Combined Convection and Radiation PDF

PRODUCT AND TEACHING
MANUAL
HT14
COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION
HT14
ISSUE 6
MARCH 2005
THIS INSTRUCTION MANUAL SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION

WITH THE PRODUCT MANUAL SUPPLIED WITH THE HT10X 'HEAT
TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT' OR THE HT10CX COMPUTER COMPATIBLE
HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT
ARMFIELD LIMITED
HT14
1
INTRODUCTION
1-1
DESCRIPTION
2-1
2.1
Overview
2.2
Baseplate
2.3
Heated Cylinder
2.4
Heating Element
2.5
Cylindrical Duct
2.6
Anemometer
2.7
Fan
2.8
Throttle Plate
2.9
Thermocouple T9
2.10 Thermocouple T10
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-7
3-1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4
Setting the Heater Voltage

Measuring the Power to the Heater
Measuring the Temperatures
Setting the Air Velocity
Measuring the Air Velocity
Connections to the I/O Data Port (HT10X Only)
Connections to the USB Port (HT10XC Only)
Using a Chart Recorder (Optional, HT10X Only)
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
4-1
LABORATORY TEACHING EXERCISES
5-1
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6
Nomenclature
Table of Physical Properties for Air at Atmospheric Pressure
Exercise A: Combined Heat Transfer under Natural Convection
Exercise B: Dominant Heat Transfer Coefficient
Exercise C: Effect of Forced Convection on Heat Transfer
Exercise D: Variation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient
Exercise E: Project Work
APPENDIX A: INSTALLATION GUIDE
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-11
5-17
5-24
5-29
1
HT15
HT11
armfield
HT12
HT10X HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT
MAINS
VOLTAGE CONTROL
/O
PORT
V/A/W/m /Lux/M/sec/L/min
2
MANUAL
Ua
Fw
REMOTE
INSTRUMENTATION
TEMPERATURE C
T11
T12
T1
T7
T6
T2
T10
T3
T9
ZERO
0V
T1
Ua
T4
T8
Fw
T5
TEMPERATURE OUTPUT 10mV/C (6V MAX)
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
0V
HT10X
HT16
HT14
HT13
HT17
INTRODUCTION
The Armfield 'Combined Convection and Radiation' accessory HT14 has been
designed to demonstrate heat transfer from a solid surface to its surroundings. A hot
surface loses heat (heat is transferred) to its surroundings by the combined modes of
convection and radiation. In practice these modes are difficult to isolate and therefore
an analysis of the combined effects at varying surface temperature and air velocity
past the surface provides a meaningful teaching exercise. The heated surface studied
is a horizontal cylinder which can be operated in free convection or forced convection
when located in the stream of moving air. Measurement of the surface temperature of
the uniformly heated cylinder and the electrical power supplied to it allows the
combined effects of radiation and convection to be compared with theoretical values.
The dominance of convection at lower surface temperatures and the dominance of
radiation at higher surface temperatures can be demonstrated as can the increase in
heat transfer due to forced convection.
1-1
2
2.1
DESCRIPTION
Front view of HT14
10
11
T10
12
13
T9
14
15
3
16
17
2-1
2.2
Plan View of HT14
18
15
17
16
2-2
2.3
Schematic diagram of HT14 combined convection and radiation
T10
= 90
T10
Ua
Heated zone
Ua
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate
2-3
2.4
HT10X Console Diagrams
armfield
MAINS

2
V/A/W /m /Lux/M/sec/L/min
VOLTAGE CONTROL
MANUAL
L
Ua
/O
PORT
Fw
REMOTE
TEMPERATURE C
INSTRUMENTATION
T12
T1
T11
T2
T10
T3
T9
ZERO
Ua
T4
T8
Fw
T5
T7
T6
0V
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
0V
OUTPUT 1
A.C. ~ 4A MAX
O/P 3
X
OUTPUT 2
A.C. ~ 1A MAX
R.C.C.B
O/P 1
MAINS INPUT
A.C.~
O/P 2
OUTPUT 3
24V D.C. 10A MAX
2-4
2.5
HT10XC Console Diagrams
P
G
Z
N
Q
2-5
Refer to the drawings on pages 2-1 to 2-5.

2.6 Overview
The 'Combined Convection and Radiation' accessory comprises a centrifugal fan (15)
with a vertical outlet duct (4 and 6) at the top of which is mounted a heated,
horizontal cylinder (7). The mounting arrangement for the cylinder is designed to
minimise loss of heat by conduction to the wall of the duct allowing the combined
effects of convection (free or forced) and radiation to be measured. A thermocouple
attached to the wall of the heated cylinder provides a measurement of the surface
temperature from which heat transfer calculations can be performed.
2.7 Baseplate
The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplate (1) which stands on the bench top
alongside the HT10X/HT10XC.
2.8 Heated Cylinder
The heated cylinder (7) has an outside diameter of 10 mm, a heated length of 70 mm
and is internally heated throughout its length by an electric heating element which is
operated at low voltage for increased operator safety. The surface of the cylinder is
coated with heat resistant paint which provides a consistent emissivity close to unity.
The heated cylinder is mounted in such a way that the body can be rotated to allow
the position of the thermocouple to be varied and the temperature distribution around
the surface of the cylinder to be determined. An insulated cover allows the hot
cylinder to be rotated and a locking screw (9) allows any position to be retained. The
position of the thermocouple on the heated cylinder is indicated by a dot on the end of
the insulated cover. An index mark (10) on the side of the boss shows the datum
position for the thermocouple.
The maximum surface temperature of the cylinder is in excess of 600C when
operated in free convection at full heater power. However, to preserve the life of the
heating element the maximum temperature should be limited to 500C in normal use.
The heated cylinder is mounted horizontally at the top of a cylindrical duct which is
attached to the outlet of a centrifugal fan. The inside diameter of the duct is 70 mm.
2.9 Heating Element

The heating element is rated to produce 100 Watts nominally at 24 VDC into the
cylinder. The power supplied to the element (and hence the heated cylinder) can be
varied and measured on the HT10X/HT10XC. The electrical connections to the
cylinder incorporate temperature resistant insulation with plug connection (11) to the
variable 24 Volt DC supply socket marked OUTPUT 3 on HT10X, or OUTPUT 2 on
HT10XC.
2.10 Cylindrical Duct
The cylindrical duct is fabricated in two parts (4 and 6) with a rotating vane type
anemometer (5) mounted between the two sections to allow the velocity of the air
approaching the heated cylinder to be measured.
2-6
A guard (8) covering the outlet from the vertical duct prevents inadvertent contact
with the heated cylinder or the hot wall of the duct when the accessory is in use or
cooling down following operation.
2.11 Anemometer
The lead from the anemometer (13) connects directly to the socket marked Ua on the
HT10X to provide readings of air velocity directly in units of metres/sec. The
operating range of the anemometer is 0 - 10 metres/sec.
2.12 Fan
The centrifugal fan (15) is mounted at the base of the cylindrical duct (4). In normal
operation the maximum air velocity is approximately 8 metres/sec when the fan is
operated from a 50 Hz electrical supply (-A version). A thermal switch (2) protects
the fan against overcurrent, in the event of a fault condition, and allows the fan to be
switched off for free convection demonstrations.
2.13 Throttle Plate
A variable throttle plate (17) at the inlet to the fan allows the velocity of the air
through the outlet duct to be varied by adjusting the screw (16) at the centre of the
front of the plate. The centrifugal fan is mains operated and obtains its supply from a
mains outlet (OUTPUT 1) at the rear of the service unit. The connecting lead (18) is
connected to this socket on the HT10X/HT10XC.
Thermocouple T9 is fitted in the wall of the duct, upstream of the anemometer to
measure the temperature of the air upstream of the heated cylinder. This
thermocouple is fitted with a miniature plug (14) for direct connection to the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit. The resolution of the temperature reading is 0.1C.
Thermocouple T10 is attached to the wall of the heated cylinder to indicate the
surface temperature of the cylinder mid way along the cylinder. This type K
thermocouple is fitted with a standard plug (12) for direct connection to the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit. The resolution of the temperature reading is 1C.
2-7
2-8
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
Refer to the diagrams on pages

Refer to the Connection to Installation Guide (Appendix A) for details of connections
between the HT14/HT10X/HT10XC and HT10X/HT10XC to the mains electrical
supply.
3.1
Setting the Heater Voltage
When operating the equipment manually, using the front panel controls, ensure that
the selector switch (B) is set to the MANUAL position. This allows the voltage
supplied to the heater to be adjusted using the multi-turn potentiometer (C) marked
HEATER VOLTAGE.
The selector switch is only set to the REMOTE position if the voltage is to be
controlled from an external signal via the 50 way I/O Port connector (F).
The range of the output voltage is continuously adjustable from 0 Volts to 24 Volts
DC using the multi-turn potentiometer. Ensure that the clamp on the side of the knob
is released before turning the knob.
Note: The voltage to the heater should not be set to maximum when operating the
cylinder in natural convection (no air flow). To preserve the life of the heating
element the voltage should be limited to ensure that the surface temperature of
the cylinder (T10) does not exceed 500C.
3.2 Measuring the Power to the Heater
While adjusting the heater voltage the actual voltage supplied to the heater can be
monitored by setting the top measurement selector switch (E) to position V. The
reading is displayed directly in Volts on the top panel meter (D).
The current drawn by the heater in the accessory can be monitored by setting the top
measurement selector switch (E) to position I. The reading is displayed directly in
Amps on the top panel meter (D).
As the electrical supply to the heater is Direct Current the power supplied to the
heater is simply obtained from the product of the Voltage and Current, ie.
Heater Power Q = Voltage V x Current I
eg.
If V = 15.0 Volts and I = 2.00 Amps then Q = 2 x 15 = 30.0 Watts
Note: To allow operation to the elevated temperatures necessary for the

demonstrations it is not practicable to protect the heated cylinder with a
thermostat. It is therefore important to supervise the accessory when it is
operated.
3-1
Under no circumstances should the heater be operated with the top of the duct
covered.
If temperature T10 is within the normal range of temperature but the display
shows no current when voltage is applied to the heating element check the
following:
Check that the thermal breaker O/P3 (R) at the rear of the service unit
is latched pressed in).
Check that the heater lead (11) on the HT14 is connected to the socket
marked O/P3 (S) at the rear of the service unit.
3.3 Measuring the Temperatures
To monitor either of the two thermocouples T9 or T10 installed on the HT14 simply
set the temperature selector switch (G) to the required position and read the
corresponding value on the lower panel meter.
Temperature T9 is indicated with a resolution of one decimal place.
Temperature T10 is indicated with a resolution of no decimal places.
3.4 Setting the Air Velocity
When the fan is running the flow of air and therefore the velocity of the air through
the outlet duct can be reduced by moving the throttle plate towards the fan inlet. The
adjusting screw (16) should be turned anti-clockwise to reduce the air velocity.
3.5 Measuring the Air Velocity
To monitor the air velocity set the top measurement selector switch (23) to position
Ua. The reading is displayed on the top panel meter directly in units of metres/sec
with a resolution of 0.1 m/s.
3-2
3.6
Connections to the I/O Data Port (HT10X Only)
To allow access to the measurement signals in applications other than when using an
Armfield IFD5, the connections to the 50 way connector (F) are listed below for
information:PIN NO
CHANNEL NO
Analog Inputs (0-5 V dc):

1
Ch 0 signal
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15-21
Ch 0 return
Ch 1 signal
Ch 1 return
Ch 2 signal
Ch 2 return
Ch 3 signal
Ch 3 return
Ch 4 signal
Ch 4 return
Ch 5 signal
Ch 5 return
Ch 6 signal
Ch 6 return
Not used
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc):

22
DAC0 signal
23
24-25
SIGNAL FUNCTION
Temperatures T9 and T10 via analog switch
Temperature T9 (0 - 200C)
Temperature T10 (0 - 600C)
Note: T1-8 and T11-12 not used with HT14
Voltage V (0 - 24 Volts DC)
Current to heater I (0 - 10 Amps)
Not used with HT14
Not used with HT14
Velocity of air Ua (0 - 10 m/s)
Not used with HT14
Voltage output V (Remote operation of 0 - 24

Volts)
DAC0 ground
Not used
Digital Inputs ( 0/5 V dc):

26-37)
Not used
Digital Outputs (0/5 V dc):
38
Ch 0
39
Ch 1
40
Ch 2
41
Ch 3
42
Digital ground
43
Ch 4
44-46
Not used
47
Digital ground
48-50
Not used
Analog switch
Analog switch
Analog switch
Analog switch
Inhibit analog switch
3-3
3.7
Connections to the USB Port (HT10XC Only)
The HT11/HT11C includes Windows-compatible software for full remote

operation of the equipment and data logging of all output signals. However, users
may prefer to write their own software for control and data logging, and for the
convenience of those wishing to do so, Armfield has provided additional USB drivers
allowing operation of the equipment via the USB socket on the HT10XC console.
The relevant channel numbers for the HT11 are as follows:
CHANNEL NO
SIGNAL FUNCTION
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket):

Ch 0 signal
Temperatures T1 to T8 via analog switch
Temperatures T1 - T8 (0 - 133C)
Note: Temperatures T9 - T10 not used
Ch 0 return
Ch 1 signal
Not used on HT11
Ch 1 return
Ch 2 signal
Current to heater I (0 - 10 Amps)
Ch 2 return
Ch 3 signal
Not used on HT11
Ch 3 return
Ch 4 signal
Not used on HT11
Ch 4 return
Ch 5 signal
Not used on HT11
Ch 5 return
Ch 6 signal
Flowrate Fw (0 - 1.5 l/min)- only available with SFT2
Ch 6 return
Not used
Analog Inputs (0-5 V dc input to socket):
DAC0 signal
Voltage output V (Remote operation of 0-24 Volts)
DAC0 ground
Not used
Digital Outputs ( 0-5 V dc):
Not used
Digital Inputs (0-5 V dc):
Ch 0
Analog switch
Ch 1
Analog switch
Ch 2
Analog switch
Ch 3
Analog switch
Digital ground
Ch 4
Inhibit analog switch
Not used
Digital ground
Not used
3-4
3.8 Using a Chart Recorder (Optional, HT10X Only)

A chart recorder provides a means of monitoring the transient changes when
adjustments are made to the accessory and assists in deciding when the readings have
stabilised.
Each of the temperature measurements is available as a voltage signal suitable for
connection to a suitable chart recorder. The signals are accessible via a row of banana
sockets (I) at the bottom of the service unit front panel.
Each thermocouple is conditioned to produce an output signal of 10 mV per C. For
example the Voltage output is 1.0 V dc at 100C.
The signal is obtained by connecting the chart recorder between the appropriate red
channel socket, e.g. T10 and the black 0V common connection (H).
3-5
3-6
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular servicing/maintenance of the equipment is
the responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.
In addition to regular maintenance the following notes should be observed:1.
The HT10X service unit should be disconnected from the electrical supply
when not in use.
2.
The HT14 accessory should be disconnected from the service unit when not in
use.
3.
The HT14 accessory should be covered to prevent build up of dust on the heat
transfer surface when not in use. The cylindrical rod should not be cleaned to
avoid damage to the black heat transfer coating.
Any cover MUST be removed before connecting the HT14 to the HT10X
service unit. If the heated cylinder is powered with the outlet of the duct
covered then the equipment will be damaged and the cover could catch fire.
4-1
LABORATORY TEACHING EXERCISES
Nomenclature
5-2
5-3
Exercise A: Determination of the Combined Heat Transfer from a Horizontal

Cylinder in Natural Convection
5-4
Exercise B: Comparison of Heat Transfer by Radiation and by Convection and

Investigation of the Dominance of the Respective Heat Transfer Coefficients
5-11
Exercise C: Effect of Forced Convection on Heat Transfer at Varying Air Velocities

and Surface Temperatures
5-17
Exercise D: Variation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient around a Cylinder under

Forced Convection
5-24
Exercise D: Project Work
5-29
5-1
5.1
Nomenclature
Name
Voltage to heated cylinder
Current to heated cylinder
Power supplied to heated cylinder
Diameter of heated cylinder
Heated length of cylinder
Heat transfer area
Air velocity in duct (free stream velocity)
Corrected air velocity (due to blockage)
Heat loss due to natural convection
Heat loss due to forced convection
Heat loss due to radiation
Total heat loss from cylinder
Heat transfer coefficient for natural
convection
Heat transfer coefficient for forced
convection
Heat transfer coefficient for radiation
Stefan Boltzmann constant
Emmisivity of cylinder
Area factor (geometric factor)
Dynamic viscosity of air
Thermal conductivity of air
Reynolds number (local)
Nusselt number (local)
Prandtl number
Angular position of thermocouple
(measured from the stagnation point)
Surface temperature of heated cylinder
Surface temperature of heated cylinder
Temperature of ambient air/surroundings
Temperature of ambient air/surroundings
Film temperature of air
Subscripts:
d
m
f
Symbol
V
I
Qin
D
L
As
Ua
Uc
Qc
Qf
Qr
Qtot
Hc
SI unit
V
A
W
m
m
m2
ms-1
ms-1
W
W
W
W
Wm-2K-1
Hf
Wm-2K-1
Hr
(= 56.7 x 10-9)
k
Re
Nu
Pr
Wm-2K-1
Wm-2k-4
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
m2s-1
Wm-1K-1
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Dimensionless
Degrees
T10
Ts (=T10 + 273)
T9
Ta (=T9 + 273)
Tfilm
C
K
C
K
K
diameter
mean (average)
film
5-2
5.2

Tfilm
(K)
(m2s-1)
k
(Wm-1K-1)
Pr
(Dimensionless)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
1.684 x10-5
2.076 x10-5
2.590 x10-5
3.171 x10-5
3.790 x10-5
4.434 x10-5
5.134 x10-5
0.02624
0.03003
0.03365
0.03707
0.04038
0.04360
0.04659
0.708
0.697
0.689
0.683
0.680
0.680
0.680
5-3
HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION
5.3
Exercise A: Combined Heat Transfer under Natural Convection
Objective
To determine the combined heat transfer (Qradiation + Qconvection) from a
horizontal cylinder in natural convection over a wide range of power inputs
and corresponding surface temperatures.
To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature
in free convection.
Method
By measuring the temperature on the surface of a horizontal cylinder
subjected to heat loss by radiation and natural convection in combination then
comparing the results obtained with those obtained from a theoretical analysis
Equipment Required
HT14 Combined Convection and Radiation Accessory
HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit
or
HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit
Optional Equipment
Chart recorder with voltage input (1V = 100C)
or
PC running Windows 98 or later
Equipment Set Up
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that the equipment has been
prepared as follows:Locate the HT14 Combined Convection and Radiation accessory alongside
the HT10X/HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench.
Ensure that the horizontal cylinder is located at the top of the metal duct with
the thermocouple located on the side of the cylinder (the cylinder can be
rotated by releasing the thumb screw on the top of the mounting arrangement.
Ensure that the thumb screw is securely tightened after adjustment).
Connect the thermocouple attached to the heated cylinder to socket T10 on the
front of the service unit.
Connect the thermocouple located in the vertical duct to socket T9 on the
service unit.
Open the throttle plate at the front of the fan to allow air to enter the fan
casing but do not connect the mains lead from the fan to the socket on the
5-4
service unit (the fan will not be used for this exercise). Turn the adjusting
knob anticlockwise to open the throttle plate.
T10
T10
= 90
Ua = 0
Heated zone
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate
Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise)

and the selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the
heated cylinder on HT14 to the socket marked O/P 3 (HT10X) or OUTPUT 2
(HT10XC) at the rear of the service unit.
Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.
Theory/Background
If a surface, at a temperature above that of its surroundings, is located in
stationary air at the same temperature as the surroundings then heat will be
transferred from the surface to the air and surroundings. This transfer of heat
will be a combination of natural convection to the air (air heated by contact
with the surface becomes less dense and rises) and radiation to the
surroundings. A horizontal cylinder is used in this exercise to provide a
simple shape from which the heat transfer can be calculated.
Note: Heat loss due to conduction is minimised by the design of the
equipment and measurements mid way along the heated section of the
cylinder can be assumed to be unaffected by conduction at the ends of the
cylinder. Heat loss by conduction would normally be included in the analysis
of a real application.
5-5
In the case of natural (free) convection the Nusselt number Nu depends on the
Grashof and Prandtl numbers and the heat transfer correlation can be
expressed in the form:
Nu = f(Gr, Pr) and the Rayleigh number Ra = (Gr Pr)
The following theoretical analysis uses an empirical relationship for the heat
transfer due to natural convection proposed by VT Morgan in the paper "The
Overall Convective Heat Transfer from Smooth Circular Cylinders" published
in TF Irvine and JP Hartnett (eds.), Advances in Heat Transfer vol. 16,
Academic, New York, 1975, pp 199-269.
If
Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder

D = Diameter of cylinder
L = Heated length of cylinder
Ta = Ambient temperature of air
(K)
(m)
(m)
(K)
Heat transfer area (surface area)
As = (DL)
(m2)
Qc = Hcm As (Ts - Ta)
(W)
Qr = Hrm As (Ts - Ta)
(W)
Total heat loss from the cylinder
Qtot = Qc + Qr
(W)
The average heat transfer coefficient for radiation Hrm can be calculated using
the following relationship:
Hr m
(Ts
= F
Ta 4 )
(Ts Ta )
4
(Wm-2K-1)
where:
= Stefan Boltzmann constant = 56.7 x 10-9
= Emmisivity of surface
(Dimensionless)
F = 1 = View factor (Dimensionless)
(Wm-2K-4)
The average heat transfer coefficient for natural convection Hcm can be
calculated using the following relationship:
Tfilm =
=
(Ts + Ta )
2
1
Tfilm
GrD =
(K)
(K-1)
g(Ts Ta )D 3
2
5-6
RaD = (GrD Pr)
therefore:
g(Ts Ta )D 3
Ra D =
Pr
2
Num = c (RaD)n
table below:)
Hc m =
(kNu m )
D
(From Morgan, where c and n are obtained from the
(Wm-2K-1)
where:
Ra = Rayleigh number
Gr = Grashof number
Num = Nusselt number (average)
Pr = Prandtl number
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
= Volume expansion coefficient
= Dynamic viscosity of air
k = Thermal conductivity of air
(Dimensionless)
(Dimensionless)
(Dimensionless)
(Dimensionless)
(ms-2)
(K-1
(m2s-1)
(Wm-1K-1)
Note: k, Pr, and are physical properties of the air taken at the film
temperature Tfilm. (These may be obtained from the table in the HT14
Teaching Manual.)
The actual power supplied to the heated cylinder Qin = V I (W)
Table listing constant c and exponent n for natural convection on a horizontal
cylinder (Source - Morgan):
RaD
10-9 to 10-2
10-2 to 102
102 to 104
104 to 107
107 to 1012
c
0.675
1.02
0.850
0.480
0.125
n
0.058
0.148
0.188
0.250
0.333
Alternatively a simplified equation may be used to calculate the heat transfer

coefficient for free convection from the publication "Heat Transmission" WH
McAdams, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959
Hc m
Ts Ta
= 1.32
0.25
(Wm-2K-1)
The value for Hcm should be calculated using both the original and simplified
equations and the values compared.
5-7
Procedure
Refer to the Operational Procedures section on page 3-1 if you need details of
the instrumentation and how to operate it.
Switch on the front mains switch. (If the panel meters do not illuminate check
the RCD and any circuit breakers at the rear of the service unit; all switches at
the rear should be up.)
If operating manually, set the selector switch to MANUAL. If operating
remotely from a PC, set the selector switch to REMOTE and run the HT14 or
HT14C software (also used for the HT14 if using HT10XC).
Set the heater voltage to 5 volts:
If operating manually, adjust the voltage control potentiometer to give
a reading of 5 volts on the top panel meter with the selector switch set
to position V.
If operating remotely from a PC, use the heater control box on the
mimic diagram screen to adjust the percentage of full scale until the
Voltage display box reads 5V.
Allow the HT14 to stabilise. If operating manually, monitor the temperatures
using the lower selector switch/meter. If operating remotely, monitor the
temperatures on the software display screen.
When the temperatures are stable record the following. If operating the
accessory manually from the console then values must be noted down by hand
from the front panel display, using the selector switch to select each required
value in turn. If operating remotely from a PC, values may be recorded by
selecting the
icon:
T9, T10, V, I.
Set the Heater Voltage to 8 Volts using the same method as before.
Allow the HT14 to stabilise then repeat the above readings.
Set the Heater Voltage to 12 Volts.
5-8

Note: Do not set the heater voltage in excess of 20 Volts when operating the
cylinder in natural convection (no forced airflow). The life of the heating
element will be considerably reduced if operated at excessive temperature.
Results and Calculations
For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following headings:
Heater Voltage
Heater Current
Upstream air temperature
Surface temperature of cylinder
V
I
T9
T10
Volts
Amps
(C)
(C)
You should also estimate and record the experimental errors for these
measurements.
For this exercise the following constants are applicable:
Diameter of cylinder
Emissivity of surface
Stefan Boltzmann constant
D = 0.01
L = 0.07
= 0.95
= 56.7 x 10-9
(m)
(m)
(Wm-2k-4)
For each set of readings the derived results are tabulated under the following
headings:
Heat flow (Power to heater)
Heat transfer coefficient (natural convection)
Heat transfer coefficient (radiation)
Heat transferred by natural convection
Heat transferred by radiation
Total heat transferred
Qin
As
Hcm
Hrm
Qc
Qr
Qtot
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(Watts)
(m2)
(Wm-2K-1)
(Wm-2K-1)
(W)
(W)
(W)
Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your

calculated values for As, Hcm, Hrm, Qc, Qr, Qtot and Qin and measured values
for T9, T10, L and D.
Compare the theoretical values for Qtot with the measured values for Qin and
explain any differences in values.
Compare the calculated heat transferred due to Convection Qc and radiation
Qr
Compare the value for Hcm obtained using the simplified and full empirical
equations and comment on any difference.
5-9
Plot a graph of surface temperature T10 against power input Qin and observe
the relationship.
Observe that the heat transferred from the cylinder to the surroundings
increases with the difference between the surface temperature of the cylinder
and the temperature of the surroundings.
Conclusions
You have demonstrated how heat transfer from a heated surface to its
surroundings is a combination of heat loss due to natural convection and heat
loss due to radiation (the effect of conduction must also be included where
relevant) when the surface is located in stationary air.
For equilibrium, heat input to a surface must equal the heat transferred from
the surface to its surroundings. Since heat transfer from a surface increases
with difference in temperature between the surface and its surroundings,
increased heat input to a surface results in an increase in the temperature of
the surface.
The calculation of the heat transfer coefficient Hcm for natural convection
involves the use of empirical equations which are specifically related to heat
transfer from a horizontal cylinder. Empirical equations are available for other
classical shapes which will allow a theoretical analysis to be performed.
The effect of moving air (forced convection) will be investigated in exercise
HT14C.
Note: Exercise HT14B should be carried out on the completion of this
exercise.
5-10
5.4
Exercise B: Dominant Heat Transfer Coefficient
Objective
To compare the contribution of heat transfer by convection with heat transfer
by radiation and from the measurements to show the domination of the
convective heat transfer coefficient Hc at low surface temperatures and the
domination of the radiation heat transfer coefficient Hr at high surface
temperatures
Method
subjected to heat loss by radiation and natural convection in combination then
comparing the contribution by convection and radiation.
Note: If results are available from exercise HT14A then this exercise can be
completed using those results. Refer to the Theory section of this exercise
followed by the Results and Calculations. The following instructions apply if
results are not available:
Equipment Required
or
Optional Equipment
or
Equipment Set Up
the thermocouple located on the side of the cylinder. (The cylinder can be
Ensure that the thumb screw is securely tightened after adjustment.)
service unit.
5-11

T10
= 90
T10
Ua = 0
Heated zone
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate

Theory/Background
When a horizontal cylinder, with its surface at a temperature above that of its
surroundings, is located in stationary air then heat loss from the cylinder will
be a combination of natural convection to the air (air surrounding the cylinder
becomes less dense and rises when it is heated) and radiation to the
surroundings.
The following theoretical analysis uses an empirical relationship for the heat
transfer due to natural convection proposed by WH McAdams in the
publication "Heat Transmission", third edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1959.
Qtot = Qc + Qr where:
Qc = Hc As (Ts - Ta) and
5-12
Qr = Hr As (Ts - Ta)
As = ( d L)
The heat transfer coefficients Hcm and Hrm can be calculated using the
following relationships:
HC m = 1.32
Hr m = F
(Ts Ta )0.25
d
(Ts
(simplified empirical equation from McAdams)
Ta 4 )
(Ts Ta )
4
where:
= Stefan Boltzmann constant ( = 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4)
Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder (K)
Ta = Ambient temperature (K)
Actual power supplied to the heated cylinder Qin = V I (Watts)
Procedure
a reading of 5 volts on the top panel meter with the selector switch set
to position V.
5-13
selecting the
icon:
T9, T10, V, I.
Set the Heater Voltage to 8 Volts using the same method as before.
Note: Do not set the heater voltage in excess of 20 Volts when operating the
cylinder in natural convection (no forced airflow). The life of the heating
element will be considerably reduced if operated at excessive temperature.
Heater Voltage
Heater Current
V
I
T9
T10
Volts
Amps
(C)
(C)
measurements.
Diameter of cylinder
d = 0.01
L = 0.07
(m)
(m)
headings:
Qin
As
5-14
=
=
(Watts)
(m2)
Heat transfer coefficient (natural convection)

Heat transferred by natural convection
Heat transferred by radiation
Hcm
Hrm
Qc
Qr
Qtot
=
=
=
=
=
(Wm-2K-1)
(Wm-2K-1)
(W)
(W)
(W)

calculated values for As, Hcm, Hrm, Qc, Qr, Qtot and Qin and measured values
for T9, T10, L and D.
Compare the calculated heat transfer due to convection Qc with the calculated
heat transfer due to radiation Qr by plotting graphs of Hcm and Hrm against the
temperature of the surface Ts (= T10 +273).
Your graph should be similar to the diagram below:
Hc
Hr
Radiation
Convection
0
T10
Observe that at low surface temperatures (typically less than 230C) the heat
transfer coefficient Hcm due to natural convection is greater than the heat
transfer coefficient Hrm due to radiation. Conversely, at high surface
temperatures (typically greater than 230C) the heat transfer coefficient Hcm
due to natural convection is less than the heat transfer coefficient Hrm due to
radiation and as the temperatures exceeds 400C the effect of radiation
becomes dominant.
Conclusions
You have demonstrated how the contribution of natural convection and
radiation towards the heat loss from a hot surface varies with the temperature
difference between the hot surface and the ambient air/surroundings (the
effect of conduction must also be included where relevant). Convection is
5-15
more dominant when the temperature difference is small. radiation is more

dominant when the temperature difference is large.
The effect of moving air (forced convection) will be investigated in exercise
HT14C.
Note: Exercise HT14C should be carried out on the completion of this
exercise.
5-16
5.5
Exercise C: Effect of Forced Convection on Heat Transfer
Objective
To determine the effect of forced convection on heat transfer from the surface
of a cylinder at varying air velocities and surface temperatures.
To demonstrate the relationship between air velocity and surface temperature
for a cylinder subjected to forced convection.
Method
subjected to heat loss by radiation and forced convection in combination then
comparing the results with those obtained from a theoretical analysis.
Equipment Required
or
Optional Equipment
or
Equipment Set Up
the thermocouple located on the side of the cylinder (the cylinder can be
Ensure that the thumb screw is securely tightened after adjustment).
service unit.
Connect the mains lead from the fan (terminated at the connection box
alongside the fan) to the socket marked Output 1 at the rear of the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
Close the throttle plate at the front of the fan by turning the adjusting knob
clockwise.
5-17
T10
= 90
T10
Ua
Heated zone
Ua
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate
Connect the lead from the anemometer in the vertical duct to the socket
marked Ua on the front of the HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
Theory/Background
In free/natural convection the heat transfer rate from a surface is limited by
the small movements of air which are generated by changes in the density of
the air as the air is heated by the surface. In forced convection the air
movement can be greatly increased resulting in improved heat transfer rate
from a surface. Therefore a surface subjected to forced convection will have a
lower surface temperature than the same surface subjected to free convection,
for the same power input.
If a surface, at a temperature above that of its surroundings, is located in
moving air at the same temperature as the surroundings then heat will be
transferred from the surface to the air and the surroundings. This transfer of
heat will be a combination of forced convection to the air (heat is transferred
to the air passing the surface) and radiation to the surroundings. A horizontal
cylinder is used in this exercise to provide a simple shape from which the heat
transfer can be calculated.
5-18

Qtot = Qfm + Qrm where:
Heat loss due to forced convection
Qf = Hfm A (Ts - Ta) and
Qr = Hrm A (Ts - Ta)
Heat transfer area
A = ( D L)
The heat transfer coefficients Hfm due to forced convection and Hrm due to
radiation can be calculated using the following relationships:
Hr m = F
(Ts
Ta 4 )
(Ts Ta )
4
(Wm-2K-1)
where:
= Stefan Boltzmann constant ( = 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4)
Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder (K)
Ta = Ambient temperature (K)
Hf m =
k
Nu m
D
(Wm-2K-1)
where:
k = conductivity of the air
(Wm-1K-1)
D = diameter of the cylinder (m)
Num = Average Nusselt number
(Dimensionless)
An empirical formula can be used to calculate the value for Num as follows:
Nu m = 0.3 +
(0.62 Re
Pr 0.33 ) Re
1 +
0.25
0.4 0.66 282000
1 +
Pr
0.5
5-19
0.5
dimensionless
From SW Churchill and M Bernstein "A Correlating Equation for Forced

Convection from Gases and Liquids to a Circular cylinder in crossflow".
Journal of Heat Transfer, 99:300-306 (1977).
where Re = Reynolds number = Uc D /
(dimensionless)
Pr = Prandtl number for air (dimensionless)
Uc = Corrected air velocity
(m/s)
Corrected air velocity Uc = 1.22 Ua (m/s)
(The cylinder causes a blockage in the duct resulting in a local increase in the
air velocity.)
Values for k, and Pr depend on the temperature of the air and can be found
using the table included in the HT14 teaching manual.
Procedure
If operating using the console:
Set the upper selector switch on HT10X to position Ua to indicate the
air velocity in the duct.
If operating from a PC:
Monitor the air velocity on the software mimic diagram
Start the centrifugal fan by pressing the switch on the connection box.
Open the throttle plate on the front of the fan by rotating the knob at the centre
to give a reading of 0.5 m/s on the upper panel meter.
a reading of 20 volts on the top panel meter with the selector switch
set to position V.
5-20
selecting the
icon:
Ua, T9, T10, V, I.
Adjust the throttle plate to give a velocity of 1.0 m/s.
Repeat the above procedure changing the air velocity in steps of 1.0 m/s until
the air velocity is 7.0 m/s.
Heater Voltage
Heater Current
Air velocity in the duct
V
I
T9
T10
Ua
Volts
Amps
(C)
(C)
(m/s)
measurements.
Diameter of cylinder d = 0.01
Length of cylinder
L = 0.07
(m)
(m)
headings:
Qin
Heat transfer area
As
Corrected air velocity
Uc
Heat transfer coefficient (forced convection) Hfm
Hr m
Heat transfer by natural convection
Qf
5-21
=
=
=
=
=
=
(Watts)
(m2)
(m/s)
(Wm-2K-1)
(Wm-2K-1)
(W)
Heat transfer by radiation

Qr
Qtot
=
=
(W)
(W)

calculated values for Uc, As, Hfm, Hrm, Qf, Qr, Qtot and Qin and measured
values for Ua, T9, T10, L and x.
Compare the theoretical value obtained for Qtot with the measured value for
Qin and explain any difference in the two values.
Compare the calculated heat transfer due to forced convection Qf and
radiation Qr.
Plot a graph of surface temperature T10 against corrected air velocity Uc.
Your graph should be similar to the diagram below:
T10
Uc
Observe that the surface temperature of the cylinder reduces as the air velocity
increases for a fixed heat input Qin.
Observe that the surface temperature reduces more rapidly at low air
velocities and reduces more slowly at high air velocities.
Conclusions
You have demonstrated how the heat transfer from a heated surface to its
surroundings is a combination of forced convection and radiation (the effect
of conduction must also be included where relevant) when the surface is
located in a moving air steam.
For equilibrium, heat input to a surface must equal the heat transferred from
the surface to its surroundings. Since heat transfer from a surface increases
with the velocity of the air, increased air velocity past a surface results in a
decrease in the temperature of the surface.
5-22
The calculation of the heat transfer coefficient Hfm for forced convection
involves the use of empirical equations which are specifically related to heat
transfer from a horizontal cylinder. Empirical equations are available for other
classical shapes which will allow a theoretical analysis to be performed.
The effect of air velocity forced convection on surface temperature.
Note: Exercise HT14D should be carried out on the completion of this
exercise.
5-23
5.6
Exercise D: Variation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient
Objective
To demonstrate that the local heat transfer coefficient varies around the
circumference of a horizontal cylinder when subjected to forced convection.
Method
By subjecting a horizontal cylinder to constant conditions of forced
convection and radiation (constant power input) then rotating the cylinder to
measure the local differences in temperature over the surface of the cylinder
(positioning thermocouple T10 at different angular positions to produce a
temperature profile).
Equipment Required
or
Optional Equipment
or
Equipment Set Up
the thermocouple located on the underside of the cylinder - at the bottom of
the cylinder corresponding to the stagnation point on the cylinder, i.e. = 0
degrees (the cylinder can be rotated by releasing the thumb screw on the top
of the mounting arrangement. Ensure that the thumb screw is securely
tightened after adjustment).
service unit.
Connect the mains lead from the fan (terminated at the connection box
alongside the fan) to the socket marked Output 1 at the rear of the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
5-24
Close the throttle plate at the front of the fan by turning the adjusting knob
clockwise.
T10
Ua
T10
= 0
= 90
= 180
Heated zone
Ua
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate
Connect the lead from the anemometer in the vertical duct to the socket
marked Ua on the front of the HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
Theory/Background
The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate that the temperature profile
around the circumference of the cylinder is not constant, i.e. the heat transfer
coefficient varies according to the position on the surface of the cylinder. The
cylinder is rotated to present the thermocouple at different angular positions
and, after allowing the temperature profile of the cylinder to stabilise, the
temperature is recorded at each angular position.
Note: Due to the relatively small size of the cylinder, the mounting arrangement of
the thermocouple and the variable contact between the heating element and
the inside wall of the cylinder, it is not possible to obtained values which will
compare with classical results for variation of local heat transfer coefficient
around a circular cylinder. However, a variation in temperature can be shown.
5-25
Uc
Ua
Local Nusselt number Nux
500
400
300
Increasing
Velocity Ua
200
100
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Angle measured from the stagnation point, degrees

Procedure
Refer to the Operational Procedures in the HT14 teaching manual if you need
details of the instrumentation and how to operate it.
Switch on the front Mains switch (if the panel meters do not illuminate check
the RCD and circuit breakers at the rear of the service unit, all switches at the
rear should be up).
If operating using the console:
Set the upper selector switch on HT10X to position Ua to indicate the
air velocity in the duct.
If operating from a PC:
Monitor the air velocity on the software mimic diagram
Start the centrifugal fan by pressing the switch on the connection box.
Open the throttle plate on the front of the fan by rotating the knob at the centre
to give a reading of 1.0 m/s on the upper panel meter or software display.
5-26
selecting the
icon:
Position Ua, T9, T10, V, I.
Rotate the cylinder by 30 degrees.
Continue to rotate the cylinder in steps of 30 degrees until the thermocouple is
located on the top of the cylinder, i.e. = 180 degrees.
Adjust the throttle plate to give an air velocity of 5 m/s then repeat the above
procedure.
After taking readings set the Voltage Control to zero before switching off the
fan.
Heater Voltage
Heater Current
I
Air velocity in the duct
Angular position of thermocouple
V
(Volts)
(Amps)
Ua
(m/s)
T9
(C)
T10 (C)
(degrees)
measurements.
Plot graphs of surface temperature T10 versus angular position from the
stagnation point for each setting of the air velocity Ua.
Observe that the temperature varies over the surface of the cylinder. Since the
heat transfer coefficient is related to the surface temperature (demonstrated in
the previous exercises) the local heat transfer coefficient must vary over the
surface of the cylinder.
Conclusions
The heat transfer coefficient Hfm used in the calculation of heat transfer from a
surface is an average value for the surface. The local heat transfer coefficient
varies according to the location on the surface.
5-27
Note: Exercise HT14E should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
5-28
5.7
Exercise E: Project Work
PROJECT WORK
Designing a model to demonstrate heat transfer by combination of convection and
radiation to its surroundings
An interesting project for students who have completed the previous training
exercises is to build and test a heat transfer model of their own design.
The HT10X/HT10XC service unit provides the necessary power supplies and
instrumentation to operate such a model. Provided that the model is constructed with
the following principles it can be connected directly to the HT10X/HT10XC service
unit for evaluation:
The heater must operate from a 24 VDC electrical supply at a maximum current of 9
Amps (216 Watts maximum). The size of the model must be restricted to allow a
sufficiently high surface temperature to be achieved with this power input. The heater
should be arranged to provide uniform heating over the entire surface of the model.
A model to demonstrate free convection combined with radiation is to be
recommended as the model can be simply located on the bench and not involve
modifications to the centrifugal fan/duct on the HT14.
If it is required to build a model to demonstrate forced convection with radiation then
the model should include a simple extension to the top of the existing duct. The
existing heated cylinder should be removed to prevent disturbance to the air flow.
Alternatively, an independent source of moving air could be provided.
Any heated model will become extremely hot in operation and must be adequately
protected to prevent injury without impeding the convection and radiation of heat
from the surface of the model.
The thermocouples must be type K and terminated with a miniature thermocouple
plug where temperatures are less than 200C or a standard thermocouple plug where
temperatures will exceed 200C (maximum operating temperature 600C). To provide
a reliable measurement of the surface temperature, the thermocouple must be attached
rigidly to the surface or buried just beneath the surface in a hole or a trough. A
mineral insulated thermocouple is recommended as the thermocouple must remain
isolated from the metalwork of the heater. The thermocouple used to measure the
surface temperature of the model should be located at the centre of the surface to
minimise edge effects.
Typical projects might include:
Combined natural convection and radiation from flat plates:
Horizontal - heated surface facing upwards
Horizontal - heated surface facing downwards
Vertical
5-29
Effect of rod cross section:

Solid cylindrical rods of the same material but different diameters. The
rod should be heated internally along its entire length.
Effect of shape:
Solid surfaces having different shapes of cross section, eg. rectangular
section, square section. The section should be heated internally along
its entire length.
Where appropriate, any of the exercises HT14A, HT14B, HT14C or HT14D might be
applied to the project model constructed by the student.
5-30
APPENDIX A: INSTALLATION GUIDE
The HT14 heat transfer accessory is designed for use with the HT10X Heat
Transfer Service Unit or the HT10XC Computer Compatible Service Unit.
This installation guide assumes that the HT10X or HT10XC service unit to be
used with the HT14 accessory has already been installed as described in the
product manual supplied with the service unit.
Appendix A-1
10
11
T10
12
13
T9
14
15
3
16
17
Appendix A-2
18
15
17
Appendix A-3
16
T10
= 90
T10
Ua
Heated zone
Ua
Anemometer
T9
Throttle plate
Appendix A-4
armfield
MAINS

2
V/A/W /m /Lux/M/sec/L/min
VOLTAGE CONTROL
MANUAL
L
Ua
/O
PORT
Fw
REMOTE
TEMPERATURE C
INSTRUMENTATION
T12
T1
T11
T2
T10
T3
T9
ZERO
Ua
T4
T8
Fw
T5
T7
T6
0V
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
0V
OUTPUT 1
A.C. ~ 4A MAX
O/P 3
X
OUTPUT 2
A.C. ~ 1A MAX
R.C.C.B
O/P 1
O/P 2
MAINS INPUT
A.C.~
OUTPUT 3
24V D.C. 10A MAX
Appendix A-5
P
G
Z
N
Q
Appendix A-6
Refer to the drawings on pages Appendix A-2 to Appendix A-6.

The 'Combined Convection and Radiation' accessory is supplied with the section of
duct removed from the fan for convenience in shipping.
Carefully remove the packing then place the PVC baseplate, incorporating the
centrifugal fan, on a suitable bench with the throttle plate on the fan inlet facing
forwards.
Remove the three fixing screws from the PVC flange at the fan outlet. Locate the
lower duct section (4) on the outlet of the centrifugal fan (5) with the anemometer
cable (13) exiting to the right hand side.
Carefully align the PVC flanges on the duct and the fan outlet, and then fix the duct to
the fan outlet by replacing the three fixing screws.
Locate the upper duct section (6) on the lower duct section with the boss for the
heater assembly facing to the right hand side. Insert the upper duct section into the
body of the anemometer (5) taking care not to damage the blades of the impeller.
Carefully align the fixing holes then fix the upper duct to the anemometer body by
replacing the three fixing screws. Carefully insert the heater assembly into the boss on
the side of the upper duct section ensuring that the tip of the heated cylinder (7) is
located in the hole on the opposite side of the duct. Rotate the heater assembly until
the black dot on the insulated cover is aligned with the index mark (10) on the boss
then tighten the securing screw (9) to retain the heater assembly.
Switch the mains switch (A) on the front of the console to the off, 0, position.
Connect the miniature thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T9 in the duct wall
to the socket marked T9 (K) on the front of the service unit.
Connect the standard thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T10 attached to the
wall of the heated cylinder to the socket marked T10 (K) on the front of the service
unit.
Set the Heater Voltage potentiometer (C) on the front of the service unit to zero
(release the clamp and turn the adjusting knob fully anticlockwise).
Set the selector switch (B) to the MANUAL position.
If using HT10X:
Connect the power lead (11) from the heated cylinder inside the
duct of the HT14 to the variable DC outlet socket marked
OUTPUT 3 (S) at the rear of the service unit.
If using HT10XC:
Connect the power lead (11) from the heated cylinder inside the
duct of the HT14 to the variable DC outlet socket marked
OUTPUT 2 (S) at the rear of the service unit.
Appendix A-7
Connect the electrical lead from the anemometer (13) to the socket marked Ua (M) on
the front of the service unit.
The centrifugal fan is mains operated but derives its supply from the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit. Before connecting the fan for the first time ensure that
the label on the cable attached to the fan agrees with the local electrical supply and
agrees with the label attached to the mains input lead on the HT10X/HT10XC service
unit.
Connect the power lead (18) from the fan connection box (3) on the HT14 to the
mains outlet socket marked OUTPUT 1 (Q) at the rear of the service unit.
If using HT10X:
An I/O Data Port connector (F) on the right hand side of the
service unit front panel allows the voltage signals from each of
the measurements to be connected to the USB port of a suitable
PC using an Armfield IFD5 interface device.
If using HT10XC:
An integral USB port (F) on the right hand side of the service
unit front panel allows the voltage signals from each of the
measurements to be connected directly to the USB port of a
suitable PC.
This USB interface together with the appropriate Windows based software is
available as an optional addition to the HT10X, and is included as part of the
HT10XC. The Windows based software covers the entire range of heat transfer
accessories HT11 to HT17, with the HT11, HT12 and HT14 accessories being
useable with the HT11C, HT12C and HT14C software respectively. The operation of
the software is described in the help text included as part of the software.
Ensure that the mains electrical supply to the service unit has been connected and
switched on as described in the service unit product manual.
Ensure that the RCD (V) at the rear of the service unit is in the ON (up) position.
If using HT10X:
Ensure that the two miniature circuit breakers O/P1 (U) and
O/P2 (T) at the rear of the service unit are in the ON (up)
position.
Ensure that the thermal circuit breaker O/P3 (R) at the rear of
the service unit is latched in the ON position (pressed in).
Set the mains on/off switch (A) on the service unit front panel to the ON position.
Observe that both digital panel meters (D, J) are illuminated (as no power is supplied
to the accessory at this stage the temperature display should indicate approximately
ambient temperature).
Appendix A-8
Set the temperature selector switch (G) to position T10 to indicate the surface
temperature of the heated cylinder. Check that the temperature indicated is
approximately ambient temperature.
Set the top measurement selector switch (E) to position V to indicate the voltage
supplied to the element inside the heated cylinder. Adjust the Heater Voltage
potentiometer (C) to give a reading of approximately 10 Volts on the display (ensure
that the clamp on the side of the knob is released before turning the knob).
Check that the reading of temperature T10 gradually increases. Check that
temperature T10 stabilises in free convection (no flow of air through the duct). Check
that the temperature T9 indicates ambient temperature inside the duct by setting the
temperature selector switch.
Turn on the centrifugal fan by pressing the switch (2) on the connection box.
The actual air velocity can be read directly on the top panel meter (D) with the
selector switch (E) set to position Ua. Adjust the throttle plate (17) on the fan inlet to
give an air velocity of 4.5 metres/sec by rotating the adjusting screw (16). Observe
that the surface temperature of the heated cylinder (T10) falls in forced convection
(air flowing past the cylinder).
Turn off the power to the heater by setting the potentiometer to zero.
If the accessory is to be operated using the Armfield software then check the
operation of the software as follows:
Ensure that the software has been installed on a suitable PC as described in the
service unit product manual.
Connect the PC to the interface device or USB socket on the console. Check
that the red and green USB indicator lights illuminate.
Set the selector switch (B) on the console to the REMOTE position.
Run the HT14C software (also used with the HT14 accessory). Check that the
software displays IFD OK in the bottom right-hand corner of the software
window.
Select the Power On switch in the software to set the console from Standby
to On.
Check that the readings from the temperature sensors displayed on the mimic
diagram screen are comparable with those obtained using the console (as the
sensor outputs can be individually calibrated within the software the readings
may not match exactly, but they should be very close).
Set the heater voltage to 10 volts using the software: either use the up and
down arrows beside the heater control box, or type a value into the box. The
Appendix A-9
control box is calibrated as a percentage of full range. The actually heater

voltage and current are displayed next to the control box on the software
screen.
Check that the temperature T10 (displayed on the software screen) gradually
rises.
Set the heater setting back to 0.
Set the service unit back to standby by selecting the Power On switch on the
software screen.
The software may now be exited. If the accessory is not to be used
immediately then the PC may be shut down. Always switch on the service unit
and connect it to the PC before running the software for an experiment or
demonstration.
Allow the cylinder to cool then press the fan switch (2) to turn off the cooling air.
Set the mains switch on the service unit to off (0) if the accessory is not to be used
immediately.
The basic operation of the 'Combined Convection and Radiation' accessory and
'Heat Transfer Service Unit' has been confirmed. Refer to the section
Operational Procedures in the teaching manual for further information.
Appendix A-10

Combined Convection and Radiation PDF

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PRODUCT AND TEACHING

THIS INSTRUCTION MANUAL SHOULD BE USED IN CONJUNCTION

Setting the Heater Voltage

LABORATORY TEACHING EXERCISES

HT10X HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT

TEMPERATURE OUTPUT 10mV/C (6V MAX)

Plan View of HT14

Schematic diagram of HT14 combined convection and radiation

HT10X Console Diagrams

HT10X HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT

TEMPERATURE OUTPUT 10mV/C (6V MAX)

HT10XC Console Diagrams

Refer to the drawings on pages 2-1 to 2-5.

2.9 Heating Element

Refer to the diagrams on pages

Setting the Heater Voltage

If V = 15.0 Volts and I = 2.00 Amps then Q = 2 x 15 = 30.0 Watts

Note: To allow operation to the elevated temperatures necessary for the

Connections to the I/O Data Port (HT10X Only)

Analog Inputs (0-5 V dc):

Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc):

Voltage output V (Remote operation of 0 - 24

Digital Inputs ( 0/5 V dc):

Connections to the USB Port (HT10XC Only)

The HT11/HT11C includes Windows-compatible software for full remote

Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket):

3.8 Using a Chart Recorder (Optional, HT10X Only)

LABORATORY TEACHING EXERCISES

Table of Physical Properties for Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Exercise A: Determination of the Combined Heat Transfer from a Horizontal

Exercise B: Comparison of Heat Transfer by Radiation and by Convection and

Exercise C: Effect of Forced Convection on Heat Transfer at Varying Air Velocities

Exercise D: Variation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient around a Cylinder under

Exercise D: Project Work

Table of Physical Properties for Air at Atmospheric Pressure

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Exercise A: Combined Heat Transfer under Natural Convection

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise)

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Ts = Surface temperature of cylinder

Heat transfer area (surface area)

Heat loss due to natural convection

Qc = Hcm As (Ts - Ta)

Heat loss due to radiation

Qr = Hrm As (Ts - Ta)

Total heat loss from the cylinder

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

RaD = (GrD Pr)

(From Morgan, where c and n are obtained from the

Alternatively a simplified equation may be used to calculate the heat transfer

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Allow the HT14 to stabilise then repeat the above readings.

Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Exercise B: Dominant Heat Transfer Coefficient

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTION AND RADIATION

Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise)

Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.

Heat loss due to natural convection