1.

The rear window of an automobile is defogged by attaching a thin,

transparent film type heating element to its inner surface. By electrically
heating this element, a uniform flux may be established at the inner
surface.
For a 4mm thick window glass, determine the electrical power required per
unit window area to maintain the inner surface temperature of 15
when the interior air temperature and convection coefficient
2

T ,i=25 h1=10 W /m K , while the exterior (ambient ) temperature

and convection coefficient are

T ,o =10 h0=65W /m K

2. A house has a composite wall of wood , fibreglass insulation , and plaster

board. On a cold winter day the convection heat transfer coefficient are

h0=

60 W
30W
hi= 2
2
m K
m K .

the total wall surface area is 350 m

Plaster

Inside

kP

hi

Glass fiber
blanket ,
28kg/m^3

Plywood
siding

kB
LP =10 mm

T i =20

Outside

kS

ho

LS =20 mm

T ,o =15

a. Determine the symbolic expression for the thermal resistance of the

wall , including the inside and outside convection effects for the
prescribed conditions.
b. Determine the total heat loss through the wall
c. If the wind were blowing violently , raising

h0 to

300 W /m K ,

determine the percentage increase in the heat loss

d. What is the controlling resistance that determines the amount of heat
flow through the wall?
CONTACT RESISTANCE
3. Approximately 10^6 discrete electrical components can be placed on a
single integrated circuit (chip) with electrical heat dissipation as high as
30000 W /m

.the chip , which is very thin , is exposed to a dielectric

liquid at its outer surface , with

h0=1000W /m2 K

and

T ,o =20 , and

is joined to circuit board at its inner surface . The thermal contact

104 m2 K
, and the board
resistance between the chip and the board is
W
thickness and thermal conductivity are

Lb=5 mm

and

k b =1W /m K ,

respectively . the other surface of the board is exposed to ambient air for
which

hi=40 W /m2 K and

T ,i=20
Chip
qThermal
} rsub {c}contact resistance

R }rsub {t,c}
Board k b

LB
Air
Coolant

t t,0;,ih;0hi circuit corresponding to steady state

a. Sketch the equivalent thermal
conditions .In variable form, label appropriate resistances,
temperatures and heat fluxes.
b. Under steady state conditions for which the chip heat dissipation is
q'c' =30000 W /m2 , what is the chip temperature?
4. Consider a composite wall that is composed of 2 materials of thermal
conductivity

k A =0.1

L A=10 mm and

W
mK and

0.1 k B =0.04

W
mK thickness and thicknesses

LB =20 mm . The contact resistance at the interface

2

between the two materials is known to be

fluid at 200

40

for which

for which

h=20

h=

0.3 m K
W

Material A adjoins a

10 W
,
2
m K and material B adjoins a fluid at

W
2
m K

a. What is the rate pf heat transfer through a wall that is 2m high and
2.5m wide?
b. Sketch the temperature distribution.
CYLINDRICAL WALL
5. A thin electrical heater is wrapped around the outer surface of a long
cylindrical tube whose inner surface is maintained at 5 . The tube has
inner and outer radii of 25mm and 75mm respectively , and a thermal
conductivity of

10

W
K . The thermal contact resistance between the
m

heater and the outer surface of the tube (per unit length of the tube ) is

R } rsub {t,c} =0.01 m K/W

. Determine the heater power per unit length of

tube required to maintain the heater at

CONDUCTION WITH HEAT GENERATION
PLANE WALL AND CYLINDER

T o=25 .

25

6. A plane wall of thickness 0.1m and thermal conductivity

a uniform volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW /m

W
K
m

having

is insulated on one

side, while the other side is exposed to a fluid at 92 .

2

The convection coefficient between the wall and the fluid is 500 W /m K .
Determine the maximum temperature of the wall.
7. A high temperature gas cooled nuclear reactor consists of a composite

cylindrical wall for which a thorium fuel element ( k 57 m K

is encased

3W

in graphite ( k m K and gaseaous helium flows through an annular

coolant channel. Consider the conditions for which the helium temperature
is

t =600 K

graphite is

and the convection coefficient at the outer surface of the

h=2000W /m2 K

if the thermal energy is uniformly generated in the fuel element at a

8

rate

10 W
q =
m3 , what are the temperatures

T 1 and

T2

inner and outer surfaces respectively, of the fuel element?

r1
r2
r3

8mm
11m
m
14m
m
Coolant channel with helium flow
Graphite
Thorium

T2
T3

T1

at the