Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

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Ultrasonics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultras

Alternate stresses and temperature variation as factors of inuence

of ultrasonic vibration on mechanical and functional properties of shape
memory alloys
Sergey Belyaev , Alexander Volkov, Natalia Resnina
Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 28, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 10 June 2011
Received in revised form 17 June 2013
Accepted 18 June 2013
Available online 4 July 2013
Keywords:
Ultrasonic
Shape memory alloys
Shape memory effects

a b s t r a c t
It is known that the main factors in a variation in the shape memory alloy properties under insonation are
heating of the material and alternate stresses action. In the present work the experimental study of the
mechanical behaviour and functional properties of shape memory alloy under the action of alternate
stresses and varying temperature was carried out. The data obtained had demonstrated that an increase
in temperature of the sample resulted in a decrease or increase in deformation stress depending on the
structural state of the TiNi sample. It was shown that in the case of the alloy in the martensitic state, a
decrease in stress was observed, and on the other hand, in the austenitic state an increase in stress took
place. It was found that action of alternate stresses led to appearance of strain jumps on the straintemperature curves during cooling and heating the sample through the temperature range of martensitic
transformation under the constant stress. The value of the strain jumps depended on the amplitude of
alternate stresses and the completeness of martensitic transformation. It was shown that the heat action
of ultrasonic vibration to the mechanical behaviour of shape memory alloys was due to the non-monotonic dependence of yield stress on the temperature. The force action of ultrasonic vibration to the functional properties was caused by formation of additional oriented martensite.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Shape memory alloys are able to recover a large unelastic deformation or create a high recovery stress on heating within the temperature range of martensitic transformation [1,2]. This unusual
mechanical behaviour is used for development of different technical applications [3]. Traditionally the shape memory effects are induced by heating [2]. However there are many applications where
heating the shape memory alloy elements cannot be carried out. In
these cases the other ways for initiation of shape memory effects
may be applied. It is known that the strain recovery may be initiated by neutron irradiation [4,5], hydrostatic pressure [6,7] and
ultrasonic action [814]. The last method is more attractive because the application of ultrasonic vibration does not require using
of special expensive equipment like other methods.
Firstly initiation of the shape memory effect in TiNi alloy by
ultrasonic vibration was shown in paper [8]. Initially straight wire
samples of Ti50.0 at.% Ni alloy were deformed in the martensitic
state. Ultrasonic vibrations with frequency of 22 kHz and amplitude of 5 lm were applied to the deformed sample for 9 s at a temperature at which the alloy was in the martensitic state and
Corresponding author. Tel.: +7 812 4284238; fax: +7 812 4287079.
E-mail address: spb@smel.math.spbu.ru (S. Belyaev).
0041-624X/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.06.010

complete straightening of the sample was observed. Later it was

found that the ultrasonic vibrations inuenced the parameters of
all known shape memory effects [1517]. In paper [15,17] it was
observed that the value of the transformation plasticity effect increased signicantly if the insonation was applied to the sample
on cooling under constant load. The higher the vibration amplitude, the larger the transformation plasticity strain. This strain
was fully recoverable on subsequent heating.
Moreover, in [15,18] it was shown that ultrasonic irradiation
inuenced the deformation behaviour of shape memory alloys. If
a short period of insonation was applied to the sample on cooling
and heating under constant load in the temperature interval of
martensitic transformation, strain jumps were observed in the
strain versus temperature curve. The direction of the strain jumps
coincided with a quasi-static strain variation, so the short period of
ultrasonic treatment applied on cooling initiated additional strain
accumulation jumps, and on heating it initiated additional strain
recovery jumps. The values of the strain jumps depended on temperature and had their maximum in the middle of the temperature
intervals of martensitic transformations. In [8] it was found that
the ultrasonic vibration applied during preliminary deformation
of the TiNi sample in the martensitic state initiated a larger value
of the two-way shape memory effect. In [15,17,18] it was observed
that short-term ultrasonic vibration applied on heating resulted in

S. Belyaev et al. / Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

the appearance of recovery stress of 100150 MPa in a TiNi sample

preliminarily deformed in the martensitic state. Besides, in [8] it
was found that ultrasonic vibration inuenced the mechanical
behaviour of TiNi alloys. It was observed that ultrasonic vibration
applied during the deformation of TiNi alloy caused a decrease in
ow stress. This phenomenon is typical for metals and alloys and
is known as ultrasonic softening [19]. In [2022] it was found that
acoustic waves initiated by piezoelectrics assisted the motion of
twin boundaries in NiMn-Ga alloys and it resulted in an increase
in reversible strain induced by magnetic eld. In other words the
acoustic waves inuenced the mechanism of reorientation of the
martensite variants.
Thus, the described data show that ultrasonic vibration inuences the mechanical and functional properties of TiNi-based alloys [810,13,1518] and other shape memory alloys [1112,20
22] and may be used as a new instrument for the initiation of
shape memory effects. This is very important for various medical
applications of shape memory alloys and technical devices working
in a restricted space under limited electrical power. However, for
application of this method it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of the inuence of ultrasound on the properties of shape
memory alloys.
Usually the concept of the activation of dislocation multiplication and an increase in its mobility under the action of alternate
stress is used to explain the inuence of ultrasonic vibration on
the mechanical behaviour of metals [19]. This conception is not
suitable for shape memory alloys because dislocation plasticity
makes a small contribution to the deformation of these alloys. In
the temperature range close to martensitic transformation temperatures, the basic deformation mechanisms are phase transitions
and martensite variants reorientation [1,2]. There exists an
assumption that the main factors in a variation in the shape memory alloy properties under insonation are heating of the material
and alternate stresses action. These two factors may change the
phase state of the material [23] and induce the movement of interface and martensitic domain boundaries [2022].
The aim of the present work is to study experimentally the
mechanical behaviour and functional properties of shape memory
alloys under the action of alternate stresses and varying temperature. This will allow a correlation to be found between the data obtained in this work and data observed during insonation of shape
memory alloys.
The energy of ultrasonic vibration dissipates as a heat and as a
result the temperature of deforming material increases during
insonation [18,24]. When the insonation is stopped, the temperature of the material decreases to the initial temperature of deformation. A study of the inuence of the heat action on the
mechanical properties of TiNi alloy was one of the aims of this
work.
Alternate stresses acting in the body during insonation may signicantly inuence the properties of shape memory alloys. The
alternate stresses adding to static stress result in an additional
strain variation if the crystalline structure of the alloy contains a
large number of movable interfaces (within the temperature range
of direct and reverse martensitic transformations), for instance
during the transformation plasticity or the shape memory effect
[15,18] or within reorientation of martensite [2022]. Thus the
second aim of the work was a study of the inuence of short period
alternate stresses action on the deformation behaviour of the TiNi
alloy on cooling and heating under the constant stress.

2. Experimental procedure
Cylindrical Ti 50.0 at.% Ni samples with a diameter of 4 mm
and a length of 30 mm were preliminarily subjected to annealing

85

at 723 K for 120 min. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

data showed that this alloy underwent a martensitic transformation from the cubic B2 phase to the monoclinic B19 phase on cooling at temperatures of Ms = 330 K and Mf = 319 K and reverse
transformation from the B19 phase to the B2 phase on heating
at temperatures of As = 340 K and Af = 369 K. The deformation of
the samples was made by torsion in a special torsion machine
equipped with a thermal chamber, providing heating and cooling
of the sample in a temperature range from 450 K to 180 K. The
stress and the strain were estimated in the outer bers of the cylinder. The temperature of the sample was measured by thermocouple pressed to the surface of the sample.
To study the inuence of variation in the temperature of deformation on the mechanical behaviour of TiNi alloy, procedure 1 was
used. The sample was deformed by torsion at a constant temperature up to some strain c1 varying from 1 to 1.2%. After that the temperature of the sample increased sharply by DT = 4080 K at
constant strain. Then the deformation of the sample was continued
at the new temperature until the strain reached the value of
c2 = c1 + 0.5%. At the constant strain the temperature of the sample
was decreased to the previous value and the deformation of the
sample was continued up to c3 = 2%. The deformation of the samples was carried out at different initial temperatures of
T1 = 298 K, T2 = 200 K, and T3 = 249 K, at which the alloy was in
the martensitic state, and at T4 = 384 K, T5 = 360 K, and T6 = 349 K,
at which the samples were in the austenitic state.
To study the inuence of the alternate stress effect on the functional properties of shape memory alloys, procedure 2 was used.
The sample was heated up to 420 K, at which the alloy was in
the austenitic state, loaded by torsion up to s0 = 20 MPa, 30 MPa,
or 50 MPa, cooled down to 293 K, at which the alloy was in the
martensitic state, and then heated up to 420 K again. On cooling
and heating under constant stress, transformation plasticity and
shape memory effects were observed in the TiNi alloy. The rate
of temperature variation was equal to 2 K/min. During cooling
and heating the sample, the value of stress was varied from
s0 Ds to s0 + Ds at various temperatures. At each temperature
the stress of s0 was varied ve times with a period of 4 s and the
amplitude of Ds was 2.5 MPa, 5 MPa, and 7.5 MPa.

3. Experimental results
3.1. Inuence of temperature variation on the mechanical properties of
the TiNi alloy
Fig. 1 shows the stressstrain diagrams obtained at initial temperatures of T1 = 298 K, T2 = 200 K, and T3 = 249 K. According to
DSC data, at these temperatures the TiNi alloy was in the martensitic state, and hence, the deformation was produced by reorientation of martensite domains [1,2]. In Fig. 1 it is seen that a sharp
increase in temperature of 40 K results in a decrease in the value
of reorientation stress and the following deformation occurs at
lower stresses. However, a decrease in the deformation temperature to the initial temperature leads to an increase in stress for
martensite reorientation. It is important to note that the value of
the decrease in stress does not depend on the deformation temperature but is determined by the value of the temperature jump
(Fig. 1ac). An increase in the value of the temperature jump from
40 K to 80 K gives a proportional decrease in the value of stress
(Fig. 1a and d). So during deformation of the sample at a temperature of 200 K, a temperature jump of 40 K results in a decrease in
reorientation stress of 14 MPa but a temperature jump of 80 K
leads to a decrease in stress of 29 MPa. Thus, it can be said that
an increase in temperature during the deformation of the TiNi
sample in the martensitic state results in a decrease in ow stress.

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S. Belyaev et al. / Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 1. Stressstrain diagrams obtained at T = 200 K (a and d), T = 249 K (b), T = 298 K (c). The arrows indicate the interval where the deformation is carried out at temperature
T + DT. The increment in temperature DT is 40 K (ac) and 80 K (d).

In other words an increase in temperature of the deformation assists in the process of martensite reorientation.
Fig. 2 shows the stressstrain diagrams obtained at temperatures of T4 = 384 K, T5 = 360 K, and T6 = 349 K, where the TiNi alloy
is in the austenitic state. Contrary to the results presented in Fig. 1,
an increase in the deformation temperature of 40 K results in an increase in stress. The value of stress growth depends on the deformation temperature: the lower the deformation temperature, the
larger the increase in stress. So, during deformation of the sample
at a temperature of 349 K, a temperature jump of 40 K results in an

increase in stress of 45 MPa and the same value of temperature

jump does not affect the stress during deformation of the sample
at a temperature of 380 K. An increase in the temperature jump
from 40 K to 80 K during deformation of the sample at a temperature of 380 K does not inuence the stressstrain diagrams but
strongly increases the ow stress during the deformation of the
sample at a temperature of 349 K (Fig. 2a and d).
Thus, the data obtained have demonstrated that an increase in
temperature of the sample may result in a decrease or increase
in deformation stress depending on the structural state of the TiNi

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2. Stressstrain diagrams obtained at T = 349 K (a and d), T = 360 K (b), T = 380 K (c). The arrows indicate the interval where the deformation is carried out at temperature
T + DT. The increment in temperature DT is 40 K (ac) and 80 K (d).

S. Belyaev et al. / Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

87

Fig. 3. Straintemperature curves obtained on cooling and heating the sample under the constant stress of 30 MPa. The vertical arrows indicates the temperatures at which
the alternate stresses are applied. The amplitude of alternate stresses Ds is 0 MPa (a), 2.5 MPa (b), 5 MPa (c) and 7.5 MPa (d).

sample. In the case of the alloy is in the martensitic state a decrease

in stress is observed, and on the other hand if the alloy is in the
austenitic state an increase in stress takes place. These results
are in good agreement with the experimental data showing the
inuence of ultrasonic vibration on the mechanical behaviour of
TiNi alloy [810,13,15] and inuence of acoustic waves on the
reorientation of martensite [2022].
3.2. Inuence of alternate stresses on the functional properties of the
TiNi alloy
To study the inuence of alternate stresses on the functional
properties of the TiNi alloy the second experimental procedure
was used. Fig. 3 shows the straintemperature curves obtained
on cooling and heating the TiNi sample under a constant stress
of 30 MPa. During this process, alternate stresses with amplitudes
of 2.5 MPa (Fig. 3b), 5 MPa (Fig. 3c), and 7.5 MPa (Fig. 3d) were applied to the sample at different temperatures, as shown in Fig. 3 by
arrows. It is observed that the alternate stress applied to the sample at temperatures lying outside the transformation temperature
interval does not affect the strain accumulation. However, if the
alternate stresses are applied to the sample within the transformation temperature range, then strain jumps are observed on the
straintemperature curves. The sign of the strain jumps is due to

(a)

the type of transformation. The application of alternate stresses

during the forward transformation on cooling results in a positive
strain jump, and during the reverse transformation on heating,
negative strain jumps occur. As the sign of the strain jumps coincides with the direction of the strain variation, then this is a good
reason to suppose that the total value of the strain accumulated on
cooling and the strain recovered on heating must increase too.
Fig. 4 shows the dependencies of the transformation plasticity
and the shape memory effects values on alternate stress amplitude.
It is found that the application of alternate stresses results in an increase in the transformation plasticity and shape memory effects
in the case of cooling and heating the samples under constant
stress of 20 or 30 MPa. At static stress of s0 = 50 MPa the appearance of the strain jump does not change the total value of deformation effects. This is probably due to the fact that during cooling of
the TiNi alloy under a static stress of 50 MPa the deformation resource of transformation plasticity is exhausted. In this case, on
cooling under the stress of 50 MPa, most of the martensite crystals
coincide with the stress and the maximum strain accumulates during transformation. Thus, the action of alternate stress does not affect the total strain of the transformation plasticity effect. On the
other hand only a part of the martensite crystals coincides with
the stress on cooling the sample under stresses of 20 MPa and
30 MPa, the action of alternate stress results in the appearance of

(b)

Fig. 4. Dependence of value of transformation plasticity effect (a) and value of shape memory effect (b) on the amplitude of alternate stresses applied to the sample during
cooling and heating under the constant stress of 20 MPa, 30 MPa or 50 MPa.

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S. Belyaev et al. / Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

(a)

(b)

an additional part of oriented martensite domains, and the total

strain increases.
Analysis of the experimental data shows that the value of the
strain jump depends not only on the amplitude of alternate stress
but also on the temperature at which these stresses are applied to
the sample. Fig. 5 shows the dependencies of the value of the strain
jump on temperature. It can be seen that the maximum strain
jump is observed in the centre of the temperature range of martensitic transformation and its position almost does not depend
on the amplitude of alternate stress and value of constant stress
acting on cooling and heating. It is important to note that the value
of the strain jump observed on cooling is larger than the value of
the strain jump found on heating, which is in good agreement with
the experimental results on the inuence of ultrasonic vibration on
strain variation during the transformation plasticity and the shape
memory effects obtained in [15,18].
Thus, the data obtained have shown that the alternate stress applied to the sample on cooling and heating under constant stress
results in the appearance of an additional strain variation.
4. Discussion
The main data show that the inuence of ultrasonic (acoustic)
vibration on the mechanical and functional properties of shape
memory alloys may be due to heating the sample and the action
of alternate stress. To understand the inuence of heating the sample on the mechanical behaviour of shape memory alloys it is necessary to analyse the temperature dependence of yield stress.
Contrary to ordinary alloys, where the plastic deformation is realized by dislocation slip, a shape memory alloy has three different
mechanisms of unelastic deformation [1,2]. The alloy is deformed
by dislocation slip at temperatures which are higher than the
end temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation (Af); it
is deformed by phase transition at temperatures which are close
to the start temperature of the forward transformation (Ms); and
it is deformed by reorientation of martensite domains at temperatures which are lower than the nish temperature of the forward
transformation (Mf). According to these mechanisms the dependence of yield stress on temperature has three branches [25] as
shown in the scheme (Fig. 6). As the temperature of the sample increases the stress for reorientation of martensite domains decreases at the rst branch at temperatures lower than Ms, stress
for martensitic transformation induction increases at the second
branch at temperatures from Ms to Md > Af, and stress for dislocation slip decreases at the third branch at temperatures higher than
Md. Thus, it may be found that an increase in temperature may result in a different variation of stress depending on the structural
state of the alloy. If the deformation of the sample is realized at
temperatures lower than a temperature of Ms or higher than a temperature of Md then an increase in temperature results in a

Yield stress

Fig. 5. Dependence of the strain increment on the temperature of application of alternate stresses on cooling (a) and heating (b).

Md
Ms
Temperature
Fig. 6. Scheme of the dependence of yield stress on temperature in shape memory
alloys.

decrease in stress. The same behaviour is observed on insonation

of the alloy in the martensitic state (T < Ms). On the other hand if
the deformation of the sample is realized at temperatures from
Ms to Md then an increase in temperature leads to an increase in
stress according to ClausiusClapeyron relation [1,2,26,27]. The
same behaviour is found when the ultrasonic vibration is applied
to the alloy in the austenitic state. However, if the deformation
of the sample is realized at temperatures close to Ms or Md, a
non-monotonic variation in stress may be observed. According to
[16] a non-monotonic stress variation was observed on application
of ultrasonic vibration with deformation of the alloy at a temperature close to Ms. Thus, the inuence of ultrasonic vibration on the
mechanical behaviour of the shape memory alloy is due to heating
of the material.
To understand the inuence of alternate stress on the functional
properties of shape memory alloys it is necessary to note that the
accumulation of strain on cooling the sample under constant stress
is due to the appearance of preferable martensite variants where
the shifts coincide with the direction of stress. The larger the number of preferably oriented martensite variants, the larger the value
of the strain accumulated on cooling. During transformation the
lattice is very soft and the phase boundaries are very movable. In
this case, any external action, for instance, alternate stress, results
in the appearance of an additional quality of preferably oriented
martensite variants, which leads to an additional strain variation.
The number of phase boundaries reaches its maximum when half
of the alloy is transformed to the martensite phase. This is realized
in the central position of the temperature range of martensitic
transformation. That is why the action of alternate stress at a temperature equal to half of the temperature range of martensitic transition results in the highest strain jump on the straintemperature
curve. The same behaviour is observed during insonation of the
TiNi alloy on cooling and heating at constant stress [15,18].
Thus, the results of the experimental study show that the inuence of ultrasonic vibration on the mechanical behaviour and

S. Belyaev et al. / Ultrasonics 54 (2014) 8489

functional properties of shape memory alloy is due to heating of

the material and the action of alternate stresses.
5. Conclusions

[9]
[10]
[11]

In the present study it has been shown that the heat action of
ultrasonic results in variation in yield stress of deforming body.
On heating the yield stress may decrease or increase depending
on the structural and phase states of the alloy and the value of temperature increment.
Superposition of alternate and constant stresses results in the
additional increment of strain on cooling or heating the TiNi alloy
through the temperature range of martensitic transformations under the constant stress. This phenomenon becomes more signicant if the alternate stresses are applied to the TiNi alloy in the
middle of the temperature range of martensitic transformations.
Apparently it is due to an increase in mobility of interfaces (phase
and domains) by means of decrease in efcient friction force
caused by alternate stresses.

[12]
[13]
[14]

[15]

[16]

Acknowledgement

[17]

Authors would like to thank Prof. V. Rubanik, Dr. V. Rubanik Jr.

for fruitful discussion of the results of this study.

[18]

[19]

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