1. Abb refractometer working principle is based on critical angle.

Sample is put
between two prisms - measuring and illuminating. Light enters sample from the
illuminating prism, gets refracted at critical angle at the bottom surface of measuring
prism, and then the telescope is used to measure position of the border between bright
and light areas. Telescope reverts the image, so the dark area is at the bottom, even if
we expect it to be in the upper part of the field of view. Knowing the angle and
refractive index of the measuring prism it is not difficult to calculate refractive index
of the sample. Surface of the illuminating prism is matted, so that the light enters the
sample at all possible angles, including those almost parallel to the surface.
http://www.refractometer.pl/Abbe-refractometer
2.

http://www.refractometer.pl/hand-held-refractometer

http://www.lorderan.com/biz/UploadFiles/Image/201202/YX_20120227034116497.jpg
3. FACTORS AFFECTING SURFACE TENSION
Inter molecular forces
If force of attraction between molecules is high then surface tension will also be
high.
Hydrogen bonding
Liquids that have H-bond such as water, have high values of surface tension.
Temperature

Surface tension of a liquid decreases with the increase in temperature because an

increase in temperature, reduces force of attraction between molecules.
http://www.citycollegiate.com/viscosity.htm
FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY
Size of molecules
Viscosity of a liquid having large molecules is high whereas the viscosity of those liquids
that have small molecules is low.
Shape of molecules
Spherical molecules provide resistance but oval shaped or disc like molecules provide
greater resistance in the flow of liquid. Thats why viscosity of liquids having spherical
molecules is low.
Inter molecular forces
Liquids having large inter molecular forces have greater viscosity.
Temperature
Viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature. Because an increase in
temperature, reduces the forces of attraction between molecules.
http://www.citycollegiate.com/viscosity.htm
4. Summary:
1. Dynamic viscosity is the quantitative expression of fluids resistance to flow, while
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the fluids viscous force to the inertial force.
2. Dynamic viscosity is symbolized by either or n, while Kinematic viscosity is
mathematically symbolized by v.
3. In a cgs unit system, dynamic viscosity is in a unit called poise, which is taken
from the name of Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille, while Kinematic viscosity is expressed
in stokes (St) or centistokes (ctsk or cSt), which are named after George Gabriel
Stokes.
4. Dynamic viscosity is sometimes referred to as absolute viscosity, or just viscosity,
while Kinematic viscosity is sometimes called the diffusivity of momentum.
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-kinematic-anddynamic-viscosity/
5. ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS
Rotational viscometers are made up of two parts: One that rotates, and another that remains
stationary.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Rotation of the inner cylinder generates shear on the fluid, causing the fluid to flow within
the viscometer. The torque required to produce a given angular velocity, or the angular
velocity resulting from a given torque, are measures of the viscosity of the fluid.
encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/ProcessParameters/Viscometers/Viscom
eters.html