in the north-south direction.
In the east-west direction, new ‘lines of activity’ are introduced. In
the middle the new parkwing is positioned and in the north and
south of the park commercial streets are introduced and intensi-
¿ed.
In the north-south directions the ‘lines of communication’ are in-
tensi¿ed, both for green, next to the park, as well as for commer-
cial; this connects different commercial areas. The urban structure
of the area becomes clearer because of these resemblances.
Involving the east-side residential areas to the more developed
west area. New connections are made, so the commercial east-
INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER GREEN AND COMMERCIAL west axis can be developed further and the park can be connected
to the ‘green belt’ on a larger scale.
Commercial activities are placed close to the so-called green
question mark areas. This will increase the use of these zones.
Commerce near and in the park, to improve the use of green, and
vice versa; green is introduced between the East gate and the
leisure centre to upgrade the promenade
GREEN AND COMMERCIAL - CONTRADICTIONS

Green lines and commercial lines are strictly separated.

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
COMBINED INTERVENTIONS GREEN AND FORMAL - RESEMBLANCES
Both green and formal psychological connections between the East
gate and the Leisure centre area. These can strengthen each other.
A green landmark is placed near the formal square at the Leisure
centre area, marking its relevance and stimulating the activity of the
area. Green connections to the park and the East gate connect the
formal square with rest of the Marzahn neighbourhood.
At the park wing, both formal and green intensi¿cation areas are
situated. This can be seen as a contradiction in a physical way, but
the functions can be overlapping and strengthening each other.
Green connections, physical and psychological, have been designed
at the formal intensi¿cation area situated at the Ringkolonnaden
area. These connections can be seen as useful additions to the
formal area, connecting it to the Burgerpark and other parts of the
Marzahn neighborhood.
A green physical route, psychological and physical, is designed.
These routes run from the East gate, alongside the Burgerpark to
the Ringkolonnaden area, connecting thus strengthening the formal
development centers situated on this route.
Formal areas and green connections are designed to involve and
connect the areas surrounding the focus area, imposed by the
salamander concept.
GREEN AND FOFMAL GREEN AND WATER
GREEN AND WATER - CONTRADICTIONS
The highest concentration of water is situated in the park. Green
and water combined can reinforce each other and provide for a
pleasant residential and recreational zone.
The network of water gives the green of the park and the rest of
the area a clear identity.
GREEN AND WATER - CONTRADICTIONS

On the west side a network of small lakes in the courtyards
is created. At the exact same positions, people get their own pri-
vate gardens. This will give a conÀict, but can also be a chance;
private gardens near a small lake connected to a network of
231 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007 water.
Within the park wing area new commercial and formal build-
ings/sites have been designed, physically overlapping each
other. The spatial interpretation of this area can be conÀict-
ing; however the functions can be seen as complementary.
The commercial route connecting the East gate and park
wing connects commercial and formal intensi¿cation areas.
It connects these areas to each other and to the rest of the
Marzahn region, hence strengthening them.
Formal squares with commercial buildings have been de-
signed throughout the neighborhood, strengthening each
others functioning. These developments bring activity into
the Marzahn regions which are not directly involved in the
salamander concept.
The commercial public transport route on the northern axis
connects formal/commercial areas to each other. This route is
a crucial addition to these areas.
Commercial functions at the Ringkolonnaden can be seen as
addition to the formal functions designed at this place. They
can coexist while strengthening each others functioning.
COMMERCIAL AND FORMAL COMMERCIAL AND FORMAL - CONTRADICTIONS FORMAL AND WATER
A formal square is designed at the leisure center area, remov-
COMMERCIAL AND FORMAL - RESEMBLANCES ing the leisure center. However, this leisure center is also FORMAL AND WATER - RESEMBLANCES
Overlapping commercial and formal intensification areas being indicated as a clear commercial building. A choice will At the park wing area as well as the Ringkolonnaden area
can be seen as a contradiction as well as an addition to have to be made considering this issue. the design of water and formal functions are spatially con-
each other, depending on the final implementation of the A market square is being designed on the northern axis with tradicting. Their functions however can strengthen each
design. commercial activity situated at its borders. The mall designed other.
A formal psychological connection is designed between at the middle of this formal square is conÀicting, because the
the leisure centre and East gate. This connection has been mall and the square can’t coexist.
physically designed as a commercial route. The formal No direct contractions
The commercial and formal landmarks at the Ringkolonnaden
and commercial can be seen as a synergy, strengthening
each other. area can be contradicting in a spatial matter, while their func-
tion has the ability to work together in a positive way.

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
COMMERCIAL AND BLUE - CONTRADICTIONS

The commercial areas are established on places where a lot
of people pass, while the most of the water areas are in the
spaces between the buildings to improve the environment of
the unde¿ned green spaces.
In the north of Marzahn the commercial shops are not
established near the waterfront, as they are in the park.
The commercial shops prefer to establish near the tram
and the metro stations.
COMMERCIAL AND INFORMAL - RESEMBLANCES

The commercial development route between the East gate
and the shopping mall near the Ringkolonnaden, connects
also some informal areas. The informal paths oscillate around
the commercial route.
COMMERCIAL AND INFORMAL - CONTRADICTIONS

Due to the method of mapping, the commercial layer is on
top of the informal layer. However the commercial shops es-
tablish only on the ¿rst ground Àoor, while informal activities
COMMERCIAL AND BLUE can take place in the rest of the building and in front of the COMMERCIAL AND INFORMAL
building. This counts for the high-rise buildings in the appen-
dix of the Burgerpark, and for the Ringkolonnaden.
COMMERCIAL AND BLUE - RESEMBLANCES The commercial areas are concentrated in the centre of
A few ponds are in the commercial areas. These ponds Marzahn, while most of the informal areas are spread all over
make the environment of the commercial areas pleasant.
the design area.
The water is also more respected, because more visitors
pass. They strengthen each other. The commercial group reserved spots in front of the metro
A lot of the shops are established around the lake. stations as areas where informal commercial can take place.
Because this water creates recreation, the commercial The informal group neglected these spots, because they only
shops can profit of that. paid attention to the empty areas.

INFORMAL AND GREEN - CONTRADICTIONS

In the most important green areas of Marzahn (the Burger-
park and its appendix), the green areas and the informal
areas hardly overlap. This is due to the fact that the informal
design is based on empty buildings and spaces.
One of the buildings at the Ringkolonnaden has been de-
molished by the green theme for extending the park, where
as the informal theme wanted to use this building as an
informal spot.
INFORMAL AND FORMAL - RESEMBLANCES

The formal and the informal areas hardly overlap. Informal
uses the areas that are not taken by the other themes, so it
is reasonable that formal and informal hardly overlap each
other.
The informal path crosses the formal areas occasionally,
which corresponds to the informal strategy.
The formal areas ¿nd themselves to a large extent in the
west side of Marzahn, while the informal areas are mostly
found in the east.
INFORMAL AND GREEN INFORMAL AND FORMAL
INFORMAL AND FORMAL - CONTRADICTIONS
The formal group wants to demolish the buildings at the
INFORMAL AND GREEN - RESEMBLANCES
Ringkolonnaden. The informal group however sees high po-
The informal and the green group as well, took account of
tential in those buildings for informal activities to take place
the spaces in between the buildings, the so called ‘ court-
and want to keep them.
yards’. Especially in the east side of the design area, where
the other themes are absent.
The green can be divided into formal and informal green.
The formal green is the Burgerpark and its appendix, and the
courtyards are the more informal green. This resemblances
the informal theme, who placed the most of their informal
areas out of the formal green area.

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
INFORMAL AND WATER - CONTRADICTIONS

Like many of the other themes the water is located on
the west side of the design area, whereas informal uses
both the east and west side of the area.
At the Ringkolonnaden a building is demolished to cre-
ate a water body this building is used in the informal
design as a hot spot for informal activities.
INFORMAL AND BLUE OVERLAY OF ALL INTERVENTIONS
INFORMAL AND WATER - RESEMBLANCES CONCLUSIONS

The water element in the design invites people to use this The overlay of the designs results in this overall map. This map
water in an informal manner. All kinds of unplanned interaction shows the strategic points in the area. The public spaces with
with the water can occur. This creates a new informal area. the most hits are important development areas. The conclusions
The water bodies have been connected with a physical watery drawn from the analysis of combined interventions have been
path; the informal bodies are also connected by a different translated into nine steps of interventions. With these interven-
path than the traditional infrastructure. tions, public space in Marzahn will function more properly then it
Where there is an overlap the themes can enhance each other does nowadays.
especially because the water stimulates informal use.
ALL THE INTERVENTION LAYERS PROJECTED
The nine steps of intervention are drawn on the next pages.

NINE STEPS OF INTERVENTIONS
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
The transit lines within the overall design de¿ne the primary Transit lines alone will create barriers between the neighborhood. The next thing these transit lines need are destinations “strategic
orientation of the Marzahn district. This will improve the ability to In order to ¿nd a connection with these neighborhoods the public anchor points”. In the case of Marzahn three of these points can
read the area. domain surrounding these lines should be improved. This will be identi¿ed namely The ringkolonnaden, the leisure centre and
increase the quality of these lines and provide a good quality for the East gate.
further developments along its borders.

3$57(;3/25,1*7+(38%/,&&,7<,03/(0(17$7,21
NINE STEPS OF INTERVENTION
By connecting the two transit lines perpendicularly a new By extending these lines and connecting them with the existing Now that this urban frame is improved a need arises to create
orientation is created. This line is of a lower infrastructure scale. It urban frame outside of the design area a larger service area / different zones with different characters and a clear identity
forms a strong connection with the urban tissue. inÀuence zone is created. The connectivity via the 3-step method for the formal public spaces. This step introduces identity and
is improved. recognizability on a smaller scale. And therefor a better orientation
within the whole area.

NINE STEPS OF INTERVENTION
The introduction of water also adds to the identity of an area, It The Burgerpark and its appendix with its different functions In order for a city area to function on all scales, there has to be
also provides another orientation tool on the smaller scale. An shows the identity of Marzahn on a regional scale. It should be the opportunity for informal activities to take place and occupy
additional bonus to the introduction of water is the fact that the treated as a city park. spaces. These functions have the possibility to take place in the
people will start to use it informally adding to the liveliness of the urban voids creating liveliness wherever it is located.
area.

PART 8.1 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS;COMMERCIAL PUBLIC SPACE
Alena van der Veen, (DUT) lenos2386@hotmail.com Bert Jan van den Bosch (DUT) boschjesman@hotmail.com Carolina Vivancos Orts (UoA) superchini@hotmail.com
Gaja Bieniasz (CUT) gajja84@yahoo.com Gregory Namberger (TFH) gn@muskauer.de César Nieto (UoA) cesarblaucel@hotmail.com
Joanna Balog (CUT) ballu1@wp.pl Julius Biervliet (HoA) jcbiervliet@hotmail.com Annett Pietrzak (TFH) ap_art@web.de
Luis Navarro Jover (UoA) luisnajo@hotmail.com Merit Anthonisse (HoA) merit@dds.nl
Agnieszka Wojcik aga_vv@wp.pl Wojciech Wicher wwarch@wicher.com.pl

PART 8.2 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS;INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC SPACE
Agnieszka Wielgosz (CUT) agnieszka_wielgosz@yahoo.ie Sera¿n SZYSZKA (CUT) ¿ni@op.pl Max Wittkopp (TFH) maxwittkopp@web.de
Jürgen Braig (TFH) juergenbraig@gmx.net Nguyen Duc (TFH) duc.n@arcor.de Gertjan Vlaar (HoA) gertjan.vlaar@hva.nl
Marjolijn Bonnike (DUT) Marjolijn15@hotmail.com Vanesa Sanchez Garcia (UoA) wan-sg@hotmail.com Niels Westmeijer (HoA) niels.westmeijer@quicknet.nl
Carolina Gomez Perez (UoA) carolina_oriol@hotmail.com Saskia Commandeur the_sandman66@hotmail.com
Ir. P.G. (Peter) de Bois P.G.deBois@tudelft.nl Ir. K.A. (Karen) Buurmans K.A,Buurmans@tudelft.nl
PART 8.3 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS; FORMAL PUBLIC SPACE
Agata Bogacz (CUT) agata_bogacz@op.pl Rafael Garcia Sacristan (UoA) eeh_tu@hotmail.com Lars Capota (DUT) lcapota@hotmail.com
Gema Saorin Marin ( UoA ) gemasaorin@hotmail.com Kasper Kramer (HoA) special-k@hotmail.com Carolina Narciso Linares (UoA) carola898@hotmail.com
Björn Kaminski (TFH) tfh@bjoern-kaminski.de Seckin Yücel (TFH) seckin_yuecel@web.de Izabela Hajdasz (CUT) irishiza@hotmail.com
Stef Pieterse (DUT) mail@stefpieterse.nl Tom Hartmann (HoA) Tomhartmanns@gmail.com
Glass, Gisela glass@benderglass.de Thomas Michael Krüger t.m.krueger@ticket-b.de Holger Kühnel kuehnel@k-k-architekten.de
PART 8.4 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS;INFORMAL PUBLIC SPACE
Eline Oort (DUT) elineatcom@hotmail com Bartlomiej Popiela (CUT) poparte@op.pl Friederike Hoffmann ( TFH) abisac@gmx.net
Benjamin Schüssel (TFH) benjamin.schuessel@pickaboo.de Arne Lijbers (HoA / TFH) arne.lijbers@hva.nl Eva Pérez Fons (UoA) evapfons@hotmail.com
Fabian Maurer (TFH) maurerfabian@gmail.com Marta Kulczycka (CUT) martacoolczycka@o2.pl Jorn Schol (HoA) jornschol@hotmail.com
Pedro Gomez-Martinez (UoA) peterfantasy@hotmail.com Frank van der Veek ( DUT) frankvanderveekgmail.com
Anneke Treffers at@burostaat.nl Flip Lambalk p.j.lambalk@hva.nl Marc Köhler M.Koehler@tudelft.nl

PART 8.5 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS; GREEN PUBLIC SPACE
Carolina Coves Piqueres (UoA) krol_cp@hotmail.com Daniëlle Heimeriks (DUT) d.f.m.heimeriks@student.tudelft.nl Felix Marquardt (TFH) felix@felixmarquardt.de
Didem Ebru Sari (TFH) didem-ebru.sari@gmx.de Ana María Esclapez Boix (UoA) anamaria482@hotmail.com Jörn Karlstedt (TFH) jkarlstedt@web.de
Katarzyna Koper (CUT) katarzynakoper@interia.pl Maciej Jagielak (CUT) trzaskacz@interia.pl Regina Koszel (CUT) rregginna@wp.pl
Steven van der Sande (DUT) Steven21noot@hotmail.com Thomas Pronk (HoA) thomas.pronk@hva.nl
Antonio Galiano Garrigós antonio.galiano@ua.es Pablo Martí Ciriquián pablo.marti@ua.es

PART 9. WORKSHOP IMRESSIONS.....................................................................................




THANK YOU EVERYBODY FOR THE FOTOS YOU.VE GIVEN, HOPE YOU ENJOY..............................................FELIX AND SECKIN

Exploring The Public City Berlin

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Exploring The Public City Berlin

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

A L I C A N T E

EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY

Part 4. Preparatory Student Work | Participants

Part 5. Exploring Marzahn, Mapping Public Space | Participants

Part 6. Interventions In Nowa Huta, (Re)Designing The Public Domain | Participants

1 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

Acknowledgments In alphabetical order:

Technische Fachhochschule Berlin Heinz Tibbe, Urban Planer, Gruppe Planwerk

Technische Universiteit Delft

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 2

The study area is Berlin-Marzahn, located in the eastern part of

Built as an alternative to the 19th century town, Marzahn was the

The urban development of Marzahn is the legacy of the principles

Based on the fact of migration out of Marzahn, the danger of

3 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

In 1989 were 170.000 inhabitants in Marzahn, today there are

The changes in society, which were triggered by the fall of the

A new concept for the transformation of the whole area, which

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 4

5 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

11.00 – Lecture: Arch. Marc Day 9 13.11.07 Aula Kurfürstenstraße

Phase 3.3 Developing design strategies phase 4

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 6

7 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

Buurmans and Peter de Bois can be regarded an integrating 1 2 2

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 8

9 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 10

Two extremely different approaches to reconstructing the city

The western philosophy of reconstruction stood in opposition to

11 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

During this period, low-cost housing in high-rise estates was the

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 12

Meanwhile, new industrial means for producing prefabricated

Following German reuni¿cation in 1989, politicians and town

13 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 14

The Cognitive Map and the spatial ritual

On behalf of an exposition themed “Cartography in Amsterdam

Polak and Jeroen Kee initiated the project “Amsterdam RealTime”.

parks, but of the motions and routes of the participants. [¿gure 1]

The summation of those individual movements results in a

routines charges areas with collective signi¿cance. It shows how

Fig. 1. Amsterdam Real Time, diary in traces [1] ĺ

Fig. 2.1. to 2.4. Several individual traces [1] ĺĺ Sanne

15 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

It is of the utmost importance to understand in what way the

Key to Symbols 8 The Cognitive Map and Urban Frame

railway Every movement through the Frame of the city is registered

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 16

When the Three-Step analysis method is applied to the living area

Apart from a great many personally signi¿cant destinations

(in)advertant rise of so-called “gated communities”.

17 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 18

19 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

day society cannot be captured any more in simple terms of

ĸ Fig. 5.1 & 5.2 Relationship between position of retail, block

Partly due to the withdrawal of governmental control, planning

REANIMATING THE SATELLITE CITY 20

21 EXPLORING THE PUBLIC CITY 2007

adapt to the new situation and will undergo a functional- spatial