ENERCON INDIA LTD

Energy for the world.

Transmission Department

- By Niranjan Shukla
14th July 2011

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Objective
In this module, we shall discuss
Overview of Transmission Sector a national perspective
Past, Present & Future trends
Need of Large grid & Inter-regional transmission
Understanding the grid dynamics
Present challenges
Power evacuation philosophy in EIL
Schemes
Construction aspects
Issues & Mitigation
O&M Needs
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A QUICK OVERVIEW
At the conclusion of this module, you
will be able to understand:

1. Importance & Information on Indian

Transmission Sector, National Plan & Policies
2. How we, Energities evacuate power to the grid
3. Points to build an robust & effective transmission
system

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Ice breaking ?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

What was the total generation capacity of India at

the time of Independence?
What is the present generation capacity of India ?
Name the largest power generation utility in India?
What is the highest Grid System Voltage in India ?
Who is deemed transmission licensee in
Maharashtra?
What do you understand by

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Transmission System
Regional Grid Operation
Open Access
ABT
IPTC
AT & C Losses

Answers:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

What was the total generation capacity of India at the time of

Independence? 1350 MW
What is the present generation capacity of India ? 132330 MW
Name the largest power generation utility in India? NTPC
What is the highest AC Grid System Voltage in India ? 765KV
Who is deemed transmission licensee in Maharashtra? MSETCL,REL, TPC
What do you understand by
Transmission System

Regional Grid Operation

Open Access

ABT (Availability based Tariff)

IPTC (Independent Power Transmission Company)

AT & C losses (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses)

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Flow:
Present status, considerations and future outlook
What is present power scenario ?
What is present Transmission network ?
What are our transmission requirements Inter state
transmission,
Electricity Act2003: Impacts & evolution
Grid Operation: Open access &Grid discipline-ABT
Transmission as business
To break the natural monopoly of state- IPTC
EIL - Philosophy

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Supply
Real Time

Demand

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Capacity Addition as % of Target

80

60

75.0

54.0

47.0

40

20

0
VIII

IX

Plan

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Capacity addition XI FYP Planned v/s Actual under construction

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Capacity Addition - Perspective Programme

Present installed capacity

Targeting economic growth rate of 8-10% pa

- 1,32,330 MW.

Projected installed capacity by 2012 - 2,07,000 MW

Thereafter, doubling of capacity every 10 years.
Projected installed capacity by 2030 - 8,00,000 MW.

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August 2006
North synchronized
With Central Grid

March 2003
West synchronized
With East & Northeast

October 1991
East and Northeast
synchronized

NEW Grid

South
Grid

Central Grid

Five Regional Grids

Two Frequencies

North
East

West
South

Northeast

Five Regional Grids

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Installed Capacity 156

GW
14

5 Regional Grids
Northern Region

Western Region

NE
Region
Eastern
Region

Southern
Region

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Inter- regional transmission Existing & Planned (220KV & above)

Power Transfer Capacity (MW)

Name of System

At the end of 10 th Additions

Plan i.e. end of
during 11th
2006-07
plan 2007-12

At the end of 11th

Plan i.e. end of
2011-12

ER - SR :

3120

500

3620

ER - NR :

4220

9400

13620

ER - WR :

1760

4900

6660

ER - NER :

1240

1600

2840

NR - WR :

2080

2100

4180

WR - SR :

1680

2100

3780

3000

3000

14100

23600

37700

NER/ER-NR/WR
TOTAL ALL INDIA

Emerging
opportunities

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40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

37700

14100

Existing
16

MW

by 2012

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Growth in Indian Transmission Sector

Source: CEA :http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/13.pdf

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Emerging Opportunities National Grid

Integrated National Grid by 2012

Inter-regional power transfer capacity of

NATIONAL GRID - 2009-10

30,000 MW to be established (currently

8,050 MW)

URI

WAGOORA

INTER-REGIONAL
TRANSFER CAPACITY- 30000 MW

DULHASTI
PARBATI

KISHENPUR

Total Investments estimated at approx

SATLUJ
NALAGARH

CHICKEN NECK

TEHRI

MOGA

Rs. 64,000 crores (2003-2012)

BALLABGARH
(DELHI RING)

ABDULLAPUR
MEERUT

BHUTAN
TALA

HISSAR

BHIWADI

Investment in projects under

NR

BALIA
S'NGRL
SRAM
SATNA
NKSTP

MALANPUR
ZERDA

PGCIL approx. Rs 16000 crores

G'PUR
M'PUR

UNNAO

SHIROHI

implementation/ approval taken by

MISA

NER

MAITHON

ER

SEONI
RAIPUR

MARIANI

SILIGURI
P'RNEA
BARH

RANCHI

SIPAT

WR

BONGAIG'N

BALIPARA

KAHALGAON

BINA

Investment opportunity of Rs.

BANGLA
DESH

ROURKELA

KORBA

CHANDRAPUR
TALCHER

48,000 crores

JEYPORE

RAMAGUNDAM
HYDERABAD

KOLHAPUR

From 2005-07 : Rs 7,000 Crore

SR

RAICHUR
PONDA

GAZUWAKA

KHAMMAM
N'SAGAR

VIJAYAWADA

GOOTY

NARENDRA

CUDDAPAH

NELLORE

KAIGA

From 2008-12 : Rs 41,000 Crore

SIRSI
DAVANGERE

MADRAS
BANGALORE
HOSUR

SALEM

NORTH TRICHUR

TRICHY

UDUMALPET
MADURAI
TRIVANDRUM

19

&

P
EE
DW
HA
KS
LA

NEYVELI
KOZIKODE

N
ANDAMA
R
NICOBA

MYSORE

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GURI

LUCKNOW

AGRA

JAIPUR

KATHALRANGANADI

TEESTA

India
Northern Region

Western Region

NE
Region
Eastern
Region

Southern
Region

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Summarize
?

Drivers for Network Expansion:

Capacity additions by
State generation
Central allocation
CPPs
IPPs
Load flow study System strengthening
Standing committee recommendations
Directives from Regulator

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Electricity Act,
1887 & 1903
* Minimum
regulation
* Private Capital

Indian Electricity
Act, 1910
* Basic Legal
frame work
* Private Capital
Electricity
(Supply) Act,
1948
* Creation of
SEBs
* CEA to

Electricity Act ,
2003
* Autonomous
Regulation

* Private Capital

formulated

* Open Access

power policy

Act, 1998
* Independent
Regulators

Indian
Constitution, 1950
* Electricity under
concurrent

* Unbundling
continues

jurisdiction of
State and Centre

* Private Capital

State Reforms Act

* State level
reforms
* Unbundling of
SEBs

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Electricity Act
Amendments
* Central Utilities
created
* Private capital
in "G" & "T"
* FDI encouraged

23

Industrial Policy
Resolution, 1956
* Generation &
Distribution
reserved in the
domain of the
State

Transmission Planning- Role as of today

- emanating from Electricity Act2003
Electricity Act

National Elect
Policy

National Plan

STU

Intra-State lines

CTU
CERC
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CEA

Licensee

Inter state
Inter state and Intra state
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Unified Grid
Operation

National
Level

NLDC*

5 Nos.

32 Nos.

54
Nos.
1160
Nos.

ERLDC

WRLDC*

NRLDC

SRLDC

NERLDC

Regional
Level

SLDC

SLDC

SLDC

State HQ
Level

SUB LDC

SUB LDC

SUB LDC

Group /
Distt Level

RTU

RTU

RTU

Plant / SubStation Level

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WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE

%, Renewable
Energy, 1.5
%, Oil, 9.5

%, Coal, 36

%, Nuclear, 17

%, Hydro
Electricity, 18

%, Natural Gas, 18

Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development

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Fuel wise installed capacity

(as on 31.3.09)

Renewable,
Nuclear,
4120,

3%

13242,

9%

Fuel

MW

Total
Thermal

93725.34

63.34

Hydro,
36878,

25%

Coal 77648.88

53.3

Gas 14876.71

10.5

Oil 1199.75

0.9

Thermal,
93725, 63%

Hydro

36877.76

24.7

Nuclear

4120

2.9

Renewable 13242.41
Total

Source : MoP site

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8.9

147965.51
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All India Generating Installed Capacity (MW) as on 30.09.07

Source: CEA http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/9.pdf

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Electrical grid

Electrical power grid is an unique one in which generation and

demands are balanced instantaneously and continuously.
Fluctuations in power consumed by the consumers and variations
in uncontrolled generators are compensated by the controlled
generators.
When generation equal to load, frequency operates at 50 Hz.
Variation in frequency indicates rise of load or generation vice
versa is term as a balancing.
In the grid system, it is not necessary for compensating each and
every variation from individual consumers / generators.
Only aggregate variation in the control area is balanced.
Aggregation is the powerful tools with the power system
operators.
When wind power plants are introduced into the power system, an
additional source of variation is added to the already variable
nature of system.

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Integration with grid

There are number of unresolved technical, institutional and regulatory
questions concerning distributed generation in general and wind
generation in particular.
On the technical level, major barriers are..

Novelty and unfamiliarity of distributed technologies.

Lack of substantial field experience with these technologies.
Costs and complexity associated with thorough engineering evaluations.
Weak evacuations network as well as onward transmission networks.
Less availability of evacuations corridors.
Less consumptions in local area due to wide variation in load due to
variable load in agriculture, less and variable industrial demand and low
demand on staggering day.
Variable local load pattern leads to overloading of transformers and main
transmission lines which requires high capacity of strengthening of
transmission network.
Average PLF observed 15-20% which leads to inefficient occupation of
transformer capacity and non utilization of infrastructures.

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Load-Generation balance

In large interconnected system, load generation is reflected with

change in tie line flows.
In a small system, load generation balance is reflected with variation in
frequency.
Variation in frequency is limiting factor for capacity addition of the wind
farms.
In predominantly hydro and gas generation system with good ramp
rate will be positive factor, helping for compensating variation of wind
generation.

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Balancing
Balancing in power system occurs over wide time frames:
Years in advance : Enough generation has to be planned and built so
that there is sufficient capacity available to meet load requirements
Day Ahead : Select which available generator can reliably meet
expected requirements at lowest cost.
Real Time : Real time balancing can be obtained by two different
methodology:
Load Following (Backing down)
Load Regulation (Load Shedding)

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Grid operation with Wind

Generation
Scenario 1:
An increase in load along with increase in wind generation OR drop
in load along with drop of wind generation Additional generation
required for frequency maintenance is less.
System Operator:

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It is a safe operation for grid operators.

Most favorable condition for grid operators.
During evening peak, maximum wind energy available and it
helps to meet peak demand.

36

Grid operation with Wind

Generation
Scenario 2(A) :
A drop in load along with increase in wind generation.
System Operator:

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Backing down of other generators.

High Voltage problem and switching off lines. System operation
with critical loading.
If local load is very low, overloading of associated transmission
lines.

37

Grid operation with Wind

Scenario 2(B) :
Generation
An increase in load along with drop in wind generation .
System Operator :

Increasing load along with decrease in wind generation is a

very critical nature of situation for system operator.
Additional generation is to be brought into system very quickly.
If no generation available, heavy load shading to be resorted.
If frequency permits, overdrawl at that prevailing rate.
Requisition of costly generation i.e. on SPOT gas , Naphtha if
available

Remedies :

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Additional generation capacity is required for maintenance of

load generation balancing especially gas based and hydro
38
based.

Power Quality with Wind

Generation

Generally it is believed that with increase in wind generation, the power

quality suffers.
Main power quality problems are:
o
Voltage Regulation,
o
Harmonics.

Old WTG machines with induction generators have not been required
to participate in system voltage regulation. Their reactive power
demand are compensated by switched shunt capacitors.

New WTG machines with variable frequency drives have inherent

control of reactive power output and can participate in voltage
regulation.

If wind farm is far from generation source, high voltage witnessed

near to wind farms with increase in wind generation.

The variable frequency generators in WTGs use AC-DC converter for

connection with Grid, which increases the Harmonics level in the
system.

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Conclusion

If the share of wind generation instantaneous penetration at any point of

time is excessively high compared to the total system demand, then,
following new operating methodology need to be adopted for ensuing
reliability and stability of system:

Methodology for accurate long term & short term forecasting.

Real time data from wind farm to system operator to be made
available for effective grid operation.
Reserve capacity with high ramp up generators such as a hydro
and gas shall be kept.
All wind energy generation be brought under regulations of ABT
which means elimination of generation in case of high frequency
or system constraints.
Reinforcement of main transmission network and power corridors.
Augmentation and reinforcement of voltage regulating equipments
such as reactors, switched capacitors including FACTS devices.

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Non-conventional energy plans

beyond - 2012

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Enercon Philosophy:

Stability
Availability
Optimization
Scalability
Future provision
Innovations
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Current Projects:

Synopsis
Salient features

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Typical process flow:

PRSS
EID / BDO
SIQA
EISD

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Transmission

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Lets make a green move together

Thank you !!

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