Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Motivation:
The force that energizes and gives direction to behavior.
Mangers need to understand what influences people to engage is certain
behaviors so they can influence people to focus their behavior on achieving
the organizational goals.
II.
III.
Motivational Approaches.
A. Needs-Based Models:
Models of motivation that emphasize specific
human needs or the factors within a person that energize, direct, and stop
behavior.
B. Process Models:
Models that focus on understanding the thought
processes that take place within the individuals mind and act to affect
behavior.
IV.
4. Esteem Needs: Needs for personal feelings of achievement and selfworth and for recognition, respect, and prestige from others.
5. Self-Actualization Needs: Needs for self-fulfillment and the opportunity
to achieve ones potential; at the top of the hierarchy.
B. Two-Factor Model: A motivation model, proposed by Herzberg, that
proposes two major factors leading to job satisfaction and job
dissatisfaction.
1. Motivator Factors: Factors related to job content, or what people
actually do in their work; associated with an individuals positive
feelings about the job.
2. Hygiene Factors:
Factors associated with the job context or
environment in which the job is performed.
3. The basic idea of the model: Normally, people will not be motivated
until the hygiene factors are to a level that do not cause
dissatisfaction. Only after that will the motivator factors influence a
person to be satisfied with the situation.
4. Cautions related to the Two-Factor Model.
C. Acquired-Needs Model: Needs are learned from the life experiences in the
culture in which we live.
1. Need for Achievement: The drive to excel, to accomplish challenging
tasks, and to achieve a standard of excellence.
2. Need for Power: The need to influence and control ones environment;
may involve either personal power or institutional power.
3. Need for Affiliation:
relationships.
V.
First,
they
of a
their
their
a. Specific.
b. Measurable.
c. Achievable, or realistic.
d. Results oriented, not focused on actions.
e. Time related. Goals must have a deadline.
2. Should goals be set participatively?
a. If the employees will resist goals that they do not help set.
b. If set participatively, then the manager must keep employees
informed and provide feedback.
D. Reinforcement Theory: The basic belief that people learn to repeat
behaviors that are positively rewarded and avoid behaviors that are
punished or not rewarded.
1. Four Types of Reinforcers.
a. Positive Reinforcement:
by
allowing
escape
from
Strengthening
an undesirable
c. Extinction:
d. Punishment:
2. Schedules of Reinforcement:
reinforcement.
a. Fixed-Interval Schedule:
d. Variable-Ratio Schedule:
International Perspectives.
A. The basics of the motivational models seem to hold across many cultures.
B. Certainly, the details differ. That is, people in some cultures/countries
have different needs, different perceptions, and may place different values
on rewards.
VIII.