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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
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MAKMAL KAWALAN
KE38101
LAB 1
Open and Closed Loop System

Name

: NURUL ANIS AHMAD

Matrix No.

:BK12110284

Date

: 7/11/2014

Nurul Anis Ahmad (BK12110284)

1.0Introduction
Process control is an engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms
and algorithms for maintaining the output of a specific process within a desired range. A
Open loop process control system is said to be of the open loop type when the measured
variable has no influence on the action taken on the control element. In open loop system,
the control element is set so that the inflow of the system is maintained on a certain level. A
closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system.
There are two types of feedback possible in closed-loop control: positive feedback and
negative feedback. Positive feedback increases the effect of disturbances and leads to
instability. This type of feedback is never used in closed-loop control. Conversely, negative
feedback decreases the effect of disturbances and acts in a way to restore the equilibrium
and stability between the setpoint and the measured variable.

2.0Objectives
2.1

Objective of Open Loop Process Control

2.2

To understand what is the purpose of process control

To understand the principles of open loop process control

Objective of Closed Loop Process Control

To understand what are positive feedback and negative feedback

To understand closed-loop process control

3.0Methodologies
3.1
Open loop Temperature Control System

Control Lab#1: Open and Closed Loop System 1-2

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Nurul Anis Ahmad (BK12110284)

Figure 3.1: Open-loop temperature control system

1. The POWER switch of the Process Control Trainer is set to the O (OFF) position.
The appropriate connection is made on the Process Control Trainer to obtain the
circuit as shown in figure 1.
2. The following setting is made on the Process Control Trainer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL
LEVEL COMPARATOR HYSTERESIS
DC VOLTMETER INPUT SELECTOR
HEATER POWER
FAN SPEED

= MIN (fully counterclockwise)

= MIN
=A
= HIGH
=LOW

3. The POWER switch of the Process Control Trainer is set to the I (ON) position.
4. The initial temperature of the radiator (indicated by the TEMPERATURE
TRANSMITTER display) is recorded.
5. The DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL control is set so that the DC VOLTMETER indicates+2.5 V
dc. This sets the temperature setpoint. The temperature of the radiator is
recorded in the table every minute during 15 minutes or until the temperature
stabilizes.
6. After 15 minutes or when the temperature has stabilized, the FAN SPEED switch is
set to the HIGH position to increase the heat loss from the radiator then the
temperature of the radiator is recorded every minute during 10 minutes or until
the temperature stabilizes.
7. Turn the DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL control fully counterclockwise (MIN). The SOLID
STATE RELAY LED indicator remains off, thus indicating that power is no longer
supplied to the HEATER.
3.2

Closed Loop Temperature Control System

Control Lab#1: Open and Closed Loop System 1-3

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Nurul Anis Ahmad (BK12110284)

Figure 3.2: Open-loop temperature control system

1. The POWER switch of the Process Control Trainer is set to the O (OFF) position.
The appropriate connections are made on the Process Control Trainer to obtain
the circuit as shown in figure 3.2.
2. The following setting is made on the Process Control Trainer.
a. DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL
=MIN(fully counterclockwise)
b. LEVEL COMPARATOR HYSTERESIS
=MIN
c. TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER ZERO
=MID (mid position)
d. TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER SPAN
=MIN
e. DC VOLTMETER INPUT SELECTOR
=A
f. LEVEL COMPARATOR HYSTERESIS
=MIN
g. HEATER POWER
=HIGH
h. FAN SPEED
=LOW
i. PROPORTIONAL AMPLIFIER GAIN=1/4 of max (25% of maximum)
j. LIMITER LEVEL
=MAX
3. The POWER switch of the Process Control Trainer is set to the I (ON) position.
The DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL control is set so that the DC VOLTMETER INDICATES
+3.5V DC. This sets the setpoint voltage (V SP). The voltages at the outputs of the
TEMPERATURE

TRANSMITTER

is

measured

(feedback

voltage

VT),

ERROR

DETECTOR (error voltage, VE), and LIMITER (amplified error voltage V0) using the
B INPUT of the DC VOLTMETER. These voltages are recorded.
4. The 5-v B INPUT of the DC VOLTMETER is connected to the OUTPUT of the ERROR
DETECTOR in order to monitor the error voltage (VE). Let the system operate until
Control Lab#1: Open and Closed Loop System 1-4
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the temperature indicated by the TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER display is

approximately 35C (95F). Observe the error voltage (VE) during this time
interval.
The voltage at the outputs of the TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER is measured
(feedback voltage VT), ERROR DETECTOR (error voltage VE), and LIMITER
(amplified error voltage VO) using the B INPUT of the DC VOLTMETER. These
voltages are recorded.
5. The voltages that obtained in step 3 and 4 is compared.
6. The DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL control is set so that the DC VOLTMETER indicates+3.5 V
dc. This sets the temperature setpoint. The temperature of the radiator is
recorded in the table every minute during 15 minutes or until the temperature
stabilizes.
7. After 15 minutes or when the temperature has stabilized, the FAN SPEED switch is
set to the HIGH position to increase the heat loss from the radiator then the
temperature of the radiator is recorded every minute during 10 minutes or until
the temperature stabilizes.
8. Turn the DC SOURCE-1 LEVEL control fully counterclockwise (MIN). The SOLID
STATE RELAY LED indicator remains off, thus indicating that power is no longer
supplied to the HEATER.

4.0Results
4.1

Open-loop Temperature Control System

TIME

Table

min
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

TEMPERATU

TIME

TEMPERATU

RE
RE
min
( )
( )
24.5
13
48.5
27.4
14
48.7
32.8
15
48.9
37.8
16
46.4
40.5
17
44.7
42.7
18
43.8
44.4
19
43.1
45.6
20
42.7
46.5
21
42.5
47.2
22
42.4
47.6
23
42.3
48.0
24
42.2
48.5
25
42.1
4.1:Temperature of the Radiator versus Time

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4.2
TIME
min

Closed loop temperature Control System

TEMPERATU

Voltag

RE
( )

e Error

TIME

(VE)

min

TEMPERATU
RE
( )

(V)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

25.6
1.2
31.0
0.6
39.4
-0.2
38.4
-0.1
35.1
0.2
36.2
0.1
36.4
0.1
35.4
0.2
36.5
0.1
35.6
0.2
36.1
0.1
36.0
0.1
35.8
0.2
Table 4.2:Temperature of

Voltag
e
Error
(VE)

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
the Radiator

36.2
35.7
36.7
35.1
35.9
35.6
35.5
35.8
35.4
35.7
35.7
35.5
35.6
versus Time

(V)
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

5.0Discussions
1. The temperature of the radiator varies and increases before the fan speed passes from
low to high. In order to improve the open-loop control temperature control system, the fan
speed needs to be increased so that the stability of the controller can be stabilizing quickly.
2. The primary objective of the Process Control is to maintain the controlled variable to a
desired specific value. The control element of this system is the temperature, pressure, flow
rate, level and so on. The controlled variable must be measured to determine it is
maintained at the desired value and this leads to the a new parameter which is referred to
as the measured variable. A method is used in measuring the controlled variable, so this is
the distinction between the measured variable and the controlled variable.
4. The Voltages at the outputs of the Temperature Transmitter (feedback voltage, VT), Error
Detector (VE), and Limiter (amplifier error voltage (V0) is measured using the B INPUT of the
DC Voltmeter.
a)
b)
c)
d)

VSP
VT
VE
VO

= +3.5V dc
= 2.4 V dc
= 1.2 V dc
= 5.0 V dc
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5.

When the Temperature Transmitter displayed approximately 35

(95

), the

error voltage is observed during this time interval. The Voltages at the outputs of the
Temperature Transmitter (feedback voltage, VT), Error Detector (VE), and Limiter (amplifier
error voltage (V0) is measured using the B INPUT of the DC Voltmeter.
a)
b)
c)
d)

VSP
VT
VE
VO

= +3.5V dc
= 3.4 V dc
= 0.2 V dc
= 0.1 V dc

6. By comparing the voltages measured in 4 and 5, after Temperature Transmitter displayed

approximately 35

(95 ) and the Vsp is 3.5V, the feedback voltage VT is increased.

The feedback used in this controller is negative feedback as it decreases the error voltage
and acts as in a way to restore stability of the system.
7. Before the fan speed passes from low to high, the temperature of the radiator varies but
as the fan speed passes from low to high, the system is seen achieved it stability quickly and
the temperature stays around 35

. This is because the temperature controller is using

negative feedback that allows the system to stabilize.

8. The Voltages at the outputs of the Temperature Transmitter (feedback voltage, VT),
Summing Amplifier (VE), and Limiter (amplifier error voltage (V0) is measured using the B
INPUT of the DC Voltmeter.
a)
b)
c)
d)

VSP
VT
VE
VO

= +3.5V dc
= 2.4 V dc
= 6 V dc
= 5 V dc

9. Negative feedback is used in process control system because it decreases the effect of
disturbances and restores the stability between the setpoint and the measured variable.
A feedback is a common and powerful tool when designing a control system. Feedback
loop is the tool which takes the system output into consideration and enables the system
to adjust its performance to meet a desired result of system.
10. The main disadvantages of using feedback in process control system is that the
disturbance enters into the process and upsets it. It is after the process output is
different from the setpoint that the controller takes some corrective actions. Although
most processes allow some fluctuation of controlled variable within a certain range, there
are two process conditions which can make the overall effectiveness of feedback control
quite unsatisfactory. One of these is the occurrence of disturbances of a large magnitude
that is strong enough to seriously affect or even damage the process. The other is the
occurrence of a large amount of lag (time delay) within the process.

Control Lab#1: Open and Closed Loop System 1-7

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Nurul Anis Ahmad (BK12110284)

6.0Conclusions
This experiment, the primary objective of process control to maintain some controlled
variable near a desired specific value (setpoint) Has been introduced. Many Key terms
related to process control, such as controller, manipulated variable, control element, load,
measured variable, etc have been studied. It Can be seen that the process control systems
can be of the closed loop type or open loop type. The Block diagrams can be used to
represent process control loops and that these diagrams facilitate system analysis. Basic
Principles and operating procedures of the Process Control Trainer Have been carried out. An
Open loop temperature control system has been used to observe the temperature fluctuates
depending on the heat loss (load).A process control system has been studied where
feedback consists in feeding the information on the controlled variable (measured variable)
back to the controller in order to compensate fluctuations of the controlled variable. It has
been noticed that the negative feedback effectively decreases the effect of disturbances and
acts in a way to restore the equilibrium between the setpoint and the measured variable,
whereas positive feedback increases the effect of disturbances and leads to instability. It can
be concluded that a minimum error exists in a control system using negative feedback.
7.0References
http://eweb.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/courses/control/restricted/course/second/course/lecture1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)

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Control Lab#1: Open and Closed Loop System 1-9

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