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Interneurons
form communicating and integrating network between sensory and motor neurons, 99.9% of all neurons are this.
Perikaryon
Axon
Mulipolar
Bipolar
Psudeounipolar
develops from bipolar, most are sensory located close to the CNS
Nissl Bodies
ribosomal content
Axon hillock
lacks organelles
Axonal transport
newly synthesized proteins are transported to distant locations within a neuron, bidireectional, mode of communication
Anteroretrograde
Retrograde
from axon terminal and dendrites -> nerve cell body, mediated by dynein
olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of hippocampus, able to divide and generate new neurons
Nestin
Golgi type 1
Golgi type 2
Symptoms of Parkinsons:
1. resting tremor
2. rigidity
3. increased tone
4. slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
5. lack of spontaneous movement
6. slurred speech
7. loss of postural movement
Gliosis (increase in the number of glial cells), loss of pigmentation, and Lewry bodies (characteristic inclusions)
Synapses
Electricl synapses
contain gap junctions and allow movement of ions - the spread of electrical current
SNAREs
Synaptotagmin-1
Presynaptic densities
Postsynaptic density
Porocytosis
secretion of NT w/o vesicle fusion, vesicles anchored at active zones release NT through transient pore
Curare
poison tip arrow, bind to NA+ channels and blocks action of Nicotinic = muscle paralysis
Atropin
Clostridium botulism
Chromaffin cells
action of catecholamines terminated by use of these (cocaine and amphetamine block reuptake, lasts longer in synapse)
AChE inhibitors
used for the treatment of Lambert-Eaton, Myasthenia Gravis, glaucoma, and Alzheimers Disease
Slow transport
ONLY ANTEROGRADE
Fast transport
Retrograde transport
Mullers Cells
Schwann cells
Mesaxon
common life-threatening disease of the PNS, MS damaged, axons exposed to ECM - paralysis, loss of muscle coordination, loss of
sense
attacks myelin in CNS, destroy oligodendrocytes, MBP is major target, white matter plaques - neuro deficits, unilatera vision
issues
Neureglin (Ngr1)
Myelin sheath thickness is regulated by this growth factor that workds on schwann cells
Schmidt-Lanterman Cleft
Astrocytes
Largest - physical and metabolic support, protoplasmic - outer covering of gray matter, fibrous - inner core of white matter
Glia limitans
BBB, protoplasmic astrocytes extend processes to basal lamina of pia mater to form this barrier around CNS
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Myelin of CNS
Myelin of PNS
Po and PMP-22
Microglia
Epindymal cells
form epithelium like lining of the fluid filled cavities of the CNS, histologically - basal cell surface interdigitates with astrocyte
processes
Choroid Plexus
Histology - Chapter 12
Ground Substance
Collagens?
Proteoglycan Macrmolecules
Mutliadhesive glycoproteins
attach bone cells and collagen to ground substance (= glue b/n collagen and hydroxyapatite)
osteonectin - glue b/n collagen and hydroxyapatite
osteopontin - attach bone cells to matrix
sialoprotein 1 and 2 - mediate cell attachment and initiate Ca2+ phosphate formation during mineralization
Osteocalin
Protein S
MGP
OP-1
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Osteoprogenitor
Osteocyte
Bone-lining cells
remain on bone surface when no active growth (come from OB), thought to function in nutirtion and support of osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Trabeculae
Compact bone
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
thin and platelike (skull and sternum) - contains layer of spongy bone b/n two dense layers of compact
Irregular bones
don't fit into any category, complex structure - vertebra, or may contain air/sinus - ethmoid bone
Sharpey's fibers
Periosteum
fibrous outer layer that resembles dense CT and inner layer with osteoprogenitor cells
Aricular Cartilage
hylaine cartilage
Endosteum
Arthritis
Ankylosis
Rhematoid Arthritis
Tuberculosis
Gouty Arthritis
Haversian canal
Osteon
Interstital lamallae
Volkmanns canal
channels in lamallar bone that allow A/V/N from periosteum and endosteum to reach osteonal canal - NOT surrounded by
concentric
Nutrient foramina
Immature bone
no concentric, more cells than mature, randomly arranged, more ground substance, not heavily mineralized (found in mouth,
orthodontic)
CBFA1
Matrix vesicles
contain ALP and are secreted only during the period where cells produce bone matrix
Osteocytic Osteolysis
degradation of bone by MMPs (maintains that resorptive nature of osteocytes deals with ca2+ homeostasis, not remodelling)
Howship's Lacuna
TRAP
Osteoclast
large size and marked acidophilia, strong histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase
GMP, CFU-GM
RANK
RANK-RANKL signaling
Inflammatory Reaction
inflammation can cause T-lymphos to express RANKL - inflam processes can stimulate OC-mediated bone resorption
OPG
Ruffled border
ringlike perimeter of cytoplasm near the ruffled border that demarcates the bone area being resorbed
provide tight seal b/n plasma membrane and mineralized matrix of bone, use integrins
Basolateral region
exocytosis of digested material, vesicles fuse here to release their contents - use TRAP
hydrolytic enzymes that degrade collagen and other proteins in the bone matrix
carbonic anhydrase II -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 and H+ ->ATP proton pump (H+ thru ruffled) -> into resorption bay
secrete PTH
secrete calcitonin