Handbook of Drainage Engineering Problems

Water Table
Drain
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HANDBOOK OF
DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS
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Impermeable Layer
Drain
Mohammad Valipour
eBooks
Handbook of Drainage Engineering Problems

Edited by: Mohammad Valipour
Published Date: July 2014
Published by OMICS Group eBooks
731 Gull Ave, Foster City. CA 94404, USA
Copyright 2014 OMICS Group

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Preface
In the near future, energy is converted as a luxury item and water is considered as the
most vital item in the world due to reduction of water resources in most area. Furthermore,
the most water consumption belongs to agriculture and irrigation. One of the best methods
to increase of irrigation efficiency is soil improvement and reuse of drained water. In this
condition, role of water science researchers and drainage experts is important more than
ever. If a water engineering student do not educate well, will not solve problems of water
sciences in the future. Many engineer students learn all necessary lessons in the university,
but they cannot to answer to the problems or to pass the exams because of forgetfulness
or lack of enough exercise. This book contains one hundred essential problems related to
drainage engineering with a small volume and covers both urban and agricultural drainage
problems. Undoubtedly, many problems can be added to the book but the author tried
to mention only more important problems and to prevent increasing of volume of the
book due to help to feature of portability of the book. To promotion of student skill, both
SI and English system have been used in the problems and a list of important symbols
has been added to the book. All of the problems solved completely. This book is useful
for not only exercising and passing the university exams but also use in actual project as
a handbook. The handbook of drainage engineering problems is usable for agricultural,
civil, and environmental students, teachers, experts, researchers, engineers, designers,
and all enthusiastic readers in drainage engineering, soil sciences, surface and pressurized
irrigation, agricultural water management, water resources, hydrology, and hydrogeology
fields. Prerequisite to study of the book and to solve of the problems is each appropriate
book about drainage science; however, the author recommends studying of the references
to better understanding of the problems and presented solutions. It is an honor for author
to receive any review and suggestion to improvement of book quality.
Mohammad Valipour
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About Editor
Mohammad Valipour is a Ph.D. candidate in Agricultural Engineering-Irrigation and Drainage

at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran. He completed
his B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering-Irrigation at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2006
and M.Sc. in Agricultural Engineering-Irrigation and Drainage at University of Tehran,
Tehran, Iran in 2008. Number of his publications is more than 60. His current research
interests are surface and pressurized irrigation, drainage engineering, relationship between
energy and environment, agricultural water management, mathematical and computer
modeling and optimization, water resources, hydrology, hydrogeology, hydro climatology,
hydrometeorology, hydro informatics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, fluid mechanics, and
heat transfer in soil media.
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Contents
Abbreviations
Problems
References
Page #
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Handbook of Drainage Engineering

Problems
Mohammad Valipour*
Department of Water Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah,
Iran
*Corresponding author: Mohammad Valipour, Department of Water Engineering, Kermanshah
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: vali-pour@hotmail.com
Abbreviations
a Gutter depression
a Regression constant
A Drainage area
A Cross sectional area of Flow
A Minimum distance from back wall to trash rack
Ac Contributing drainage area
Ag Clear opening area of the grate
Ak Area
Am Area of watershed
Ao, Ai Outlet and inlet storm drain cross-sectional areas
Ao Orifice area
Aw Area of Flow in depressed gutter section
Aw Area of Flow in a specified width of the depressed gutter
b Access hole or junction chamber diameter
b Width of spillway
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b,c,d Regression coefficients
B Maximum distance between a pump and the back wall
B Bottom width of channel
B Cross-sectional area of Flow of basin
B Road section width from curb to crown
BDF Basin development factor
C Average distance from floor to pump intake
C Dimensionless runoff coefficient
CB Correction factor for benching of storm drainage structure
CBCW Broad-crested weir coefficient 1.44 to 1.70 (2.61 to 3.08)
Cd Correction factor for Flow depth in storm drainage structure
CD Correction factor for pipe diameter in storm drainage structure (pressure Flow only)
Cf Frequency of event correction factor
Co Orifice coefficient 0.4 - 0.6
CSP Discharge coefficient for spillway 0.41 to 0.48 (2.45 to 2.83)
Cp Correction factor for plunging Flow in a storm drainage structure
CQ Correction factor for relative Flow in storm drainage structure
CSCW Sharp crested weir coefficient 1.83 to 2.21 (3.32 to 4.01)
Cw Weir coefficient
C0, C1, C2 Unit peak Flow coefficients
CN Curve number
d Depth of Flow
d Trench depth
dc Critical depth of Flow in conduit
di Depth at lip of curb opening
dahi Water depth in access hole relative to the inlet pipe invert
daho Water depth in access hole above the outlet pipe invert
do Effective head on the center of the orifice throat
D Pump, orifice, or storm drain diameter
D Duration of excess rainfall (SCS UH method)
D Gutter depression
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D Depth of ponding or basin
DHW Design high water elevation
Di Inflowing pipe diameter
Do Outlet pipe diameter
D50 Mean riprap size
E Efficiency of an inlet
Eo Ratio of Flow in a depressed gutter section to total gutter Flow = (Qw/Q)
Eo Ratio of Flow in a portion of a depressed gutter section to total gutter Flow
Et Total energy
E Total energy lost
Ep Total power lost as power passes through the access hole
f Floor-configuration coefficient (power loss method)
fc Infiltration rate
Fp Adjustment factor for pond and swamp areas
Fr Froude number
g Acceleration due to gravity
Gi Grade of roadway
h Height of curb-opening inlet
h Vertical distance of plunging Flow from the Flow line of the higher elevation inlet pipe to the
center of the outflow pipe
hL Head or energy loss
ho, hi Outlet and inlet velocity heads
H Wetted pipe length
H Head above weir crest excluding velocity head
Hah Head loss at access holes or inlet structures
Hc Height of weir crest above channel bottom
Hf Friction loss
Hj Junction loss
Hl Losses through fittings, valves, etc.
Ho Head measured from centroid of orifice to the water surface elevation
Hp Loss due to friction in water passing through a pump, valves, fittings, etc.
Hp Effective head on the emergency spillway
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Hs Maximum static head
Ht Storage depth
Hv Velocity head
Hx Depth for storage volume
HGLi Hydraulic grade line elevation at the inflow pipe
HGLo Hydraulic grade line elevation at the outlet pipe
I Rainfall intensity
I Degree of site imperviousness (equation 10-2)
I Inflow
Ia Initial abstraction (average = 0.2 SR)
IA Percentage of basin occupied by impervious surfaces
INV Inlet invert elevation
k Intercept coefficient
K Vertical curve constant
K Conveyance
K Adjusted loss coefficient for storm drain inlet structure
Kaho Approximate access-hole loss coefficient
Kb Shear stress parameter (function of Rc/B)
Kc Storm drain contraction coefficient (0.5 Ke)
Ke Expansion coefficient
Ko Initial head loss coefficient based on relative access hole size
Ku Units conversion factor or coefficient
K1 Ratio of side to bottom shear stress of a trapezoidal channel
K2 Ratio of side to bottom tractive force of a trapezoidal channel
L Horizontal length of curve, Flow length, length of basin at base length of pipe, weir length,
or length of wet well
L Pollutant load
LM Main channel length for USGS Nationwide Urban Hydrograph
Lp Length of increased shear stress due to the bend
LT Curb opening length required to intercept 100 percent of the gutter Flow
M Cross-sectional area of Flow at midsection of basin
n Mannings roughness coefficient
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n Porosity of the backfilled material (dimensionless: void volume/total volume)
nb Mannings roughness in the channel bend
O Outflow
N Number of equal size pumps
P Depth of precipitation
P Perimeter of the grate disregarding the side against the curb
P Wetted perimeter
Pj Correction factor for storms that produce no Flow (equation 10-1)
qa Adjusted peak Flow
qp Peak Flow
qu Unit peak Flow
Q Flow
Q One-half of the Flow in a composite V-ditch
Qb Bypass Flow
QD Depth of direct runoff
Qi Inflow, peak inflow rate, or inlet interception Flow capacity
Qi Inlet interception Flow capacity
Qic Interception capacity of curb
Qig Interception capacity of grate
Qo, Qi, Ql Outlet, inlet, and lateral flows respectively
Qo Peak Flow rate out of the detention basin
Qp Peak discharge rate (total capacity of all pumps)
Qs Submerged Flow
Qr Free Flow
Qs Flow rate in the gutter section above the depressed section
Qs Flow rate on one side of a composite V-ditch beyond the depressed section
Qw Flow rate in the depressed section of the gutter
Qw One-half of the Flow rate in the depressed section of a composite
V ditch
r Ratio of width to length of basin at the base
r Pipe radius
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R Hydraulic radius (Flow area divided by the wetted perimeter)
Rc Radius to centerline of open channel
Rf Ratio of frontal Flow intercepted to total frontal Flow
RI2 Rainfall intensity for 2-h, 2-yr recurrence
RQT T-yr rural peak Flow
Rs Ratio of side Flow intercepted to total side Flow (side Flow interception efficiency)
Rv Runoff coefficient (equation 10-1)
S Minimum submergence at the intake of a pump
S Surface slope
Sc Critical slope
Se Equivalent cross slope
Sf Friction slope
SL Longitudinal slope
So Energy grade line slope
Sp Slope
SR Retention
Sw Cross slope of the gutter measured from the cross slope of the pavement
Sw Cross slope of the depressed gutter
Sx Cross slope
SL Main channel slope
ST Basin Storage (percentage of basin occupied by lakes, reservoirs, swamps, and wetlands)
t Travel time in the gutter
tb Time duration of the Unit Hydrograph
tc Time of concentration
tc Minimum allowable cycle time of a pump
ti Duration of basin inflow
tp Time to peak of the hydrograph
tr Time of recession (SCS UH method)
T Width of Flow (spread)
T Surface width of open channel Flow
T Hypothetical spread that is correct if it is contained within Sx1 and Sx2
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T One-half of the total spread in a composite V-ditch
TL Lag time from the centroid of the unit rainfall excess to the peak of the unit hydrograph
TR Duration of unit excess rainfall (Snyder UH Method)
Ts Width of spread from the junction of the depressed gutter section and the normal gutter
section to the limit of the spread in both a standard gutter section and a composite V-ditch
TDH Total dynamic head
Ts Detention basin storage time
Tw Width of circular gutter section
Tti Travel time
UQT Urban peak discharge for T-yr recurrence interval
V Velocity
V Storage volume
Vc Critical velocity
Vd Channel velocity downstream of outlet
Vo Gutter velocity where splash-over first occurs
Vo Average storm drain outlet velocity
Vo, Vi, Vl Outlet, inlet, and lateral velocities, respectively
Vr Voids ratio
Vr Inflow volume of runoff
Vs Storage volume estimate
Vt Total cycling storage volume
Vx Individual pump cycling volumes
V1 Velocity upstream of transition
V2 Velocity downstream of transition
W Minimum required distance between pumps
W Width of gutter or width of basin at base
W50, W75 Time width of Snyder Unit Hydrograph at discharge equal to 50 percent and 75
percent, respectively
w Trench width
y Flow depth
Y Minimum level floor distance upstream of pump

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Z Elevation above a given datum
z Horizontal distance for side slope of trapezoidal channel
Angle
Angle of curvature
d Water surface elevation difference in a channel bend
S Change in storage
t Time interval
Unit weight of water (at 15.6 EC (60 EF))
Average shear stress
b Bend shear stress
d Maximum shear stress
Permissible shear stress
Angle between the inflow and outflow pipes

Angle of v-notch
Problems
1. In a drainage system, drainage spacing is 60 meters and depth of the impermeable
layer below drain level is 2 meters. According to the table, determine hydraulic
conductivity and effective porosity.
Day
h (m)
q (l/day)
1.4
3.00
1.2
2.52
1.0
2.00
0.8
1.53
0.6
1.10
0.4
0.70
L=
60m
d=
2m
8kdh 4kh 2
8 k 2 0.4 4 k 0.42
q=
+ 2 0.7 103=
+
2
L
L
602
602
k=0.358m/day
ht
0.4
1.16e t = 1.16e 6
=
=
0.234
1.4
h0
10kd
10 0.358 2
0.234
=
=
f 0.009
fL2
f 602
2. In a drainage system, depth of the impermeable layer below drain level is 4 meters,
effective porosity is 8 percent, and hydraulic conductivity is 0.8 meters per day. If
water table falls down from 0.6 to 0.1 meters (90 days), determine drainage distance.
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d=4m
f=8%
ht=0.1m
k=0.8 m/day
h0=0.6m
t=90 days
0.6
= 1.16e = 1.16e 90
= 0.022
0.1
10kd
10 0.8 4
0.022
=
L 135 m
2
0.08 L2
fL
=
3.
In a farm, moisture falls down from saturated status to 75 percent of saturated status. Actual density is 1.5
times of bulk density and area of the farm is 2 hectares. Determine drained volume from depth root (0.6
meters). In addition, if discharging extra water using a drainage pipe (10 days), determine diameter of the
pipe. Mannings coefficient and farm slope are 0.015 and 0.001, respectively.
b =
A=2ha
n=0.015
b =
2
s
3
Drz=0.6m
Ms
Vt
s =

D
4
1
AR 2/3 S 1/2
n
Ms
Vs
1
Va + Vw =
Vt
3 Vw = 3Va
1
1
Vw + Vw =
Vt
3
3
Vt = AxDrz = 2x104x0.6 = 12000m3
1
3000 m3
Vw =
12000 =
4
0.003
Q=
S=0.001
2
Vt + Va + Vw =
Vt
3

1
Vw = Vt
4
A=
t=10days
R=
A
P
=
Q
Vw
3000
=
= 0.003 m3 / s
t 10 24 300

R=
P=d
D
4
2
3
1 D2 D
1/2
( 0.001) D 13 cm
0.015 4 4
4. In a farm, soil moisture is 30 percent (in saturated status) and actual density is 2.65 grams per cubic
centimeters. Determine bulk density and porosity. Volume of a soil sample of this farm is 80 cubic
centimeters and its weight is 148 grams. After dehydration, weight of it is 120 grams. Determine porosity,
drainable porosity and hydraulic conductivity.
m=30%
s=2.65 gr/cm3

Va = 0
Vt =80cm3
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Mt =148gr
2.65 =
Vt = Vs + Vw
b =
s =
Ms =120gr
Ms
Vs + Vw
Ms
Vs
w = 1000

Ms
Vs
m =
M
Mw
b = s
Vt
Ms
Mw = 0.3Ms = 0.3x2.65Vs = 0.795Vs
M w 0.795Vs
kg
gr
= 1 3=
=
Vw = 0.795Vs
3
m
cm
Vw
Vw
2.65Vs
Va + Vw
0 + 0.795Vs
=
n =
= 0.443
1.476 gr =
/ cm3
V
+
V
+
V
V
+
0
+ 0.795Vs
Vs + 0.795Vs
s
a
w
s

M w 28
=
=
= 0.189
M t 148
= k 18.9= k k = 3.572 m / day
<nOK
5.
In an irrigated area (1000 m 1000 m), deep percolation is 360 millimeters per year. Diameter of well
(for drainage) is 10 centimeters, hydraulic conductivity is 25 meters per day, and aquifer thickness is 25
meters. Determine Water table loss and daily discharge.
=
qv 360
=
he2 hw2
mm
m
0.001
year
day
he2 =
hw2

qv re 1 2
ln re
K rw 2
0.001 500 1
2
=
ln
500 80
25 0.1 2
hw = (he2-80)1/2 = 23.5m
he-hw = 25-23.4 = 1.6m
Q = qvxre2 = 0.001xxre2 = 0.001xx5002 = 785 m3/day

6.
In a drainage system, assume: K = 0.305 meters per day, d = 6.1 meters, depth to dmin = 2.7 meters, water
table at ground, and surface at t = 0, specific yield = 7 percent, and existing drains, are 91 meters apart.
Determine: Time required for the water table to drop 1.5 meters, below the ground surface.
D =d +
Y0 = 2.7m
D = d +
y0
=
5.75 m
2
y0
=7.45 m
2

d =4.4m
y 1.2
KDt
=
= 0.444
=
0.096
2
y
2.7
SL
0
y =2.7-1.5 = 1.2m
0.096 SL2 0.096 0.07 912

=
t=
= 31.7 days
KD
0.305 5.75
The water table will drop 1.5 meters below the ground surface in about 32 days.
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7.
For a canal section with a base width of 3 meters and 2: 1 side slopes, find ql if Kl = 0.46 meters per day and
d = 0.76 meters.
K l ( B + 2d ) 0.46 [ 6.1 + 2 0.76]

=
= 1.0 m3 / m / day
3.5
3.5
ql
8.
If the spacing between water table depth (at beginning of irrigation season) and the barrier is 6.1 meters,
K2= 0.46 m/d, v = 2.74 meters, S = 12 percent, and ql = 1.0 m3/m/d. Find the time, t, the time required for
seepage.
K 2 y 2 Dl S 0.46 2.742 7.45 0.12

2.7
=
t
=
= 10 days
Dl =6.1 +
=7.45 m
2
2
q
1.0
2
l

9.
In a drainage system: Drainage area = 259 hectares, Drain spacing, L = 183 meters, Hydraulic conductivity,
K = 0.37 meter per day, Hooghoudts equivalent depth, d = 5.5 meters, Maximum distance between drain
and root zone, Y0 = 1.5 meters. Find: Maximum flow q into the sump in liters per second (gallons per
minute).
y0
=
6.25 m
2
2 Ky0 D A
2 0.37 1.52 6.25 254 10000
C=
0.6
=
188 gallon / min

86400 L L
86400 183
183
D = d +
10. The drainage pilot study area is situated in the south east of the Punjab, Pakistan. The area has been
suffering from waterlogging and salinity problems for a long time and therefore was selected as a priority
area in urgent need of drainage. The main causes of waterlogging are overirrigation and seepage inflow
from surrounding irrigated areas and canals. The estimated average seepage inflow is 0.5 mm/d with a
salinity of 5 dS/m. In 1998, a subsurface drainage system was installed on a pilot area of 110 ha. The
design discharge of the system is 1.5 mm/d and the design water table depth is 1.4 m. The soils are
predominantly silty (fc 0.36) with an estimated leaching efficiency coefficient (fi) of 0.9. The climate is
semi-arid with an annual potential crop evapotranspiration of 1 303 mm and an average annual effective
rainfall of 197 mm. The main crops are wheat in winter (December to April) and cotton in summer (June
to October/November). Both crops are irrigated throughout the year, as rainfall is insufficient to meet
crop water requirements (the table). Irrigation water is supplied through open canals and has a salinity
of 1 dS/m. Wheat is irrigated through basin irrigation and cotton is irrigated with furrow basins. The
major application losses occur as a result of deep percolation due to poor field leveling (non-uniformity)
and as a result of uncertainties in relation to rainfall and water distribution. The annual average ea is 64
percent ((ETcrop-Pe)/I), including 5 percent evaporation losses. The depth of the rootzone is assumed to
be 1 m and the water uptake pattern is 40, 30, 20, 10 percent from the first to the fourth quarter of the
rootzone, respectively. It is assumed that no capillary rise occurs. Determine the average LFi and ECe of
the rootzone.
Period
Dec
Crop
wheat
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
ET (mm)
43
55
101
110
76
61
Pe (mm)
15
15
15
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Year
145
154
219
195
114
30
1303
80
35
10
197
cotton

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I (mm)
222
122
122
122
144
144
144
288
144
144
122
1718
ECIWi = fiIi / (fiIi + Pe) ECI = (0.9 0.95 1718) / (0.9 0.95 1718 + 197) 1 = 0.88 dS/m
LFi1 = (IWi - 0.4 ETcrop) / IWi = (0.9 0.95 1 718 + 197 - 0.4 1 303) / (0.9 0.95 1718 + 197) = 0.69
LFi2 = (IWi (0.4 + 0.3) ETcrop) / IWi = (1 666 - 0.7 1 303) / 1 666 = 0.45
LFi3 = (IWi (0.4 + 0.3 + 0.2) ETcrop) / IWi = (1 666 - 0.9 1303) / 1 666 = 0.30
LFi4 = (IWi (0.4 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1) ETcrop) / IWi = (1 666 - 1.0 1 303) / 1 666 = 0.22
ECe1 = 0.5 ECsw1 = 0.5 0.88 / 0.69 = 0.64 dS/m
ECe2 = 0.5 ECsw2 = 0.5 0.88 / 0.45 = 0.98 dS/m
ECe3 = 0.5 ECsw3 = 0.5 0.88 / 0.30 = 1.47 dS/m
ECe4 = 0.5 ECsw4 = 0.5 0.88 / 0.22 = 2.00 dS/m
LFi = (fiIi + Pe - ETcrop) / (fiIi + Pe)
0.05 = (0.95 0.9 I + 197 - 1 303)/ (0.95 0.9 I + 197)
0.05 (0.855 I + 197) = (0.855 I - 1 106)
I = 1 374 mm
ECIWi = (0.9 0.95 1 374) / (0.9 0.95 1 374 + 197) 1 = 0.86 dS/m
11. In the drainage pilot study area, the water table depth is normally high in the winter, crop evapotranspiration
is low and irrigation water supplies are limited during the winter season. It is ideal to practise shallow
groundwater table management in the winter when wheat is the main crop. Total crop evapotranspiration
for wheat is 385 mm. The total seepage inflow during the wheat growing season is 0.5 mm/d 150 d = 75
mm. The salinity of the seepage inflow is 5 dS/m and the salinity of the irrigation water is 1.0 dS/m. The
water table depth (WT) at the start of the season is 0.7 m. The readily available soil moisture for the silty
soil as a volume percentage () is 0.191. The drainable pore space () 0.15. The soil moisture content in the
rootzone at field capacity (fc) is 0.36. Determine total leaching requirement.
Step 1: Calculate z, which is WT - half of the depth of the rootzone (Drz).
Step 2: Estimate the initial equilibrium (Table 3, Annex 5) for the calculated z. If the change in soil moisture
content (W) = 0 then at the start of the next calculation period is equivalent to the equilibrium for the
calculated z. At equilibrium conditions h = z.
Otherwise, = equilibrium - (W / Drz). If drops below the readily available soil moisture irrigation is
required.
Step 3: Estimate the maximum q by using Figure 31.
Step 4: Calculate maximum G which is maximum qt.
Step 5: Check if the maximum G can cover the water uptake by crops. If maximum G minus
ETcrop is positive then the actual G is equivalent to ETcrop. Otherwise, the actual G is equivalent to the maximum
G.

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Step 6: Calculate the change in soil moisture content (W) = (ETcrop - actual G).
Step 7: Calculate the drop in groundwater table (h) = ((actual G - Si) / ).
Step 8: The WT in the succeeding month is the WT of the calculated month plus h.
Step 9: Repeat previous steps for all the months in the calculation period.
The below matrix presents the summary of calculations of the changes in groundwater table depth and the
contribution of the capillary flow towards crop evapotranspiration.
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Total
WT (cm)
70
89
116
173
203
213
Drz (cm)
50
80
100
100
100
z (cm)
45
49
66
123
153
(for h = z)
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.36
0.31
maximum q (cm/d)
>1.0
>1.0
0.75
0.2
0.1
maximum G (cm)
>30
>30
22.5
Si (cm)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
7.5
ETcrop (cm)
4.3
5.5
10.1
11.0
7.6
38.5
actual G (cm)
4.3
5.5
10.1
6.0
3.0
28.9
W (cm)
-5.0
-4.6
-9.6
h (cm)
19
27
57
30
10
143
>91.5
S = 289 mm 5 dS/m = 1 445 ECmm

Send = Sstart + S
Send = 2 2 360 + 1 445 = 2 885 ECmm
ECe end = 2 885 / (2 360) = 4.0 dS/m
0.9qt=360 ln ((24-1)/ (22-1))
qt =339 mm
12. A pressure-head drop of 10 cm water is maintained across a capillary tube 20 cm long. The tube has a radius
of 0.1 mm. What quantity of flow can be expected?
P=10cm
=
Q
r = 0.1mm =10-3 kg.s/m = 0.01g.s/cm
Pr4 10 0.014
=
= 1.96 107 cm3 / s
8 L
8 0.01 20
13. Water is ponded on top of a saturated column of soil to a depth of 20 cm. The soil column is 200 cm
long. If water drips from the lower end of the column at the rate of 1 cm/cm/min, what is the hydraulic
conductivity? The column has a diameter of 10 cm.
Q = KiA
V=Ki
=
i
0
( 200 + 20 ) =
200
D 2 102
220
=
= 78.5 cm 2
A =
= 1.1
4
4
200
q=1cm /cm /min = V

3

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Q=AV=78.5x1 = 78.5 cm3/min
78.5 = K x 1.1 x 78.5K = 54.54 cm/hr
14. A hillside consists of a 3-foot uniform soil over dense granite. The slope of the hillside is 15%. The soil
hydraulic conductivity is 4 feet per day. (a) What velocity flux can be expected if the soil is saturated? (b) If
the porosity is 30%, what will be the velocity of an advance? (c) The soil is saturated for 2 feet above the rock.
What will be the seepage per lineal foot into an intercepting ditch at the bottom of the hill?
K= 4ft/day
i=0.15
Q
ft
V ==
Ki =
4 0.15 =
0.6
A
day
Q
A v V
0.6
ft
V=
=
= =
= 2
A
An A n n 0.30
day
n=30%
tan = 0.15 = tan-1 0.15 = 9.479
Sin = I = 0.148 V= ki = 4x0.148 = 0.59 ft/day
Q= KiA = 0.59 x 2 = 1.18 ft/day
15. Piezometers are placed side by side in a field at depths of (a) 20, (b) 40, and (c) 60 feet below the ground
surface. The pressure heads are 21 feet, 43 feet, and 68 feet respectively. (a) What are the hydraulic gradients?
(b) Which way is the water flowing? (c) If the hydraulic conductivity from a-b is 2 inches per hour what is the
conductivity b-c? (d) What is the vertical conductivity a-c?
(a) h1=21 ft
h2=43 ft
h3=68ft
ia b
h1 + Z1 ) ( h2 + Z 2 ) ( 21 + 80 ) ( 43 + 60 )
(=
=
0.1
ib c
h2 + Z 2 ) ( h3 + Z 3 ) ( 43 + 60 ) ( 68 + 40 )
(=
=
0.25
ib c
21 + 80 ) ( 40 + 68 )
(=
(b)
Z 2 Z1
60 80
Z3 Z 2
40 60
40 80
0.175
To up
(c) Ka-b = 2in/hr
Ka-b ia-b = Kb-c ib-c
2x0.1 = Kb-c x 0.25 = 0.2
Kb-c = 0.8 in/hr

=
K a c
Li
=
L
Ki
i
20 + 20
= 1.14 in / hr
20 20
+
2 0.8
16. An intercepting drain is dug 100 feet from a canal. The water level in the canal is 10 feet higher than the
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water level in the drain. All the water flows through a horizontal 2-foot soil stratum having a permeability
of 1 foot/day. What flow will come out of 100 feet of ditch?
ft
=
K 1= 1.157 105 ft / s
day
Q =KiA =0.1 200 1.157105 =2.315 104
ft 3
=20 ft 3 / day
s
17. Calculate the velocity head for water flowing under unit hydraulic gradient through a soil having a hydraulic
conductivity of 0.5 m/day and a porosity of 40%.
Velocity head =
V2
2g
i=
1
= 1
1

K = 0.5 m / day
n = 40%
V = Ki= 0.5 1= 0.5 m / day

0.5
m
100
Vn =
=
1.25
=
1.25
=
1.447 103 cm / s
0.4
24 60 60
day
(1.447 10=
)
3
V2
=
2g
2 981
1.067 109 cm
18. A layered soil consists of four layers of soil over gravel. Each soil layer is 50 cm thick. The hydraulic
conductivities of the layers from top to bottom are K1=0.5 cm/hr; K2=2.3 cm/hr; K3=2.0 cm/hr; K4=4.5 cm/
hr. Water is ponded on the soil surface to a depth of 10 cm. (a) what is the vertical permeability of the soil?
(b) What is the pressure at the interface between layers (1) and (2)? (c) What will be the flow into the ground
per unit area? (d) Assuming unit hydraulic gradient in a horizontal direction (no ponded water), what will
the horizontal flow be per unit area?
L1 + L2 + L3 + L4
L1 L2 L3 L4
+
+
+
K1 K 2 K 3 K 4
Ke =
200
= 1.267 cm / hr
100 + 21.74 + 25 + 11.11
(b)
Layer
Gravity head (cm)
Pressure head (cm)
Total potential (cm)
210
210
200
10
210
150
-73
77
Q
210
V = =Ki =
1.267
=
1.33 cm / hr
A
200

I b c
=
V
1.33
= = 2.66
K b c 0.5
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Changeof total potential ( b c )= 2.66 50= 133 cm
Total potential ( c ) = 210 133 = 77 cm
Pressure head ( c ) =
77 150 =
73 cm
(c)
Q = i ( K1 A1 + K 2 A2 + K 3 A3 + K 4 A4 )
(d)
Q = i ( K1 A1 + K 2 A2 + K 3 A3 + K 4 A4 )
Q = 1 ( 0.5 1 + 2.3 1 + 2 1 + 4.5 1) = 9.3 cm3 / hr

19. A soil column consists of two layers of soil. The upper layer is 4 feet thick and has a hydraulic conductivity
of 6 inches per hour. The lower layer is 2 feet thick and has a hydraulic conductivity of 1 inch per hour. If 2
feet of water are ponded in the soil surface what will be the rate of flow out of the column?
80
= 1.33
Q = KiA
6
L1 + L2
6
=
Ke =
= 0.187 ft / hr
L1 L2
4
2
+
+
K1 K 2 0.5 0.83
ft 3
=
Q 0.187 1.33=
1 0.249 2 / hr
ft
=
i
20. The hydraulic conductivity of a soil at 20 degrees centigrade is 0.024 cm/s. What is its intrinsic permeability?
= 0.01 poise
K = 0.024 cm / s
2
g = 980 cm / s 2 g = 980 cm / s
0.01
= 2.4 107
K =
K
0.024
=
g
1 980
21. A 5-foot column of soil tilted at an angle of 45 degree to the horizontal. The average pressure head at the
inflow face is 2.0 feet. The average pressure head at the outflow face is 0.1 foot. (a) What is the hydraulic
gradient? (b) What is the pressure gradient?
(a)
sin 45 =
Z1
2
=
Z1 = 3.53 ft
5
2
P1
P2
+ Z1 + Z 2
=
=
Hydraulic
gradient
5
3.53 + 2 ) 0.1
(=
5
1.09
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2 0.1
= 0.38
5
22. A soil has a hydraulic conductivity of 3 inches per hour and a porosity of 35%. For a hydraulic gradient due
entirely to gravity what is the velocity of advance?
(b) Pressure gradient

=
K = 3 in / hr n = 35%
V=
A
i = 1
VA =
Q
An V = Ki = 3 1 = 3 in / hr
A V V
3
= =
= 8.57 in / hr
An
n 0.35
23. Water is flowing horizontally through three parallel strata having hydraulic conductivities 1.7, 2.4, and 0.50
inches per hour respectively. The strata are each 1 foot thick. If the hydraulic gradient is 2.3 what is the flow
per unit width of the soil?
1.7
2.3 1= 0.326 ft 3 / ft 2 / hr A = A = A = 1 1 = 1 ft 2
2
3
12
1
2.4
Q2= K 2iA2=
2.3 1= 0.460 ft 3 / ft 2 / hr
12
0.5
Q3= K 3iA3=
2.3 1= 0.096 ft 3 / ft 2 / hr
12
Q1= K1iA1=
Q = Qi = 0.326 + 0.460 + 0.096 = 0.882 ft 3 / hr

i =1
24. Use the Bureau of Reclamation graphs to compute the spacing required for the water table to drop
from the soil surface to a depth of 1 foot in a 2-day period. The following information is available: The
hydraulic conductivity is 1.8 inches per hour. Tile drains are to be placed 3.5 feet below the soil surface. The
impermeable layer is 6.5 feet below the soil surface. What is the average flow out of a 200-acre field for the
2-day period?
t = 2 days
K = 3.6 ft / day
y
D
= de + 0
2
S = 14%
3.5
D =+
3
=
4.75 ft
2

r = 0.7 ft
y = 2.5 ft
y 2.5
KDt
= =0.715 2 =0.048
y0 3.5
SL
d = d0
KDt
3.6 4.75 2
=
=
L 71.34 ft
0.048S 0.048 0.14
d
3
=
de =
= 2.968 ft
8d
8d
8 3
8 3
1+
ln 3
1+
ln 3
S r
71.34 0.7
3.5
D= 2.968 +
= 4.72 ft
2
=
L2
0.5
3.6 4.72 2
=
L =
71.11 ft
0.048 0.14
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q=C
2 ky0 D A

86400 L L
A 200
=
acres 8709365 ft 2 C = 0.79
2 3.6 3.5 4.72 8709365
q=
0.79
86400 71.11
71.11
=
5.88 ft 3 / s
25. There is a drainage system with the following situation:

Steady rate of rainfall=0.009 m/day
Surface runoff=0.001 m/day
Deep seepage=0.001 m/day
Hydraulic conductivity= 0.1 m/day
The drain pipes are placed at a depth of 1.2 m. The impermeable layer is at a depth of 2.5 m, and the water
table should not be allowed to be closer than 70 cm from the soil surface. Determine drainage spacing.
R = 0.009 m / day
m = 0.5 m
d = 2.5 1.2 = 1.3 m
Runoff = 0.001 m / day
Deep percolation = 0.001 m / day

K = 0.1 m / day
n = 0.009 0.001 0.001 = 0.007 m / day
K
0.1
d
=
= 14.3 < 100 = 2.6 L = 8.1 m
n 0.007
m
26. The E.C. of irrigation water is 1.3 mmhos/cm. Assume a consumptive use of 3.5 in/day, a crop tolerance of
6 mmhos /cm; a soil hydraulic conductivity of 0.3 in/hour. The drains are to be placed at 8 feet and have a
radius of 0.30 foot. The water table is not to be closer than 4.5 feet from the soil surface. The impermeable
layer is 10 feet from the soil surface. (a) Determine drain spacing. (b) What will be the flow in cfs out of a
400-acre field? (c) If the outlet is on a grade of 0.001 what size of pipe is required? (d) If the water table rises
to within 2 feet of the soil surface following an irrigation, how long will it take for it to drop to 4 feet below
the soil surface (for the drain spacing calculated in a, using the Bureau of Reclamation charts)?
(a)
LR =
=
LR
Ddw
100
Diw

ECiw
1.3
100 = 100 = 21.67%
ECdw
6
ET = 3.5 in / day
Ddw
D
LR =
100 21.67 = dw 100 Ddw =V =0.097 in / day
3.5 + Ddw
DET + Ddw

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in
=
K 0.3
= 7.2in / day
hr
=
S2
4kH
4 7.2 3.5
H)
( 2de +=
( 2de + 3.5)
V
0.097
d = d e S = 109.43 ft
4
=
de
= 3.587 ft
=
S 105.4 ft
8 4
8 4
1+
ln
109.43 3 0.3
4
d e=
= 3.57 S= 105.3 ft
8 4
8 4
1+
ln
105.4 3 0.3
(b)
A=
400 43560 =
17424000 ft 2
Q = AV = 17424000 8.067 103 = 1.63 ft 3 / s

(c)
Q= AV= A
S = 0.001
Q
8
3
r=
(d)
1.486 2/3 1/2

R S
n
n = 0.016 ( for plastic pipe )

2
3
5
3
5
2 3
8
2.937 r
1.486 A
A
3
=
=
=
0.001
A
2.937
5.81
r
)
2 (
2
2
0.016 3
( 2 r ) 3
P
P3
1
2
Q
1.63
=
= 0.28 =
r 0.62 ft d= 1.24 ft
5.81 5.81
y 4
= = 0.67 KDt = 0.055
2
y0 6
SL
in
ft
=
K 0.3 = 0.6
=
S 0.043
hr
day
y
D
= de + 0
2 L = 105.3 ft d e = 3.57 ft
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6
D= 3.57 + = 6.57 ft
2
0.055 L2 S 0.055 105.32 0.043

=
= 6.65 days
KD
0.6 6.57
27. Given a soil with an impermeable layer 3 mete below the drain level (d=3 m), K1=0.5 m/day (hydraulic
conductivity of layer below the drain). V=0.005 m/day, H=0.60m, r=0.10 m (r=drain radius), determine
drain spacing.
r = 0.1 m
S2
m
m
K1 0.5
K 2 1= K b
=
= Ka =
day
day
H = 0.6 m

4
8
K a H 2 + Kb de H
V
V
d = de
=
S2
de
=
S2
de
=
S2
4
8
1 3 0.6
=
S 54.99 m
( 0.5 0.36 ) +
3024 =
0.005
0.005
d
3
=
= 2.33 m
8d
8d
8 3
8 3
1+
ln 3
1+
ln 3
S r
54.99 0.1
4
8
1 2.33 0.6
=
S 48.79 m
( 0.5 0.36 ) +
2380 =
0.005
0.005
3
= 2.27 m
8 3
8 3
1+
ln 3
48.79 0.1
4
8
1 2.27 0.6
=
S 48.21 m
( 0.5 0.36 ) +
2325 =
0.005
0.005
28. Water is flowing to a depth of 2 feet in a trapezoidal drain ditch having a bottom width of 3 feet and side
slopes of 2:1. The roughness coefficient is 0.042. The gradient of the ditch is 0.15. Calculate the velocity using
the formulas of Mannings and Chezy.
d = 2 ft
V=
b = 3 ft
1.486 2/3 1/2

R S
n

R=
n = 0.04
s = 0.0015
Z =2
A
P
A = bd + Zd 2 = 3 2 + 2 22 = 14 ft 2
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P = b + 2d 1 + Z 2 = 3 + 2 2 1 + 4 = 11.9 ft
14
=
R = 1.176 ft
11.9
1.486
V=
1.1762/3 0.00151/2 =
1.60 ft / s
0.04
V = C ( RS )
1/2
1.486 1/6 1.486

1/6
=
R
1.176 )
38.17
(=
n
0.04
V = 38.17 (1.176 0.0015 ) = 1.60 ft / s

1/2
29. For a drain pipe flowing partially full the wetted perimeter P is: P=2 (360)/360 and the cross-sectional
area of flow A is: A=r2(360)/360+0.5r2Sin. Show that the maximum discharge occurs for =5740 and
d=0.938D.
If =
180 =
P
360 180
2=
r r
360
1
A 0.5 r 2 + r 2 sin180
=
=
0.5 r 2
2
360 0
If = 0 P =
2 r = 2 r
360
1
=
A r 2 + r 2 sin =
0 r 2
2
= 5740'
d= h +
D
2
h
D
cos =
=
h
cos
2 D/2
2
2
D D
D
D
57.667 D
d = + cos = 1 + cos = 1 + cos
0.938 D
= (1.87602 ) =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2r
r2
0.5r
C1.98r8/3
50
5.4r
3.08r2
0.57r
C2.12r8/3
57.667
5.27r
3.05r2
0.58r
C2.13r8/3
100
4.53r
2.76r2
0.60r
C1.97r8/3
30. A trapezoidal open drain canal of maximum efficiency is to be designed to carry 120 cfs at a velocity 3 feet
per second. What size and shape would you recommend?
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Q = 120
ft 3
s
V =3
ft
s
Q = AV
=
A
120
= 40 ft 2
3
2/3
1.486 2/3 1/2

1.486 A
1.486 1/2 A5/3
1/2
=
=
R S A
S
S

n
n P
n
P 2/3
1.486 1/2
A5/3
Q
S = C Q = C 2/3 QP 2/3 = CA5/3 P 2/3 = A5/3
n
P
C
Q
=
C C P 2/3 =
A5/3 C 3/5 P 2/3
C
3/5
=
A
C 3/5 = C A = C P 2/5 = bh + Zh 2
P = b + 2h Z 2 + 1 b = P 2h Z 2 + 1
A= Ph 2h 2 Z 2 + 1 + Zh 2
dA
dA
=0
=0
dh
dZ
P 4h Z 2 + 1 + 2 Zh = 0 P = 4h Z 2 + 1 2 Zh
d( Zh 2 )
= h2
dZ

dPh
=0
dZ
2Z 2
2Z
2Z
3
2
0 2h 2
= h 2
=1 Z =
+ h = 0 2h
2
2
2
3
2 1+ Z
2 1+ Z
1+ Z
=
P 4h
3
1
+ 1 2 =
h 2 3h
3
3
=
b 2 3h 2h
1
4 3
2 3
+=
1 2 3h
=
h
h
3
3
3
2 3 2
3 2
A = bh + Zh 2 40 =
h h = 4.805 ft
h +
3
3
P =2 3 4.805 =16.6 ft
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31. Seepage from a canal is causing a drainage problem on adjacent land. The canal is 2.5 meters deep and rests
on an impermeable layer. The water level in the canal is 2.4 meters above the bottom. The soil has a hydraulic
conductivity of 20 mm/hr. (a) what will be the flow into an interceptor drain located 25, 50, and 100 meters
from the canal?
i=
dy
dx
=
qdx
=
q KiA
= K
dy
y 1 qdx
= Kdyy
dx
= K ydy qx
= K
Kdyy q dx
x = 0 y = 0
x = L y = h1
y2
2
h12
y 2 h1
] K ]0 =
qx=
qL K
2
2
K
qL = h 2
h1 = 2.4 m
2
20
1000
2.42 = 6 107 m3 / s
L = 25 m q =
50
L
0
20
1000
L =50 m q =
2.42 =3 107 m3 / s
100
20
1000
2.42 = 1.6 107 m3 / s
L = 100 m q =
200
32. A soil contains 40% clay. The clay has a cation exchange capacity of 90 meq/100g. If
the clay is saturated with sodium, how many tons of sodium is present in an acre foot
of soil? The soil has a bulk density of 84 lbs/ft3. How many tons of calcium must be
added to reduce the sodium to one half?
Na = 90 23 103 = 2.07 g /100 g soil

V= 43560 0.4= 17424 ft 3
W= 17424 84
= 1463616 lb
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1 pound = 453 g
1463616 453 =
663018048 g ( clay )
663018048
=
2.07 13724473
=
g ( sodium ) 13.7 ton ( sodium )
100
13724473 453453 =
30296 lb
30296 2000 =
15.15 ton ( sodium )
Ca
=
40
= 20 g
2

CEC = 90
Ca
=
90
= 45 meqCa /100 gClay
2
45 20 103 =
0.9 gCa /100 gClay
0.9
663018048
=
5.97 ton ( calcium )
100
33. Irrigation water has an electrical conductivity of 0.50010-3 mmhos/cm. In order

to grow a crop of alfalfa, 3.5 feet of irrigation water are applied during the growing
season. How much salt (tons) is added to the soil each year?
EC = 0.5 103
mhos
= 0.5 103 103 = 0.5 mmhos / cm
cm
EC < 5 mmhos / cm
ppmin solution = 640 EC
ppm = 640 0.5 = 320 mg / lit
120 0.00136 3.5 =
1.52 ton / year / acre
34. Irrigation water from wells in the San Joaquin Valley has the following composition

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EC=1173 micromhos/cm, Calsium=1.75 meq/lit, Magnesium=1.89 meq/lit, Na=7.9
meq/lit. (a) What is the concentration of salts (cations) in meq/lit? (b) What is the
sodium absorption ratio? (c) What exchangeable sodium percentage will result from
the use of this water?
EC = 1173 mhos / cm
(a)
Ca = 1.75 meq / lit
Mg = 1.89 meq / lit
Na
7.9
=
= 5.89
Ca
+
Mg
1.75
1.89 + 7.9 =
= 7.9 meq / lit
1.75 ++1.89
11.54 meq / lit
2
2
=
SAR
Na
(b)
ESP =
(c)
ESP
100 ( 0.0126 + 0.01475SAR )

1 + ( 0.0126 + 0.01475SAR )
100 ( 0.0126 + 0.01475 5.85 )

= 6.86
1 + ( 0.0126 + 0.01475 5.85 )
35. Crops which can tolerate 6 mmhos conductivity in the drainage water are to be grown
on an area of 3000 acres. The consumptive use of the crop is 38 inches of water. The
winter rainfall is 6 inches. There is no other rain during the year. The conductivity of
the irrigation water is 2 mmhos. What is the leaching requirement and what quantity
of water must be drained from this acreage?
=
EC( rw,iw)
Drw ECrw + Diw ECiw 6 0 + Diw 2

2 Diw
= =
Drw + Diw
6 + Diw
6 + Diw
2 Diw
ECiw 6 + Diw Ddw Diw 38
=
LR
=
= =
ECdw
6
Diw
Diw
2 54.29
Diw = 54.29 in LR = 6 + 54.29 = 0.30 Ddw = 16.29 in
6
V =3000 43560
16.29
=1.774 108 ft 3
12
36. Water balance studies were conducted on a 6 ha field for 3 years. The data are
summarized below for each year. For each year, what value of ECdp is required to
maintain a salt balance? Assuming 1mg/lit=0.64 EC (mhos/cm), how many metric
tons of salt must be leached from the root zone during this 3-year period in order
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to maintain a salt balance? What is the average salt concentration in mg/lit in this
leaching over the 3-year period assuming that a salt balance occurs? (Da=depth of
applied water, Dtw=depth of tailwater, Dp=depth of precipitation, Det=depth of ET,
ECz=EC of irrigation water, and Dpz=depth of infiltrated water from precipitation)
Year
Da (mm)
Dtw (mm)
Dp (mm)
Det (mm)
ECz (mhos/cm)
Dpz (estimated)
1470
845
625
635
1500
0.5Dp
920
435
205
670
2450
1.5Dp
1285
710
520
685
2100
0.6Dp
EC z Dz= ECdp Ddp
EC = ECdp
D=
Da Dtw
z
D=
Da + D pz
dp
Year
625
Dz (mm)
Ddp (mm)
302.5
1984
ECdp (mg/lit)
Ws (ton)
485
20
38024
45.63
575
202
3826
46.37
36
Dz = 1470 845 = 625 mm

Ddp=
(1470 + 0.5 625 845 635)=
302.5 mm
1500 ECiw 625 = 302.5 ECdp ECdp = 3100 mhos / cm = 1984 mg / lit
Ws =
Vdp ECdp =
6 10000 302.5 0.0011000 1984 109 =
36 ton
3
Wst = Wsi
i =1
Ddpt = Ddpi
i =1
( 36 + 45.63 + 46.37 ) 10
Wst 109
= 4067 ppm
=
4
3
4
A 10 Ddpt 0.001103 6 10 ( 302.5 + 20 + 202 ) 0.00110
9
ECdp
37. A 40-acre field used to grow two crops annually, with the average seasonal crop
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evapotranspiration being 725 mm and 450 mm for each crop. The total available
irrigation water supply is 200 acre-feet, with all of the tailwater runoff being recycled.
This water supply has a total dissolved solids (salts) concentration of 1300 mg/lit. If
the subsurface drainage flows have salt concentration of 3700 mg/lit, is a salt balance
being maintained? Calculate the volume of excess or accumulated salts in metric tons
per year.
A = 40 acre
=
Wsupply 200 acre feet
et2 = 450 mm / year

ECz = 1300 mg / lit
et2 = 450 mm / year
tw = 0
ECdp = 3700 mg / lit
1 acre = 4047 m 2
A = 161880 m 2
Wsupply =200 4047 0.305 =246705.12 m3

2
et = eti = 725 + 450 = 1175 mm / year = 1.175 m / year

i =1
Sin = EC z Dz = 1300 246705.12 103 = 320.716 ton / year
D=
Wsupply =
et 246705.12 1.175161880
= 56496.12 m3
dp
Sout = ECdp Ddp = 3700 56496.12 103 = 209.035 ton / year
Sin S=
320.716 209.035
= 111.681ton / year
out
38.
Determine: Ditch spacing needed to provide drainage for the situation
shown in the figure.
Assume: Goldsboro soil and corn with a maximum root depth of 24 inches will
be grown.

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Step 1: Determine the required drawdown in 24 hours. Since the maximum root depth is 24
inches, the effective root depth is 12 inches. Therefore, the required drawdown would be 12
inches in 24 hours.
Step 2: Determine the drainage coefficient needed to provide 12 inches of drawdown. From
figure 1031a, we see that to lower the water table 12 inches in a Goldsboro soil requires a
volume drained of 0.33 inches:
0.33 in / day
= 0.0139 in / hr
24 hr / day
Step 3: Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity (Ke) to use in the ellipse equation.
Notice that only 2 inches of the surface layer was used because as the water table drops from
the surface, saturated flow is not occurring in the entire layer.
Ke
2 3.5 ) + ( 34 1.2 ) + ( 36 1.5 )

(=
2 + 34 + 36
1.41in / hr
Step 4: Determine the gradient m. From figure 1039, we see that the water table in the ditch
is being controlled at 24 inches and the desired drawdown is 12 inches, thus:
m = 24-12 = 12in
Step 5: Determine the ditch spacing needed to provide drainage during controlled drainage.
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1
Scd
4 K e m ( 2ho + m ) 2
=
4 (1.41)(1) 2 ( 5 ) + 1 2
67.0 ft
=
0.0139
The estimated ditch spacing needed to provide the required drainage during the controlled
drainage mode is 67 feet.
39. Determine: The ditch spacing necessary to provide subirrigation in the figure. Assume:
The peak evapotranspiration rate for corn is 0.25 inch per day.
Step 1: Determine the maximum allowable water table elevation in the ditch. As in the previous
example, the effective root depth is 12 inches. At least a 6-inch safety zone is required, but a
9- to 12-inch root zone is preferred. In this example use 9 inches. Therefore, the maximum
water table elevation in the ditch is 21 inches below the surface.
Step 2: Determine the lowest allowable water table elevation at midpoint. From figure 1033,
the water table depth below the effective root depth to supply 0.25 inch per day for a Goldsboro
soil is approximately 16 inches. The distance from the surface to the lowest allowable water
table level is then:
16 + 12 =
28 in
Step 3: Determine the allowable sag:
28 21 =
7 in
Sag = 0.58 ft
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The sag is equivalent to the gradient, m.
Step 4: Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity. Assume all flow occurs below the
lowest water table elevation. This means that flow occurs in 20 inches of layer 2 and all of
layer 3.
Ke
20 1.2 ) + ( 36 1.5 )
(=
20 + 36
1.39 in / hr
Notice that since the water table is 28 inches deep at the lowest point, no flow occurs in layer
1 and in the upper 14 inches of layer 2.
Step 5: Determine ho to be used in equation 108. Since the water table depth at the ditch is
21 inches below the surface;
ho =
7 1.75 =
5.25 ft
Step 6: Determine the ditch spacing required to provide subirrigation. The value for q during
subirrigation is the ET rate that was 0.25 inch per day or 0.0104 inch per hour.
Ke
Scd
K 2 D2 + K 3 D3 1.2 ( 63 36 ) + 1.5 36
=
= 1.37 in / hr
D2 + D3
63
1
2
4 (1.39 )( 0.58 ) 2 ( 5.25 ) 0.58 2

4 K e m ( 2ho + m )
=
=
55.1 ft
q
0.0104
The ditch spacing (55.1 ft) required for subirrigation is less than the spacing (67 ft) required
for controlled drainage. Therefore, the closer spacing should be used to estimate the cost of
the system.
40. Determine: Drain tubing spacing needed to provide drainage for the situation shown
in the figure.
Assume: Goldsboro soil and corn with a maximum rooting depth of 24 inches will be
grown.

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Step 1: Determine the required drawdown in 24 hours. Since the maximum root depth is 24
inches, the effective root depth is 12 inches. Therefore, the required drawdown would be 12
inches in 24 hours.
Step 2: Determine the drainage coefficient needed to provide 12 inches of drawdown. From
figure 1031a, we see that to lower the water table 12 inches, a Goldsboro soil requires a
volume drained of 0.33 inch, which is:
0.33 in
= 0.0139 in / hr
24 hr
Step 3: Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity (Ke) to use in the ellipse equation.
Notice that only 2 inches of the surface layer was used because as the water table drops from
the surface, flow is not occurring in the entire layer.
Ke
2 3.5 ) + ( 34 1.2 ) + ( 36 1.5 )

(=
2 + 34 + 36
1.41in / hr
Step 4: Determine the gradient m. From the figure, we see that the water table in the tubing is
being controlled at 24 inches, and the desired drawdown is 12 inches, thus:
m = 24 12 = 12 in
Step 5: Determine the first estimate of the tubing spacing needed to provide drainage during
controlled drainage from equation 1011. With drain tubing, we must account for convergence
near the drain tube. This is done by determining depth to the impermeable layer, de, to be
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used in the ellipse equation. Unfortunately, de depends on the drain spacing, so we have to
solve the ellipse equation for S and the Hooghoudt equation for de by trial and error. For the
first estimate, use a value
of de equal to d. 1
1
Scd
4 K e m ( 2ho + m ) 2
=
4 (1.41)(1) 2 ( 5 ) + 1 2
67.0 ft
=
0.0139
h=
d e + y0
o
1
Scd
4 K e m ( 2ho + m ) 2 4 (1.41)(1) 2 ( 3 + 2 ) + 1 2
66.8 ft
=
0.0139
q
d a value of de using Hooghoudts

3
Step
Determine
equation
d e 6:
2.09and
ft the value of Scd just determined.
=
=
For Scd =d 65.2
d
3 8 3
8 feet.
1+
ln 3.4
S d re
1+
65.2
ln
3.4
0.017
Using 4 in. tubing where re =.017 ft.

Step 7: Recalculate Scd (2nd try) using the value of de determined in Step 6. Again, using
1
1
de+Yo=2.07 feet:
4 K e m ( 2ho + m ) 2 4 (1.41)(1) 2 ( 2.09 + 2 ) + 1 2
61 ft
Scd =
=
0.0139
q
3 Scd of 59.4 feet is more than 1 foot more (or less) than
Step
8: Since dthe second calculation
of
de
=
=
2.03 ft
d
de using
of Scd.
Scd
on trial
1, recalculate
3 8 the
3 value
d 8
latest
1
+
ln
3.4
1+
ln
3.4
61 0.017
S d re
Step 9: Recalculate Scd1 (3rd try) using de=2.03 feet: 1
Scd
4 K e m ( 2ho + m ) 2
=
4 (1.41)(1) 2 ( 2.03 + 2 ) + 1 2
60.6 ft
=
0.0139
Since the value 60.6 feet is only 0.2 foot less than the previous value, it is not necessary to
repeat the process again. So the estimated design spacing for drain tubing for this system
being operated in the control drainage mode is 61 feet. Notice that this is less than the ditch
spacing of 67 feet needed for the same operation. This is because of the convergence that
occurs with drain tubing.
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41. Determine: Drain tubing spacing necessary to provide subirrigation in the figure.
Assume: Peak evapotranspiration rate for corn is 0.25 inch per day. This is basically
the same problem as that in example 10-2 except drain tubing is being used rather than
ditches.
Step 1: Determine the maximum allowable water table elevation above the drain tubing. As
in the previous example, the effective root depth is 12 inches. At least a 6-inch safety zone is
required, but a 9- to 12-inch zone is preferred. In this example, use 9 inches. Therefore, the
maximum water table elevation directly above the tubing is 21 inches below the surface.
Step 2: Determine the lowest allowable water table elevation at the midpoint between drain
lines. The water table depth below the effective root depth to supply 0.25 inch per day for
a Goldsboro soil is approximately 16 inches. The distance from the surface to the lowest
allowable water table level is:
16 + 12 =
28 in
Step 3: Determine the allowable sag: 28 in 21 in = 7 in, or 0.58 ft. The sag is equivalent to
the gradient m.
Step 4: Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity. Assume all flow occurs below the
lowest water table elevation. This means that flow occurs in 20 inches of layer 2 and all of layer
3. Saturated depth of layer 2 = 63 in 36 in7 in = 20 in.
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Ke
20 1.2 ) + ( 36 1.5 )
(=
1.39 in / hr
20 + 36
Notice that since the water table is 28 inches deep at the lowest point, no flow occurs in layer
1 and in the upper 14 inches of layer 2.
Step 5: Determine ho. ho = de + yo is not known until Hooghoudts equation has been solved, so
use d, which is 3 feet, for the first try. yo is the height of the water level over the tubing. The
water level is to be held 21 inches (1.75 feet) below the surface over the tubing and the tubing
is 4 feet below the surface, thus the first estimate is:
4 1.75 =
2.25
ho =
3 + 2.25 =
5.25 ft
Step 6: Determine the Do to be used in equation 109. Do=d+yo. Do is the distance from the
drain tubing to the barrier.
d = 3 ft
yo = 2.25 ft (the same as that in step 5)
Do = 3+2.25= 5.25 ft (the first try and all other iterations of this equation).
Step 7: Determine the tubing spacing required to provide subirrigation using equation 109.
The value of q during subirrigation is the ET rate, which in this example was 0.25 inch per
day, or 0.0104 inch per hour.
1
Ss
m 2
4 K e m 2ho ho
Do
0.58 2
4 1.39 0.58 2 5.25 5.25

5.25
=
55.5 ft
0.0104
Do= d + yo
Do= d + yo
Step 8: Determine a value for de using Hooghoudts equation and the value of Ss just determined.
For Ss = 55.5 feet.
de
d
3
=
= 1.96 ft
3 8 3
d 8 d
ln
1 + ln 3.4 1 +
3.4
55.5 0.017
S d re
Step 9: Recalculation of Ss (2nd trial) using de=1.96 feet.

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1
Ss
0.58 2
4 1.39 0.58 2 (1.96 + 2.25 ) 5.25

5.25
49.7 ft
=
0.0104
Step 10: Recalculate de using Ss=49.7 feet.
de
d
3
=
= 1.89 ft
3 8 3
d 8 d
1 + ln 3.4 1 +
ln 0.017 3.4
49.7
S d re
Step 11: Recalculate Ss using de=1.89 feet.

1
Ss
0.58 2
4 1.39 0.58 2 (1.89 + 2.25 ) 5.25

5.25
49.3 ft
=
0.0104
Since this value 49.3 feet is less than a 1-foot difference from the previous step, use this value
as the estimated design drain spacing. Again, this tube spacing of 49.3 feet is less than the
ditch spacing of 55.1 feet because of flow convergence that occurs around drain tubes.
42. Boundary A-B: Along boundary A-B, water moves from the field under a 5 meter
wide field access road to a drainage ditch on the other side. A drain tube is located
immediately adjacent to the road so that good water table control is maintained right
up to the field boundary.
q A=
B
2
2
1.52 0.6=
0.378 m3 / m / day
25

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QA B =ql =0.378 800 =302 m3 / day
QA
302 3.28 7.5

= 55 gal / min
24 60
This rather high seepage loss can be reduced by moving the first lateral away from the edge of
the field, for example, by half of the drain spacing. Then substituting S = 10 + 5 = 15 m.
=
QA B
2 800
1.52 =
0.62 18 gal / min
2 15
This would be the seepage rate when ET = e = 0.

Seepage losses are most critical during periods of high consumptive use (high ET by crop)
because it is at this period that the highest supply rate is required. The seepage rate for a
design ET value of e = 0.6 cm can be calculated as follows:
q A B
2 1.52 0.62 + 0.006 152

= 0.171 m3 / m / day
2 15
QA B =ql =0.171 800 =137
m3
=25 gal / min
day
However, it should be noted that this is the flow rate from the first lateral toward the access
road and the adjacent drainage ditch. Part of the water supplies the ET demand between the
lateral and the ditch and should not be counted as seepage loss. The rate of water used in the
10-meter strip between the first lateral and the access road is:
Q=
0.006 10 800
= 48 m3 / day
e
Then:
QA B = 137 48 = 89 m3 / day = 16 gal / min

This includes water lost by seepage to the drainage ditch plus water lost by ET from the road
surface (at an assumed rate of 0.6 cm/d) where grass, weeds, and other plants are growing.
Note that the same result would have been obtained by evaluating the quantity h dh/dx from
equation 1012 at x = 10 m rather than at x = 0.
ex +
q=
K 2
e 2
2 2
0.006
2
2
0.006 10 +
152
h1 h2 + S =
1.5 0.6 +
2S
K
25
2

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m3
q=
Q=
88.8
=
16 gal / min
A B
A B
day
Seepage losses for e = 0 are greater than those for e=0.6 centimeters per day. This is because
ET within the field lowers the water table elevation at the field edge, reducing the hydraulic
gradient and seepage rates. Losses can be further reduced by moving the first lateral further
away from the field boundary. This may mean sacrificing the quality of water table control near
the edge of the field, but should be considered if seepage losses are excessive.
43. Boundary BC: Seepage losses along the north boundary, B-C, are in response to
gradients caused by water table drawdown by ET.
The relationship between maximum upward flux and water table depth indicate that, for a
particular silt loam soil, an ET rate of 0.6 centimeters per day can be sustained with a water
table depth below the root zone of 50 centimeters and a rate of 0.2 centimeters per day at a
depth of 60 centimeters. Assuming an effective rooting depth of 60 centimeters (2 ft) and taking
a conservative estimate of 60 centimeters for the water table depth below the root zone gives a
total water table depth of 1.2 meters and h2 = 2.01.2 = 0.8 meters.
q=
B C
(1.5
0.82 2 0.006
= 0.139 m3 / m / day
QB C = 1600 qB C = 41 gal / min

Seepage along B-C increases with the square root of e. This is in contrast to boundary A-B
where seepage losses decrease with increasing e. A 25 percent increase in h2 to 1 meter still
gives a seepage rate of 36 gallons per minute, a reduction of only 12 percent.
44. Boundary CD: As in boundary B-C, seepage losses along C-D are caused by a lower
water table in the adjacent nonirrigated field that was drawn down by ET.

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By assuming an effective maximum root depth for corn of 30 centimeters and a water table
depth below the root zone of 60 centimeters:
y = 0.6 + 0.3 = 0.9 m

So,
h2 =2 0.9 =
1.1m
For a steady ET rate of 0.6 centimeters per day, the seepage rate from the last drain tube
toward the boundary C-D is calculated as follows:
=
q
(1.5
1.12 2 0.006
= 0.112 m3 / m / day
However, part of this seepage supplies the ET demand for the region between the last tube
and the field boundary and should not be considered as seepage loss. If the last drain tube is
located 10 meters from the edge of the field, the portion of the above seepage used by ET within
the irrigated field is:
q=
0.006 10
= 0.06 m3 / m / day
e
Therefore:
qC D = 0.112 0.06 = 0.052 m3 / m / day

And
QC D = 0.052 800= 7.5 gal / min

An alternative means of calculating this loss is to first determine S for which h = h2 = 1.1 m.
2
2
2
S=
18.6 m
1.5 1.1
=
0.006
Then determine qC-D from equation 1040 with x=10 m:
qC D = 0.052 m3 / m / day
This is the same value obtained above.
45. Boundary AD: Seepage under the road along boundary A-D can be estimated with K
for the compacted road fill of 0.5 meters per day.

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=
QA D
0.5 1600
1.52=
0.7 2
47 m3 / =
m / day 8.5 gal / min
2 15
Deep borings and hydraulic conductivity tests using the piezometer method indicate the
thickness of the restricting layer is 20 meters with an effective vertical hydraulic conductivity
of Kv = 0.01 centimeters per hour. Measurements in observation wells, cased to the depth of
the ground water aquifer (22 m deep), show a nearly constant hydraulic head of h2 = 20.5
meters.
qv
21.3 20.5
= 0.000096 m / day
0.01
20
The entire field with dimensions of 800 1600 meters has a vertical seepage rate of:
Qv = qv A = 0.000096 800 1600 = 22 gal / min

Based on the previous calculations the total seepage losses are:
QT = QA B + QB C + QC D + QA D + Qv = 89 + 222 + 41 + 47 + 123 = 522 m3 / day

Or
QT = 96 gal / min
This amount of water must be supplied in addition to the irrigation water necessary to satisfy
ET demand during the operation of the subsurface irrigation system. The calculations are
based on a peak ET rate of 0.6 centimeters per day. Therefore, the capacity required to satisfy
ET during periods of dry weather when the total demand must be satisfied by the subirrigation
system is:
QET
0.6 800 1600

= 7680
=
m3 / day 1400 gal / min
100
Or
QC = 7680 + 522 = 8200 m3 / day = 1500 gal / min

Thus the seepage loss expressed as a percentage of the total capacity is:
Percentageloss =
522
100 = 6.4%
8200
This is quite reasonable compared to conventional methods of irrigation.

46. Determine drainage spacing using below information:
yo=1.2 m
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a=5 m
d=5 m
K=1.4 m/day
Qd=0.286 m/day
L2
4K b2 a 2
4 (1.5 )( 38.44 25 )
=
= 26316.08=
m 2 L 162.2 m
Qd
0.00286
47. Determine hydraulic conductivity using below information:

h0=50 cm
ht=25 cm
t=600 s
r=5 cm

r
r
5
5
1.15r log h0 + log ht + 1.15 5 log 50 + log 25 +

2
2
2
2
cm
=
= 9.69
t
600
hr
48. Determine diameter of drainage pipe using below information:

A=300 m150 m
q=6 mm/day
V=30 cm/s
=
Q
qA
6 300 150
m3
=
= 270
1000
1000
day
30
2
Q= AV 0.00312= A
A= 0.0104 m
1000
2
d
0.0104=
d= 115 cm
4
49. Determine hv, using below information:
q=10 mm/day
K=0.5 m/day
Dv=1 m
hv
10
(1)
1000
=
0.02 m
0.5

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50. Determine diameter of drainage pipe using below information:
S0=0.1%
n=0.016
A=162 ha
q=2.46 mm/day
5
2 1
1
1
1 A3
=
Q =
AR 3 S 2
0.001
=
) 2 A 3.908r 2
2 (
n
0.016 3
P
2.46
162 10000
1000
= 3.908r 2 =
2r 37.8 cm
24 3600
51. Given: A watershed with three subareas. Subareas 1 and 2 both drain into subarea 3.
Basin data for the three subareas are as follows:
Area (km2) (mi2)
tc (hr)
Tt (hr)
CN
---
75
0.193
0.5
---
65
0.927
0.5
0.20
70
Subarea 1
1.0
0.386
Subarea 2
0.5
Subarea 3
2.4
0.5
A time of concentration, tc, of 0.5 hr, an IA/P value of 0.10, and a type II storm distribution
are assumed for convenience in all three subareas. The travel time applies to the reach for the
corresponding area; therefore, the travel time in subarea 3 will apply to the tabular hydrographs
routed from subareas 1 and 2.
Find: The outlet hydrograph for a 150-mm (5.9 in) storm.
Step 1: Calculate the retention for each of the subareas using the equation.
SR = Ku (1000/CN - 10) with Ku = 25.4
Subarea 1: SR = 25.4 (1000/75 - 10) = 85 mm Subarea 2: SR = 25.4 (1000/65 - 10) = 137 mm
Subarea 3: SR = 25.4 (1000/70 - 10) = 109 mm
Step 2: Calculate the depth of runoff for each of the subareas using the equation.
QD = [P - 0.2 (SR )] 2/ [P + 0.8 (SR )]
Subarea 1: QD = [150 - 0.2 (85)] 2/[150 + 0.8 (85)] = 81 mm
Subarea 2: QD = [150 - 0.2 (137)] 2/[150 + 0.8 (137)] = 58 mm
Subarea 3: QD = [150 - 0.2 (109)] 2/[150 + 0.8 (109)] = 69 mm
Step 3: Calculate ordinate values using Equation 3-21 q = qt A Q
Multiply the appropriate tabular hydrograph values (qt ) by the subarea areas (A) and runoff
depths (Q) and sum the values for each time to give the composite hydrograph at the end of
subarea 3. For example, the hydrograph flow contributed from subarea 1 (tc = 0.5 hr, Tt =
0.20 hr) at 12.0 hr is calculated as the product of the tabular value, the area, and the runoff
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depth, or 0.020 (1.0)(81) = 1.6 m3/s. The following figure lists the subarea and composite
hydrographs.
Flow at specified time (m3/s)
11 (hr)
12 (hr)
12.2 (hr) 12.4 (hr)
12.5 (hr) 12.6 (hr) 12.8 (hr)
13 (hr)
14 (hr)
16 (hr)
20 (hr)
Subarea 1 0.5
1.6
4.1
11.6
15.1
16.7
13.2
8.3
1.9
1.0
0.5
Subarea 2 0.2
0.6
1.5
4.1
5.4
6.0
4.7
3.0
0.7
0.3
0.2
Subarea 3 1.2
6.8
22.0
37.8
36.3
28.6
16.1
10.0
3.3
1.8
1.0
total
9.0
27.6
53.5
56.8
51.3
34.0
21.3
5.9
3.1
1.7
1.9
52. Given: The following watershed conditions:

Watershed is commercially developed.
Watershed area = 1.2 km2 (0.463 mi2)
Time of concentration = 1.34 hr.
QD = 1cm (For unit hydrograph, 1.0 inch is used for English Calculations)
Find: The triangular SCS unit hydrograph.
Step 1: Calculate peak flow using the equation.
=
qp
K a Ak QD 3.125 1.2 1
=
= 2.8 m3 / s
1.34
tc
Step 2: Calculate time to peak using the equation.
2
2
t p =tc =1.34 =
0.893 hr
3
3
Step 3: Calculate time base of UH.
Step 4: Draw resulting triangular UH.
8
8
tb =
tc =
0.893 =
2.38 hr
3
3
Note: The curvilinear SCS UH is more commonly used and is incorporated into many computer
programs.

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53. Given: Site data from example 3-3 and supplementary data as follows:
Existing conditions (unimproved)
10 - year peak flow = 0.55 m3/s (19.4 ft3/s)
LM = 1.1 km (0.68 mi)
SL = 3.6 m/km (19 ft/mi)
BDF = 0
Proposed conditions (improved)
10 - year peak flow = 0.88 m3/s (31.2 ft3/s)
LM = 0.9 km (0.56 mi)
SL = 4.2 m/km (22 ft/mi)
BDF = 6
Find: The ordinates of the USGS nationwide urban hydrograph as applied to the site.
Step 1: Calculate time lag.
Existing conditions (unimproved)
TL
0.31
K L L0.62
BDF )
0.38 (1.1)
(13 =
M SL
0.47
0.62
( 3.6 )
0.31
=
0)
(13
0.47
0.9 hr
Proposed conditions (improved)

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TL
0.31
K L L0.62
BDF )
0.38 ( 0.9 )
(13 =
M SL
0.47
0.62
( 4.2 )
0.31
=
6)
(13
0.47
0.57 hr
Step 2: Multiply lag time by abscissa and peak flow by ordinate in table 3-11 to form hydrograph
coordinates as illustrated in the following figures:
USGS Nationwide Urban hydrograph for existing conditions (unimproved):
Time (hr)
Flow (m3/s)
Time (hr)
Flow (m3/s)
(0.0) (0.89) = 0.00
(0.00) (0.55) = 0.00
(1.3)(0.89) = 1.16
(0.65) (0.55) = 0.36
(0.1) (0.89) = 0.09
(0.04) (0.55) = 0.02
(1.4)(0.89) = 1.25
(0.54) (0.55) = 0.30
(0.2) (0.89) = 0.18
(0.08) (0.55) = 0.04
(1.5)(0.89) = 1.34
(0.44) (0.55) = 0.24
(0.3) (0.89) = 0.27
(0.14) (0.55) = 0.08
(1.6)(0.89) = 1.42
(0.36) (0.55) = 0.20
(0.4) (0.89) = 0.36
(0.21) (0.55) = 0.12
(1.7)(0.89) = 1.51
(0.30) (0.55) = 0.17
(0.5) (0.89) = 0.45
(0.37) (0.55) = 0.20
(1.8)(0.89) = 1.60
(0.25) (0.55) = 0.14
(0.6) (0.89) = 0.53
(0.56) (0.55) = 0.31
(1.9)(0.89) = 1.69
(0.21) (0.55) = 0.12
(0.7) (0.89) = 0.62
(0.76) (0.55) = 0.42
(2.0)(0.89) = 1.78
(0.17) (0.55) = 0.09
(0.8) (0.89) = 0.71
(0.92) (0.55) = 0.51
(2.1)(0.89) = 1.87
(0.13) (0.55) = 0.07
(0.9) (0.89) = 0.80
(1.00) (0.55) = 0.55
(2.2)(0.89) = 1.96
(0.10) (0.55) = 0.06
(1.0) (0.89) = 0.89
(0.98) (0.55) = 0.54
(2.3)(0.89) = 2.05
(0.06) (0.55) = 0.03
(1.1) (0.89) = 0.98
(0.90) (0.55) = 0.50
(2.4)(0.89) = 2.14
(0.03) (0.55) = 0.02
(1.2) (0.89) = 1.07
(0.78) (0.55) = 0.43
(2.5)(0.89) = 2.23
(0.00) (0.55) = 0.00
USGS Nationwide Urban hydrograph for proposed conditions (unimproved):

Time (hr)
Flow (m3/s)
Time (hr)
Flow (m3/s)
(0.0) (0.57) = 0.00
(0.00) (0.88) = 0.00
(1.3)(0.57) = 0.74
(0.65) (0.88) = 0.57
(0.1) (0.57) = 0.06
(0.04) (0.88) = 0.04
(1.4)(0.57) = 0.80
(0.54) (0.88) = 0.48
(0.2) (0.57) = 0.11
(0.08) (0.88) = 0.07
(1.5)(0.57) = 0.86
(0.44) (0.88) = 0.39
(0.3) (0.57) = 0.17
(0.14) (0.88) = 0.12
(1.6)(0.57) = 0.91
(0.36) (0.88) = 0.32
(0.4) (0.57) = 0.23
(0.21) (0.88) = 0.18
(1.7)(0.57) = 0.97
(0.30) (0.88) = 0.26
(0.5) (0.57) = 0.29
(0.37) (0.88) = 0.33
(1.8)(0.57) = 1.03
(0.25) (0.88) = 0.22
(0.6) (0.57) = 0.34
(0.56) (0.88) = 0.49
(1.9)(0.57) = 1.08
(0.21) (0.88) = 0.18
(0.7) (0.57) = 0.40
(0.76) (0.88) = 0.67
(2.0)(0.57) = 1.14
(0.17) (0.88) = 0.15
(0.8) (0.57) = 0.46
(0.92) (0.88) = 0.81
(2.1)(0.57) = 1.20
(0.13) (0.88) = 0.11
(0.9) (0.57) = 0.51
(1.00) (0.88) = 0.88
(2.2)(0.57) = 1.25
(0.10) (0.88) = 0.09
(1.0) (0.57) = 0.57
(0.98) (0.88) = 0.86
(2.3)(0.57) = 1.31
(0.06) (0.88) = 0.05
(1.1) (0.57) = 0.63
(0.90) (0.88) = 0.79
(2.4)(0.57) = 1.37
(0.03) (0.88) = 0.03
(1.2) (0.57) = .068
(0.78) (0.88) = 0.69
(2.5)(0.57) = 1.43
(0.00) (0.88) = 0.00

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54. Given: Gutter section illustrated in the figure.

SL = 0.010 m/m (ft/ft)
Sx = 0.020 m/m (ft/ft)
n = 0.016
Find: (1) Spread at a flow of 0.05 m3/s (1.8 ft3/s)
(2) Gutter flow at a spread of 2.5 m (8.2 ft)

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Step 1: Compute spread, T, using the equation.
0.375
Qn
( Qn )
=
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
1.67 0.5 2.67

K=
u Sx SL T
0.375
( 0.05 0.016
)
=
2.7 m
( 0.367 )( 0.020 )1.67 ( 0.010 )0.5
( 0.367 )( 0.020 )
1.67
=
0.00063
( 0.010
) ( 2.5)
0.5
2.67
m3
s
Compute Q from Qn.
=
Q
Qn 0.00063
=
= 0.039 m3 / s
n
0.16
55. Given: Gutter section illustrated in the figure.

W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
SL = 0.01
Sx = 0.020
n = 0.016
Gutter depression, a = 50 mm (2 in)
Find: (1) Gutter flow at a spread, T, of 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
(2) Spread at a flow of 0.12 m3/s (4.2 ft3/s).
Step 1: Compute the cross slope of the depressed gutter, Sw, and the width of spread from the
junction of the gutter and the road to the limit of the spread, Ts.
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Sw =
a
50
+ Sx =
+ 0.020 = 0.103 m / m
W
1000 0.6
Ts =T W =2.5 0.6 =1.9 m

Step 2: Using Ts.
Qs n
=
Qs
1.67 0.5 2.67

K=
u Sx SL T
=
( 0.367 )( 0.020 ) ( 0.010
) (1.9 )
1.67
0.5
2.67
0.00031
m3
s
Qs n 0.00031
=
= 0.019 m3 / s
0.016
n
Step 3: Determine the gutter flow.
T 2.5
= = 4.17
W 0.6
S w 0.103
=
= 5.15
S x 0.020
Eo
=
Q
1
=

Sw

Sx

1 +
2.67
Sw

S
1 + x 1
T
W 1
1
= 0.70

5.15 )

(
1 +
2.67
5.15 )
(

1 + 4.17 1 1
)
(

Qs
0.019
=
= 0.06 m3 / s
1 Eo 1 0.70
Since the spread cannot be determined by a direct solution, an iterative approach must be
used.
Qs = 0.04 m3/sec
Qw = Q - Qs = 0.12 - 0.04=0.08 m3/s
Determine W/T ratio.

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Qw 0.08
=
= 0.67
Q 0.12
E
=
o
S w 0.103
=
= 5.15
S x 0.020
W
= 0.23
T
Compute spread based on the assumed Qs.
=
T
W
0.6
= = 2.6 m
W 0.23

T
Compute Ts based on assumed Qs.
Qs n
=
Qs
1.67 0.5 2.67

K=
u Sx SL T
=
( 0.367 )( 0.020 ) ( 0.010
) ( 2.0 )
1.67
Qs n 0.00035
=
= 0.022 m3 / s
0.016
n
0.5
2.67
0.00035
m3
s
Compare computed Qs with assumed Qs.

Qs assumed = 0.04 > 0.022 = Qs computed
Not close - try again
Try a new assumed Qs and repeat the Steps.
Assume Qs = 0.058 m3/s
Qw = Q - Qs = 0.12 - 0.058=0.062 m3/s
Determine W/T ratio.
E
=
o
Qw 0.062
=
= 0.52
0.12
Q
S w 0.103
=
= 5.15
S x 0.020
W
= 0.17
T
Compute spread based on the assumed Qs.

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=
T
W
0.6
= = 3.5 m
W 0.17

T
Ts = 3.5 0.6 = 2.9 m

Compute Ts based on assumed Qs.
Qs n
=
Qs
1.67 0.5 2.67

K=
0.00094
u Sx SL T
m3
s
Qs n 0.00094
=
= 0.059 m3 / s
0.016
n
Compare computed Qs with assumed Qs.

Qs assumed = 0.058 m3/s close to 0.059 m3/s = Qs computed.
56. Given: V-shaped roadside gutter (the figure) with
SL = 0.01 Sx1 = 0.25 Sx3 = 0.02 n = 0.016 Sx2 = 0.04 BC = 0.6 m
Find: Spread at a flow of 0.05 m3/s.
Step 1: Calculate Sx assuming all flow is contained entirely in the V-shaped gutter section
defined by Sx1 and Sx2.
Sx
S x1S x 2
0.25 0.04
=
= 0.0345
( S x1 + S x 2 ) 0.25 + 0.04
Step 2: Find the hypothetical spread, T, assuming all flow contained entirely in the V-shaped
gutter.

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0.375
( Qn )
T =
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
0.375
( 0.05 0.016
)
=
1.94 m
( 0.376 )( 0.0345 )1.67 ( 0.01)0.5
Step 3: To determine if T is within Sx1 and Sx2, compute the depth at point B in the V-shaped
gutter knowing BC and Sx2. Then knowing the depth at B, the distance AB can be computed.
d B =BCS x 2 =0.6 0.04 =0.024 m

AB
=
d B 0.024
=
= 0.096 m
S x1 0.25
AC = AB + BC = 0.096 + 0.60 = 0.7 m

0.7 m < T therefore, spread falls outside V-shaped gutter section. An iterative solution
technique must be used to solve for the section spread, T, as illustrated in the following steps.
Step 4: Solve for the depth at point C, dc, and compute an initial estimate of the spread, TBD
along BD,
d=
d B BC ( S x 2 )
c
From the geometry of the triangle formed by the gutter, an initial estimate for dB is determined
as:
( d B / 0.25) + ( d B / 0.04 ) =
1.94 d B = 0.067 m
d c= 0.067 0.6 0.04= 0.043

=
Ts
BD
d c 0.043
=
= 2.15 m
S x 3 0.02
=Ts + BC =2.15 + 0.6 =2.75 m
Step 5: Using a spread along BD equal to 2.75 m and develop a weighted slope for Sx2 and
Sx3.
0.6 m at Sx2 (0.04) and 2.15 m at Sx3 (0.02):

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0.6 0.04 + 2.15 0.02
= 0.0243
2.75
Use this slope along with Sx1, find Sx.
S x1S x 2
0.25 0.0243
=
= 0.0221
( S x1 + S x 2 ) 0.25 + 0.0243
Sx
Step 6: Compute the gutter spread using the composite cross slope, Sx.
0.375
( Qn )
=
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
0.375
( 0.05 0.016
)
=
2.57 m
( 0.376 )( 0.0221)1.67 ( 0.01)0.5
This (2.57 m) is lower than the assumed value of 2.75 m. Therefore, assume TBD = 2.50 m and
repeat Step 5 and Step 6.
Step 5: 0.6 m at Sx2 (0.04) and 1.95 m at Sx3 (0.02):
0.6 0.04 + 1.90 0.02

= 0.0248
2.50
Use this slope along with Sx1, find Sx.
Sx
S x1S x 2
0.25 0.0248
=
= 0.0226
( S x1 + S x 2 ) 0.25 + 0.0248
Step 6: Compute the spread, T.

0.375
( Qn )
=
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
0.375
( 0.05 0.016
)
= 2.53 m
( 0.376 )( 0.0226 )1.67 ( 0.01)0.5
This value of T = 2.53 m is close to the assumed value of 2.50 m, therefore, OK.
57. Given: V-shaped gutter as illustrated in the figure with
AB = 1 m (3.28ft)
BC = 1 m (3.28 ft)
SL = 0.01
n = 0.016
Sx1 = Sx2 = 0.25
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eBooks
Sx3 = 0.04
Find: (1) Spread at a flow of 0.7 m3/s (24.7 ft3/s)
(2) Flow at a spread of 7 m (23.0 ft)
Step 1: Assume spread remains within middle V (A to C) and compute Sx
Sx
S x1S x 2
0.25 0.25
=
= 0.125
( S x1 + S x 2 ) 0.25 + 0.25
Step 2: From the equation:

0.375
( Qn )
=
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
0.375
( 0.70 0.016
)
=
2.34 m
( 0.376 )( 0.125 )1.67 ( 0.01)0.5
Since T is outside Sx1 and Sx2 an iterative approach must be used to compute the spread.
Step 3: Treat one-half of the median gutter as a composite section and solve for T equal to
one-half of the total spread.
Q for T = Q = 0.5 (0.7) = 0.35 m3/s
Step 4: Try Qs = 0.05 m3/s
Qw = Q - Qs = 0.35 - 0.05 = 0.30 m3/s
Step 5: Determine the W/T ratio
'
E
=
o
Qw' 0.30
=
= 0.86
Q 0.35

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S w S x 2 0.25
=
=
= 6.25
S x S x 3 0.04
W
= 0.33
T
Step 6: Compute spread based on assumed Qs
=
T
W
1
= = 3.03 m
W 0.33

T
Step 7: Compute Ts based on assumed Qs
Ts = 3.03 1.0 = 2.03 m

Step 8: Determine Qs for Ts
'
s
Qn
=
Qs'
1.67
x
0.5
L
2.67
K=
S T
uS
( 0.367 )( 0.04 )
1.67
m3
0.00115
( 0.010=
) ( 2.03)
s
0.5
2.67
0.00115
= 0.072 m3 / s
0.016
Step 9: Check computed Qs with assumed Qs

Qs assumed = 0.05 < 0.072 = Qs computed
Therefore, try a new assumed Qs and repeat the steps
Assume Qs = 0.01
Qw = 0.34
Eo = 0.97
Sw/Sx = 6.25
W/T = 0.50
T = 2.0 m
Ts = 1.0
Qs n = 0.00017
Qs = 0.01
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eBooks
Qs Computed = 0.01 = 0.01 = Qs assumed
T = 2 T = 2 (2.0) = 4.0 m
Analyze in half-section using composite section techniques. Double the computed half-width
flow rate to get the total discharge:
Compute half-section top width
T=
T 7.0
=
= 3.5 m
2
2
Ts =T 1.0 =2.5 m
Determine Qs
Qs n
=
Qs
1.67 0.5 2.67

K=
u Sx SL T
=
( 0.367 )( 0.04 ) ( 0.010
) ( 2.5)
1.67
0.5
0.0020
= 0.126 m3 / s
0.016
2.67
0.0020
m3
s
Determine flow in half-section using the equation
T 3.5
= = 3.5
W 1.0
S w 0.25
=
= 6.25
S x 0.04
Eo
Eo =
1
=

Sw

Sx
1 +
2.67
Sw

S
x
1 + 1
T
W 1
1
= 0.814

( 6.25)
1 +
2.67
( 6.25) 1

1
+
3.5 1)

(
Qw'
Q'
= 1 s Q = 0.68 m3 / s
Q
Q

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eBooks
Q=
2Q =
2 0.68 =
1.36 m3 / s
58. Given: A circular gutter swale as illustrated in the figure with a 1.5 meter (4.92 ft)
diameter and
SL = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
n = 0.016
Q = 0.5 m3/s (17.6 ft3/s)
Find: Flow depth and topwidth
Step 1: Determine the value of
Qn
0.5 0.016
=
=
0.027
2.67 0.5
D SL
1.52.6 0.010.5
Step 2: Determine d/D
d
D
0.488
Qn
K=
u
2.67 0.5
D SL
=
(1.179
) [0.027]
0.488
0.20
d D=
( d / D ) 1.5=
( 0.20 ) 0.30 m
Step 3: Determine Tw
1/2
1/2
2
2
Tw= 2 r 2 ( r d ) = 2 0.752 ( 0.75 0.3) = 1.2 m
59. Given: A triangular gutter section with the following characteristics:
T1 = 1 m (3.28 ft)
T2 = 3 m (9.84 ft)
SL = 0.03 m/m (ft/ft)
Sx = 0.02 m/m (ft/ft)
n = 0.016
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eBooks
Inlet Spacing anticipated being 100 meters (330 ft).
Find: Time of flow in gutter
Step 1: Compute the upstream to downstream spread ratio.
T1 1
= = 0.33
T2 3
Step 2: Determine the spread at average velocity interpolating between values
0.3 0.33
X
=
=
X 0.01
0.3 0.4 0.74 0.7
Ta
=0.7 + 0.01 =0.71
T2
Ta= 0.71 3= 2.13 m

Step 3: Determine the average velocity
Va
0.5
0.67
0.67
K u 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.752
=
0.98 m / s
SL Sx T
) ( 2.13)
( 0.03) ( 0.02
=
0.016
n
Step 4: Compute the travel time in the gutter.
=
t
L
100
=
= 1.7 min
V 0.98 60
60. Given: Given the gutter section (the figure) with

T = 2.5 m (8.2 ft) SL = 0.010
W = 0.6 m (2.0 ft) Sx = 0.02
n = 0.016
Continuous Gutter depression, a = 50 mm (2 in or 0.167 ft)
Find: The interception capacity of a curved vane grate 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft)

56
eBooks
Sw = 0.103 m/m (ft/ft)

Eo = 0.70
Q = 0.06 m3/sec (2.3 ft3/sec)
Step 1: Compute the average gutter velocity
V=
Q 0.06
=
A
A
A = 0.5T 2 S x + 0.5aW = 0.5 ( 2.5 ) ( 0.02 ) + 0.5 ( 0.05 )( 0.6 ) = 0.08 m 2

2
=
V
0.06
= 0.75 m / s
0.08

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Step 2: Determine the frontal flow efficiency
R f = 1.0
Step 3: Determine the side flow efficiency
=
Rs
1
1
=
= 0.11
1.8
KV
( 0.0828) 0.751.8
1 + u 2.3 1 +
Sx L
( 0.02 ) 0.62.3
Step 4: Compute the interception capacity
Q
=
Q R f Eo + Rs (1 Eo =
)
i
( 0.06 ) (1.0 )( 0.7 ) + ( 0.11)(1 0.7=

)
0.044 m3 / s
61. Given: Given the gutter section illustrated in the figure with
T = 3 m (9.84 ft)
SL = 0.04 m/m (ft/ft)
Sx = 0.025 m/m (ft/ft)
n = 0.016
Bicycle traffic not permitted
Find: The interception capacity of the following grates:
a. P-50; 0.6 m 0.6 m (2.0 ft 2.0 ft)
b. Reticuline; 0.6 m 0.6 m (2.0 ft 2.0 ft)
c. Grates in a. and b. with a length of 1.2 m (4.0 ft)
Step 1: Determine Q.
0.5 2.67
K u / n ) S 1.67
(=
( 0.376 / 0.016 )( 0.025=
) ( 0.04 ) ( 3)
x SL T
1.67
0.5
2.67
0.19 m3 / s
Step 2: Determine Eo
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eBooks
W 0.6
= = 0.2
T
3
Q
W
Eo = w =1 1
Q
T
2.67
=1 (1 0.2 )
2.67
=0.45
Step 3: Compute the gutter flow velocity.
0.5
0.67
0.67
K u 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.752
1.66 m / s
SL Sx T
( 0.025) ( 3)
( 0.04 ) =
=
0.016
n
Step 4: Determine the frontal flow efficiency for each grate. Determine the side flow efficiency
for each grate. Compute the interception capacity of each grate.
Grate
Size (Width by length)
Frontal Flow Efficiency, R1
Side Flow Efficiency, Rs
Interpretation capacity, Q1
P - 50
0.6m by 0.6 m
(2.0 ft by 2.0 ft
1.0
0.036
0.091 m3/s
(3.21 ft3/s)
Reticuline
0.6m by 0.6 m
(2.0 ft by 2.0 ft
0.9
0.036
0.082 m3/s
(2.89 ft3/s)
P - 50
0.6m by 1.2 m
(2.0 ft by 4.0 ft
1.0
0.1555
0.103 m3/s
(3.63 ft3/s)
Reticuline
0.6m by 1.2 m
(2.0 ft by 4.0 ft
1.0
0.155
0.103 m3/s
(3.63 ft3/s)
The P-50 parallel bar grate will intercept about 14 percent more flow than the reticuline grate
or 48 percent of the total flow as opposed to 42 percent for the reticuline grate. Increasing the
length of the grates would not be cost-effective, because the increase in side flow interception
is small.
62. Given: A curb-opening inlet with the following characteristics:
SL = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
Sx = 0.02 m/m (ft/ft)
Q = 0.05 m3/s (1.77 ft3/s)
n = 0.016
Find:
(1) Qi for a 3 m (9.84 ft) curb-opening.
(2) Qi for a depressed 3 m (9.84 ft) curb opening inlet with a continuously depressed curb
section.
a = 25 mm (1 in)
W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
Step 1: Determine the length of curb opening required for total interception of gutter flow.

59
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0.6
LT
0.6
1
1
0.42
0.3
0.817 ( 0.05 ) ( 0.01) =

7.29 m
K=
S
uQ
0.016 0.02
nS x
0.42
0.3
L
Step 2: Compute the curb-opening efficiency.
L
3
= = 0.41
LT 7.29
1.8
L
E =1 1
LT
=1 (1 0.41)
1.8
=0.61
Step 3: Compute the interception capacity.
Qi =EQ =0.61 0.05 =0.031 m3 / s

Determine the W/T ratio.
Determine spread
Qw =Q Qs =0.05 0.018 =0.032 m3 / s
Qw 0.032
=
= 0.64
0.05
Q
a
25
S w = S x + = 0.02 +
= 0.062
W
1000 0.6
S w 0.062
=
= 3.1
0.02
Sx
E
=
o
W
= 0.24
T
W
0.6
=
T
= = 2.5 m
W 0.24

T
Ts =T W =2.5 0.6 =1.9 m

Obtain Qs

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Qs
K 1.67 0.5 2.67 0.376

m3
1.67
0.5
2.67
= Qs assumed
=
S x S L Ts
0.02 0.01 1.9 = 0.019

n
0.016
s
Determine efficiency of curb opening
25
0.02 +
0.047
Se =
S x + S w' Eo =
S x + ( a / W ) Eo =
0.64 =
1000 0.6
0.6
LT
0.6
1
1
0.42
0.3
K=
S
0.817 ( 0.05 ) ( 0.01) =
4.37 m
uQ
0.016 0.047
nSe
0.42
0.3
L
Obtain curb inlet efficiency
L
3
= = 0.69
LT 4.37
1.8
L
E =1 1
LT
=1 (1 0.69 )
1.8
=0.88
Step 3: Compute curb opening inflow
Qi =EQ =0.88 0.05 =0.044 m3 / s

The depressed curb-opening inlet will intercept 1.5 times the flow intercepted by the
undepressed curb opening.
63. Given: A combination curb-opening grate inlet with a 3 m (9.8 ft) curb opening, 0.6 m
by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) curved vane grate placed adjacent to the downstream 0.6 m (2
ft) of the curb opening. This inlet is located in a gutter section having the following
characteristics:
W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
Q = 0.05 m3/s (1.77 ft3/s)
SL = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
Sx = 0.02 m/m (ft/ft)
SW = 0.062 m/m (ft/ft)
n = 0.016
Find: Interception capacity, Qi
Step 1: Compute the interception capacity of the curb-opening upstream of the grate, Qic.
L =
3 0.6 =
2.4 m
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LT = 4.37 m
2.4
= 0.55
4.37
1.8
L
E =1 1
L
T
=1 (1 0.55 ) =0.76
1.8
Qic =EQ =0.76 0.05 =0.038 m3 / s

Step 2: Compute the interception capacity of the grate.
Flow at grate
Qg =Q Qic =0.05 0.038 =0.012 m3 / s

Determine Spread
Qw =Q Qs =0.0120 0.0003 =0.0117 m3 / s

E
=
o
Qw 0.0117
=
= 0.97
Q 0.0120
S w 0.062
=
= 3.1
0.02
Sx
W
1
=
T
S
1
1 w + 1
0.375

Sx
S w + 1
Sx

Eo

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W
T
=
T
1
= 0.62
1 ( 3.1) + 1
0.375

( 3.1) + 1
1
0.97
W
0.6
= = 0.97 m
W
0.62

T
Ts =T W =0.97 0.6 =0.37 m

Qs = 0.0003 m3 / s
Qs assumed = Qs calculated
Determine velocity
V=
Q
=
A
Q
0.012
=
= 0.68 m / s
2
0.5T 2 S x + 0.5aW
25
0.5 ( 0.97 ) ( 0.02 ) + 0.5 1000 0.6
R f = 1.0
=
Rs
1
1
=
=
0.13
1.8
K uV 1.8
0.0828
0.68
(
)(
)
1+
1+
2.3
S x L2.3
( 0.02 )( 0.6 )
Q
=
Qg R f E o + R s (1 E o=
) 0.012 (1.0 )( 0.97 ) + ( 0.13)(1 0.97=
) 0.011 m3 / s
ig
Step 3: Compute the total interception capacity. (Note: Interception capacity of curb opening
adjacent to grate was neglected.)
Qi = Qic + Qig = 0.038 + 0.011
Qi = 0.049
m3
( approximately 100% of thetotal initial flow )
s
64. Given: Under design storm conditions a flow to the sag inlet is 0.19 m3/s (6.71 ft3/s).
Also,
Sx = Sw = 0.05 m/m (ft/ft)
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n = 0.016
Tallowable = 3 m (9.84 ft)
Find: Find the grate size required and depth at curb for the sag inlet assuming 50%
clogging where the width of the grate, W, is 0.6 m (2.0 ft).
Step 1: Determine the required grate perimeter.
Depth at curb, d2
d 2 =TS x =0.3 0.05 =0.15 m

Average depth over grate
W
0.6
d=
d 2 S w =
0.15
0.135 m
0.05 =
2
2
=
P
Qi
=
Cw d 1.5
0.19
=
2.31 m
1.5
(1.66 )( 0.135)
Some assumptions must be made regarding the nature of the clogging in order to compute the
capacity of a partially clogged grate. If the area of a grate is 50 percent covered by debris so
that the debris-covered portion does not contribute to interception, the effective perimeter will
be reduced by a lesser amount than 50 percent. For example, if a 0.6 m by 1.2 m (2 ft by 4 ft)
grate is clogged so that the effective width is 0.3 m (1 ft), then the perimeter, P = 0.3 + 1.2 + 0.3
= 1.8 m (6 ft), rather than 2.31 m (7.66 ft), the total perimeter, or 1.2 m (4 ft), half of the total
perimeter. The area of the opening would be reduced by 50 percent and the perimeter by 25
percent. Therefore, assuming 50 percent clogging along the length of the grate, a 1.2 m by 1.2
m (4 ft by 4 ft), 0.6 m by 1.8 m (2 ft by 6 ft), or a .9 m by 1.5 m (3 ft by 5 ft) grate would meet
requirements of a 2.31 m (7.66 ft) perimeter 50 percent clogged.
Assuming 50 percent clogging along the grate length,
Peffective
= 2.4
=
m
( 0.5)( 2 )W + L
=
if W 0.6 mthen L 1.8 m
=
if W 0.9 mthen L 1.5 m
Select a double 0.6 m by 0.9 m grate.
=
Peffective
=
( 0.5)( 2 )( 0.6
) + 1.8
2.4 m
Step 2: Check depth of flow at curb

0.67
Q
=
( Cw P )
0.67
0.19
=
0.130 m
(1.66 2.4 )

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Therefore, ok
A double 0.6 m by 0.9 m (2 ft by 3 ft) grate 50 percent clogged is adequate to intercept the
design storm flow at a spread which does not exceed design spread. However, the tendency of
grate inlets to clog completely warrants consideration of a combination inlet or curb-opening
inlet in a sag where ponding can occur, and flanking inlets in long flat vertical curves.
65. Given: Curb opening inlet in a sump location with
L = 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
h = 0.13 m (0.43 ft)
(1) Undepressed curb opening

Sx = 0.02
T = 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
(2) Depressed curb opening

Sx= 0.02
T = 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
a = 25 mm (1 in) local
W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
Find: Qi
Step 1: Determine depth at curb.
d = TS x = 2.5 0.02 = 0.05 m = 0.05 h = 0.13 m

Therefore, weir flow controls
Step 2: Find Qi.
Qi = Cw Ld 1.5 = 1.6 2.5 0.051.5 = 0.045 m3 / s

Determine depth at curb, di
di = d + a = TS x + a = 2.5 0.02 +
25
= 0.075 m < h = 0.13 m
1000
Therefore, weir flow controls

Find Qi.
P =L + 1.8W =2.5 + 1.8 0.6 =3.58 m
Qi = Cw ( L + 1.8W ) d 1.5 = 1.25 3.58 0.051.5 = 0.048 m3 / s

The depressed curb-opening inlet has 10 percent more capacity than an inlet without
depression.
66. Given: A combination inlet in a sag location with the following characteristics:
Grate -0.6 m by 1.2 m (2 ft by 4 ft) P-50
Curb opening L = 1.2 m (4 ft)
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h = 0.1 m (3.9 in)
Q = 0.15 m3/s (5.3 ft3/s)
Sx = 0.03 m/m (ft/ft)
Find: Depth at curb and spread for:
(1) Grate clears of clogging
(2) Grate 100 percent clogged
Step 1: Compute depth at curb.
Assuming grate controls interception:
P= 2W + L= 2 ( 0.6 ) + 1.2= 2.4 m

0.67
d avg
0.67
Qi
0.15
0.11 m
=
=
(1.66 2.4 )
( Cw P )
Step 2: Compute associated spread.
S xW
0.6
= 0.11 + 0.03
= 0.119 m
2
2
d 0.119
=
T =
= 3.97 m
Sx
0.03
d = d avg +
Compute depth at curb.

Assuming grate clogged.
Q = 0.15
m3
s
2
( Co hL ) h
=
=
+
d
2
( 2g )
0.15
( 0.67 0.1 1.2 ) 0.1

=
+
0.24 m
2
( 2 9.81)
Step 3: Compute associated spread.

=
T
d 0.24
=
= 8.0 m
Sx 0.03
Interception by the curb-opening only will be in a transition stage between weir and orifice
flow with a depth at the curb of about 0.24 m (0.8 ft). Depth at the curb and spread on the
pavement would be almost twice as great if the grate should become completely clogged.
67. Given: The storm drainage system is illustrated in the figure with the following
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roadway characteristics:
n = 0.016
Sx = 0.02 m/m (ft/ft)
SL = 0.03 m/m (ft/ft)
Allowable spread = 2.0 m (6.6 ft)
Gutter and shoulder cross slope = 0.04 m/m (ft/ft)
W = 0.6 m (2.0 ft)
For maintenance reasons, inlet spacing is limited to 110 m (360 ft)
Find: The maximum design inlet spacing for a 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long (2 ft by 3 ft) P
50 100 grate, during a 10 - year storm event.

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Steps 1-4: The computations begin at inlet located at station 20+00. The initial drainage area
consists of a 13 m wide roadway section with a length of 200 m. The top of the drainage basin
is located at station 22+00.
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Step 5: Col. 1 Inlet # 40
Col. 2 Station 20+00
Col. 19 composite gutter with a curb height = 0.15 m
Step 6: Col. 3 Distance from top of drainage area to first inlet = 22+00 - 20+00 = 200 m.
Width = 13 m. Drainage area = (200)(13) = 2600 m2 = 0.26 ha
Step 7: Col. 4 Runoff coefficient, C= 0.73
Step 8: Col. 5 First calculate velocity of gutter flow.
V = K Sp0.5 = (0.619)(3.0)0.5 = 1.1 m/s
Calculate the time of concentration, tc.
tc = L / [60 V] = (200) / [(60)(1.1)]= 3.0 min (use 5 min minimum)
Step 9: Col. 6 Determine rainfall intensity, I, from IDF curve.
I = 180 mm/hr
Step 10 Col. 7 Determine gutter flow rate, Q.
Q = CIA/Ku = (0.73)(180)(0.26)/(360)= 0.095 m3/s
Step 11: Col. 8 SL = 0.03 m/m
Step 12: Col. 9 Sw = 0.04 m/m
Step 13: Col. 13 W = 0.6 m
Step 14: Col. 14 Determine spread, T.
0.375
( Qn )
=
0.5
K u S 1.67
x SL
( 0.095 0.016 )
( 0.376 )( 0.04 )1.67 ( 0.03)0.5
0.375
T = 1.83 m (6.0 ft) (less than allowable so therefore proceed to next step)
Col. 12 Determine depth at curb, d.
d = T Sx = (1.83)(0.04) = 0.073 m (less than actual curb height so proceed to next step)
Step 15: Col. 15 W/T = 0.6 / 1.83 = 0.33
Step 16: Col. 16 Select a P 50 100 grate measuring 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long
Step 17: Col. 17Calculate intercepted flow, Qi.
W
Eo =1 1
T
2.67
=1 (1 0.33)

2.67
=0.66
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0.5
0.67
0.67
K u 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.752
0.04 ) (1.83)
1.41 m / s
SL Sx T
( 0.03) (=
=
0.016
n
R f = 1.0
Rs
1
1
0.17
=
=
1.8
1.8
KV
1 + u 2.3 1 + ( 0.0828 )(1.41)
2.3
Sx L
( 0.04 )( 0.9 )
Qi =Q R f E o +R s (1-E o ) =0.095 [ (1.0)(0.66)+(0.17)(1-0.66) ] =0.068m3 /s

Step 18 Col. 18 Qb = Q - Qi= 0.095 - 0.068 = 0.027 m3/s
Step 19: Col. 1 Inlet # 41
Col. 2 Station 18+90
Col. 3 Drainage area = (110 m)(13 m) = 1430 m2 = 0.14 ha
Col. 4 Runoff coefficient, C = 0.73
Step 20: Col. 5 V = 1.1 m/s (step 8)
tc = L/[60 V] = 110/[(60)(1.1)]=2 min (use 5 min minimum)
Step 21: Col. 6 I = 180 mm/hr
Step 22: Col. 7 Q = CIA/Ku
Q = (0.73)(180)(0.14)/(360) = 0.051 m3/s
Step 23: Col. 11 = Col. 10 + Col. 7 = 0.027 + 0.051 = 0.078 m3/s
Step 24: Col. 14 T = 1.50 m
T<T
allowable
Col. 12 d = 0.06 m
d < curb height
Since the actual spread is less than the allowable spread, larger invert spacing could be used
here. However, in this case, maintenance considerations limit the spacing to 110 m.
Step 25: Col. 16 Select P 50 100 grate 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long
Step 26: Col. 17 Qi = 0.057 m3/s (step 17)
Step 27: Col. 18 Qb = Q - Qi
Col. 18 = Col. 11 - Col. 17= 0.078 - 0.057 = 0.021 m3/s
Step 28: Repeat steps 19 through 27 for each additional inlet.
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68. Given: A 150 m (500 ft)(L) sag vertical curve at an underpass on a 4-lane divided
highway with begin and end slopes of -2.5% and +2.5% respectively. The spread at
design Q is not to exceed the shoulder width of 3.0 m (9.8 ft).
Sx = 0.02
Find: The location of the flanking inlets if located to function in relief of the inlet at the
low point when the inlet at the low point is clogged.
Step 1: Find the rate of vertical curvature, K.
Send
L
150
= = 30 m / %
Sbeginning 2.5 2.5
Step 2: Determine depth at design spread.
d = S xT = 0.02 3.0 = 0.06 m

Step 3: Determine the depth for the flanker locations.
d = 63% of depth over inlet at bottom of sag= 0.63 (0.06) = 0.04 m
d = 0.06 0.04 = 0.02 m

X = ( 200dK )
0.5
= ( 200 0.02 30 )
0.5
= 10.95 m
Inlet spacing = 10.95 m from the sag point.

69. Given: A median ditch with the following characteristics:
B = 1.2 m (3.9 ft)
n = 0.03
z=6
S = 0.02
The flow in the median ditch is to be intercepted by a drop inlet with a 0.6 m by 0.6 m
(2 ft by 2 ft) P-50 parallel bar grate; there is no dike downstream of the inlet.
Q = 0.28 m3/s (9.9 ft3/s)
Find: The intercepted and bypassed flows (Qi and Qb)
Step 1: Compute the ratio of frontal to total flow in trapezoidal channel.
Qn = 0.28 0.03 = 0.0084
m3
s

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d
= 0.12
B
=
d
=
Eo
B 0.12
=
= 0.14 m
d
1.2
B
W
0.6
=
= 0.3
B + dz 1.2 + 0.14 6
Step 2: Compute frontal flow efficiency
V=
=
A
=
V
Q
A
=]
( 0.14 ) [6 0.14 + 1.2
0.29 m 2
0.28
m
= 0.97
0.29
s
R f = 1.0
Step 3: Compute side flow efficiency
Rs
1
1
=
= 0.04
1.8
0.0828 0.971.8
K uV
1+
1+
0.01 0.62.3
S x L2.3
Step 4: Compute total efficiency.
E= Eo R f + Rs (1 Eo )= 0.3 1 + 0.04 (1 0.3)= 0.33

Step 5: Compute interception and bypass flow.
m3
Qi =EQ =0.33 0.28 =0.1
s
m3
Qb =Q Qi =0.28 0.1 =0.18
s
In the above example, a P-50 inlet would intercept about 33 percent of the flow in a 1.2 m (3.9
ft) bottom ditch on continuous grade.
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Q = 0.28 m3/s (9.9 ft3/s)
B = 0.6 m (2 ft)
W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
n = 0.03
Sx = 1/6 = 0.17 m/m (ft/ft)
z = 6
S = 0.03 m/m (ft/ft)
(2 ft by 2 ft) P-50 parallel bar grate; there is not dike downstream of the inlet
Find: The intercepted and bypassed flows (Q1 and Qb).
Step 1: Compute ratio of frontal to total flow in trapezoidal channel.
m3
Qn = 0.28 0.03 = 0.0084
s
d
= 0.25
B
d = 0.25 0.6 = 0.15 m
=
Eo
W
0.6
=
= 0.40
B + dz 0.6 + 0.15 6
Step 2: Compute frontal flow efficiency
V=
Q
A
=
A
( 0.15) [6 0.15 + 0.6=]
=
V
0.23 m 2
0.28
m
= 1.22
0.23
s
R f = 1.0
Step 3: Compute side flow efficiency
Rs
1
1
=
= 0.30
1.8
0.0828 1.221.8
K uV
1+
1+
0.017 0.62.3
S x L2.3
Step 4: Compute total efficiency.

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=
E Eo R f + Rs (1 Eo=
) 0.40 1 + 0.30 (1 0.4=) 0.58
Step 5: Compute interception and bypass flow.
Q =EQ =0.58 0.28 =0.16

m3
Qb =Q Qi =0.28 0.16 =0.12
s
Q = 0.28 m3/s (9.9 ft3/s)
B = 0.6 m (2 ft)
W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
z = 6
n = 0.03
Sx = 1/6 = 0.17 m/m (ft/ft)
S = 0.03 m/m (ft/ft)

(2 ft by 2 ft) P-50 parallel bar grate; there is not dike downstream of the inlet
Find: The required height of a berm to be located downstream of the grate inlet to cause
total interception of the ditch flow.
P = 2 ( L + W ) = 2 ( 0.6 + 0.6 ) = 2.4 m

0.67
0.67
Qi
0.28
=
0.17 m
=
1.66 2.4
Cw P
A dike will need to have a minimum height of 0.17 m (0.55 ft) for total interception. Due to the
initial velocity of the water which may provide adequate momentum to carry the flow over the
dike, an additional 0.15 m (0.5 ft) may be added to the height of the dike to insure complete
interception of the flow.
72. Given: A trapezoidal drainage channel with the following characteristics:
S0= 0.01
B = 0.8 m (2.62 ft)
z=3
d = 0.5 m (1.64 ft)
Find: The channel capacity and flow velocity for the following channel linings:
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(1) Riprap with median aggregate diameter, D50 = 150 mm (6 in)
(2) A good stand of buffalo grass, uncut, 80 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in).
Riprap
Step 1: Determine the channel parameters
n = 0.069
A= Bd + zd 2 = 0.8 0.5 + 3 0.52 = 1.15 m 2
P = B + 2d z 2 + 1 = 0.8 + 2 0.5 32 + 1 = 3.96 m

R=
A 1.15
=
= 0.29 m
P 3.96
Step 2: Compute the flow capacity
Qn =
K u AR 0.67 S00.5 =
11.15 0.290.67 0.010.5 =
0.05
=
Q
m3
s
Qn 0.05
m3
=
= 0.72
n 0.069
s
Step 3: Compute the flow velocity
V=
Q 0.72
m
=
= 0.63
A 1.15
s
Buffalo Grass
KR 0.167
1.22 0.290.167
=
=
0.055
1.4
0.4
1.4
0.4
K 2 + 19.97 log ( R ) ( S0 ) 49 + 19.97 log ( 0.29 ) ( 0.01)
Compute flow capacity
=
Q
Qn 0.05
m3
=
= 0.91
n 0.055
s
Step 4: Compute flow velocity
V=
Q 0.91
m
=
= 0.79
A 1.15
s

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S0 = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
B = 0.90 m (3.0 ft)
z=3
Lining = good stand of buffalo grass 80 mm to 150 mm (3 to 6) in height; n = 0.055.

The channel reach consists of a straight section and a 90 degree bend with a centerline
radius of 4.5 m (14.8 ft). The design discharge is 0.80 m3/s (28.2 ft3/s).
Find: The maximum shear stress in the straight reach and in the bend.
Step 1: Compute channel parameters.
Qn =
0.8 0.055 =
0.04
m3
s
d
= 0.49
B
d
d =
B =
0.90 0.49 =
0.44 m
B
Step 2: Compute maximum shear stress in straight reach.
d = dS = 9810 0.44 0.01 = 43.2 Pa

Step 3: Compute shear stress in bend.
Rs 4.5
=
= 5.0
B 0.9
K b = 1.6
b =K b d =1.6 43.2 =69.1 Pa

S0 = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
B = 0.90 m (3.0 ft)
z=3

Find: Determine if a good stand of buffalo grass (Class D degree of retardance) will provide
an adequate lining for this channel.
Step 1: Determine permissible shear stress.
b = 28.7 Pa
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Step 2: Compare p with the maximum shear stress in the straight section, d, and with the
shear stress in the bend, b
p< d
p< b
Therefore, the buffalo grass does not provide adequate lining for the channel in either the
straight section or in the bend.
S0 = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
B = 0.90 m (3.0 ft)
z=3

Find: Determine the length of increased shear stress downstream of the point of tangency
of the 90 degree bend.
Step 1: Determine flow depth and hydraulic radius.
It is assumed that the flow depth and hydraulic radius in the bend will be approximately the
same as those in the straight reach.
d 0.44
= = 0.49
B 0.9
R
= 0.61
d
R
R =d =0.44 0.61 =0.27 m
d
Step 2: Determine channel roughness in the bend.
Step 3: Determine length of increased shear stress.
7
K u R 6 0.736 0.27 6
=
Lp =
= 2.9 m
0.055
nb
Since the permissible shear stress, p, was less than the actual shear stress in the bend, b,
an adequate lining material would have to be installed throughout the bend plus the length Lp
downstream of the point of tangency of the curve.
76. Given: Q = 0.50 m3/s (17.6 ft3/s)

S0 = 0.015 m/m (ft/ft)
Find: The pipe diameter needed to convey the indicated design flow. Consider use of
both concrete and helical corrugated metal pipes.
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(1) Concrete pipe
n = 0.013
0.375
0.375
Qn
0.5 0.013
D =
=
0.514 m
K Q S0
0.312
0.015
Use D = 530 mm diameter standard pipe size.

(2) Helical corrugated metal pipe.
Assume n = 0.017
0.375
0.375
Qn
0.5 0.017
D =
=
0.569 m
K Q S0
0.312
0.015
Use D = 610 mm diameter standard size. (Note: The n value for 610 mm = 0.017.)
77. Given: Q = 0.50 m3/s (17.6 ft3/s)
S0 = 0.015 m/m (ft/ft)
Find: The full flow pipe capacity and velocity.
(1) Concrete pipe
K Q 2.67 0.5 0.312

m3
2.67
=
D S0
0.530=
0.0150.5 0.54
n
s
0.013
KV 0.67 0.5 0.397

m
0.67
=
D S0
0.530=
0.0150.5 2.44
n
0.013
s
(2) Helical corrugated metal pipe
K Q 2.67 0.5 0.312

m3
2.67
=
D S0
0.610=
0.0150.5 0.60
n
s
0.017
KV 0.67 0.5 0.397

m
0.67
=
D S0
0.610=
0.0150.5 2.05
n
0.017
s
78. Given: The roadway plan and section illustrated in the figures 7. All grates are type
P 50 100, all piping is Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) with a Mannings n value of
0.013, and the minimum design pipe diameter = 460 mm for maintenance purposes.
Find:
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(1) Determine appropriate pipe sizes and inverts for the system.
(2) Evaluate the HGL for the system configuration determined in part (1)
Time (min)
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
120
Intensity (mm/hr)
180
150
130
115
90
75
65
60
35
Inlet No.
Drainage Area (ha)
Time of Conccentration (min)
40
0.26
0.73
41
0.14
0.73
42
0.13
0.73
43
44

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At this point, the pipe should be checked to determine if it still has adequate cover.
108.11 + 0.46 + 0.9 = 109.47
Invert + Diameter + min cover
Ground Elevation 109.77 greater than 109.47 so OK

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(2) Energy Grade Line Evaluation Computations

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79. Estimated Storage Volume (V) = 850 m3 (30,016 ft3).

Depth Available for Storage During 10-yr Event (D) = 1.6 m (5.25 ft)
Available Freeboard =0.6 m (2.0 ft)
Basin Side Slopes (Z) = 3 (V:H = 1:3)
Width to Length Ratio of Basin (r) = 1/2
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Find: (1) The dimensions of the basin at its base.
(2) Develop a stage-storage curve for the basin assuming that the base elevation of the basin
is 10.0 m (32.8 ft) and the crest of the embankment is at 12.2 m (40.0 ft). (This crest elevation
is determined by adding the 1.6 m of available depth plus the 0.6 m of freeboard.)
L=
ZD ( r + 1) +
( ZD ) ( r + 1)
2
5.33 ( ZD ) r +
2
2r
3 1.6 ( 0.5 + 1) +
( 3 1.6 ) ( 0.5 + 1)
2
4rV
D
5.33 ( 3 1.6 ) 0.5 +

2
2 0.5
4 0.5 850
1.6
26m
Use L = 26 m
W = 0.5 L = 13 m
Therefore, use 26 m by 13 m basin
Depth
Stage
Storage Volume
(m)
(m)
(m3)
0.00
10.0
0.20
10.2
72
0.40
10.4
155
0.60
10.6
248
0.80
10.8
353
1.00
11.0
470
1.20
11.2
600
1.40
11.4
744
1.60
11.6
902
1.80
11.8
1075
2.00
12.0
1264
80. Given: Given a storm drain pipe having the following properties:
Diameter = 1500 mm (60 in) Pipe Slope = 0.01 m/m (ft/ft)
Pipe Length = 250 m (820 ft) Invert Elevation = 30 m (98 ft)
Find: Develop a stage-storage tabulation between elevations 30 m (98 ft) and 31.5 m
(103 ft)
2 3
a cB
V =H 3
rc
A=
s
( sin )
r2
2
Note that: B = As for d r

B = A - As for d > r
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Where:
As is the segment area and A is the total pipe area. The solution is provided in tabular form
as follows:
d
alpha
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(rad)
(m2)
V
(m3)
0.00
0.00
-0.75
0.0
0.000
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.51
-0.55
20.0
1.495
0.14
1.18
0.40
0.66
-0.35
40.0
2.171
0.38
6.31
0.60
0.74
-0.15
60.0
2.739
0.66
16.69
0.80
0.75
0.05
80.0
3.008
0.96
32.87
1.00
0.71
0.25
100.0
2.462
1.25
54.98
1.20
0.60
0.45
120.0
1.855
1.52
82.67
1.40
0.37
0.65
140.0
1.045
1.72
115.09
1.50
0.00
0.75
150.0
0.000
1.77
132.54
81. Given: Given the orifice plate in the figure with a free discharge and:
Orifice diameter = 25 mm (1.0 in or 0.0833 ft)
H1 = 1.1 m (3.61 ft)
H2 = 1.2 m (3.94 ft)
H3 = 1.3 m (4. 26 ft)
Find: Total discharge through the orifice plate.
Qi =
K or D 2 H i N i =
2.09 0.0252 H i N i =
0.0013 H i N i

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=
Q1 0.0013=
H1 N1 0.0013=
1.1 3 0.0040
m3
s
=
Q2 0.0013=
H 2 N 2 0.0013=
1.2 4 0.0058
=
Q3 0.0013=
H 3 N 3 0.0013=
1.3 3 0.0045
m3
s
m3
s
Qtotal =Qi =0.0040 + 0.0058 + 0.0045 =0.0143 m3 / s

i =1
82. Given: Given the circular orifice in the figure with:

Orifice diameter = 0.15 m (0.49 ft)
Orifice invert = 10.0 m (32.80 ft)
Discharge coeff. = 0.60
Find: The stage - discharge rating between 10 m (32.80 ft) and 12.0 m (39.37 ft).
Q=
K or D 2 H o =
2.09 0.152 H o =
0.047 H o
=
H o Depth
D
2
For D =
1 m, H o =
1.0
0.15
=
0.925
2

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0.047
=
0.925 0.045
m3
s
Depth
Stage
Discharge
(meters)
(meters)
(m3/s)
0.00
10.0
0.20
10.2
0.017
0.40
10.4
0.027
0.60
10.6
0.034
0.80
10.8
0.040
1.00
11.0
0.045
1.20
11.2
0.050
1.40
11.4
0.054
0.058
1.60
11.6
1.80
11.8
0.062
2.00
12.0
0.065
83. Given: A riser pipe as shown in the figure with the following characteristics:
Diameter (D) = 0.53 m (1.74 ft)
Crest elevation = 10.8 m (35.4 ft)
Weir height (Hc) = 0.8 m (2.6 ft)
Find: Stage - discharge rating for the riser pipe between 10 m (32.8 ft) and 12.0 m (39.4
ft).
Since the riser pipe functions as both a weir and an orifice (depending on stage), the rating
is developed by comparing the stage - discharge produced by both weir and orifice Flow as
follows:

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Q=
K or D 2 H o =
2.09 0.532 H o =
0.587 H o
Q=
Cscw LH 1.5 =
1.84 1.67 H 1.5 =
3.073H 1.5
Stage
Effective Head
Orifice Flow
Weir Flow
(m)
(m)
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
10.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
10.8
0.0
0.00
0.00
10.9
0.1
0.19
0.10
11.0
0.2
0.26
0.27
11.2
0.4
0.37
0.78
11.4
0.6
0.45
1.43
11.6
0.8
0.53
2.20
11.8
1.0
0.59
3.07
12.0
1.2
0.64
4.04
The Flow condition, orifice or weir, producing the lowest discharge for a given stage defines the
controlling relationship. As illustrated in the above table, at a stage of 10.9 m (35.76 ft) weir
Flow controls the discharge through the riser. However, at and above a stage of 11.0 m (36.09
ft), orifice Flow controls the discharge through the riser.
84. Given: An emergency spillway with the following characteristics:
Invert elev. = 11.6 m (38.0 ft)
Width (b) = 5 m (16.4 ft)
Discharge coeff. (CSP) = See the figure
Find: The stage - discharge rating for the spillway up to an elevation of 12.0 m (39.4 ft).

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1.5
3
Q= CSP bH 1.5
p= 1.43 5 0.3 = 1.17 m / s
Stage
Effective Head On Spillway
(m)
(m)
Csp Si
Spillway Discharge
11.6
0.00
0.00
11.7
0.10
~1.35
0.21
11.8
0.20
~1.35
0.60
11.9
0.30
1.43
1.17
12.0
0.40
1.50
1.90
(m3/s)
85. Given: A shallow basin with the following characteristics:

Average surface area = 1.21 ha (3 acres)
Bottom area = 0.81 ha (2 acres)
Watershed area = 40.5 ha (100 acres)C Post-development runoff coefficient = 0.3
Average infiltration rate for soils = 2.5 mm per hr (0.1 in per hr)
From rainfall records, the average annual rainfall is about 127 cm (50 in or 4.17 ft)
Mean annual evaporation is 89 cm (35 in or 2.92 ft).
Find: For average annual conditions determine if the facility will function as a retention
facility with a permanent pool.
Step 1: The computed average annual runoff as:
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Runoff =CQD A =0.3 1.27 40.5 10000 =154305 m3
Step 2: The average annual evaporation is estimated to be:
Evaporation = Evaporation depth Watershed area = 0.89 1.21 = 10769 m3

Step 3: The average annual infiltration is estimated as:
Infiltration = Infiltration rate Time Bottom area = 2.5 24 365 0.81
Infiltration = 177390 m3
Step 4: Neglecting basin outflow and assuming no change in storage, the runoff (or inflow) less
evaporation and infiltration losses is:
Net Budget =
154305 10769 177390 =
33854 m3
Since the average annual losses exceed the average annual rainfall, the proposed facility will
not function as a retention facility with a permanent pool. If the facility needs to function with
a permanent pool, this can be accomplished by reducing the pool size as shown below.
Step 5: Revise the pool surface area to be = 0.81 ha and bottom area = 0.40 ha
Step 6: Recomputed the evaporation and infiltration
Evaporation = 0.89 0.81 = 7210 m3

Infiltration = 2.5 24 365 0.4 = 87600 m3
Step 7: Revised runoff less evaporation and infiltration losses is:
Net Budget= 154305 7210 87600= 59495 m3

The revised facility appears to have the capacity to function as a retention facility with a
permanent pool. However, it must be recognized that these calculations are based on average
precipitation, evaporation, and losses. During years of low rainfall, the pool may not be
maintained.
86. Given: W = 0.6 m (2 ft)
a = 50 mm (2 in)
T = 1.8 m (6 ft)
Sx = 0.04
K = Q/S0.5
n = 0.016
Find: Develop K - T relationship
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Step 1: Compute d1 and d2 where d1 is the depth of flow at the curb and d2 is the depth at the
break in the cross slope.
d 2 =(T W ) S x =(1.8 0.6 ) 0.04 =0.048 m
d1 = TS x + a = 1.8 0.04 + 0.50 = 0.122 m

Step 2: Compute conveyance in section outside of gutter.
Qs
K u d 22.67 0.38 0.0482.67
m3
= =
= 0.18
nS x
0.16 0.04
s
S
Step 3: Compute conveyance in the gutter.
Qw
S
0.38 d12.67 d 22.67

0.38 0.1222.67 0.0482.67
m3
=
= 0.64
nS w
0.016 ( 0.0833 + 0.04 )
s
Step 4: Compute total conveyance by adding results from Steps 2 and 3.
0.18 + 0.64 =
0.82
m3
s
Step 5: Repeat Steps 1 through 4 for other widths of spread, T.

Step 6: Repeat Steps 1 through 5 for other cross slopes, Sx.

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87. Given: Sx = 0.04

Grate - Type: P - 30
Size: 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft)
n = 0.016
Find: Develop design curves relating intercepted flow, Qi, to total gutter flow, Q, for
various spread widths, T. Intercepted flow is a function of total gutter flow, cross slope,
and longitudinal slope, SL. A discharge of 0.085 m3/s (3 ft3/s) and longitudinal slope of
0.01 are used here to illustrate the development of curves.
Step 1: Determine spread
0.375
0.375
nQ
0.016 0.085
0.38 S L
0.01
=
0.38
=
2.14 m
S x0.625
0.40.625
Step 2: Determine the ratio
W
0.6
= = 0.28
T 2.14
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W
Eo =1 1
T
2.67
=1 (1 0.28 )
2.67
=0.59
Step 3: Determine the mean velocity
V = 0.752 / ( 0.016 )( 0.01)
V = 0.91
0.5
( 0.04 )
0.67
m
s
Step 4: Determine the frontal flow interception efficiency
R f = 1.0
Step 5: Determine side flow interception efficiency
Rs
1
1
0.15
=
=
1.8
0.0828V
0.0828 0.911.8
1+
1+
S x L2.3
0.04 0.62.3
Step 6: Compute the inlet interception efficiency
E=
R f Eo + Rs (1 Eo ) =
1 0.59 + 0.15 (1 0.59 ) =
0.65
Step 7: Compute the intercepted flow.
Qi =EQ =
0.65 0.085 =
0.055
m3
s
Step 8: Repeat steps 1 through 7 for other longitudinal slopes to complete the design curve for
Q=0.085 m3/s.
Step 9: Repeat steps 1 through 8 for other flow rates. Curves for the grates and cross slope
selected for this illustration are shown in the figures.

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D<0.25L
q=0.005 m/day
h=0.5 m
k=0.6 m/day
D0=2 m
u=0.4 m
D =D0 + 0.5h =2 + 0.5 0.5 =2.25 m

KD =0.6 2.25 =1.35
h
0.5
= = 100 day
q 0.005
m2
day
D0
2
= = 5
u 0.4
1
ln
R f=
D0
= 0.52
u
D
1
0.52
ln 0=
= 0.86 L= 28 m
K1
u
0.6

q=0.005 m/day
h=0.5 m
K1=0.6 m/day
K2=1 m/day
D0=2 m
u=0.4 m
D
qL2
qL
+
ln 0
8 ( K1 D1 + K 2 D2 ) K 2
u

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0.5
0.005 L2
0.005 L
2
+ =
ln
L 37.8 m
8 ( 0.6 0.25 + 1 2 )
1
0.4

q=0.01 m/day
h=1 m
K1=0.5 m/day
K2=1 m/day
D0=0.8 m
u=0.4 m
D2=2 m
Dv=1.1 m
qDv
aD
qL2
qL
h=
+
+
ln 0
K1 8 ( K1 D1 + K 2 D2 ) K 2
u
D1= D0 + 0.5h= 0.8 + 0.5 1= 1.3 m

D2
2
= = 2.5
D0 0.8
a = 3.5
0.011.1
0.01L2
0.01L 3.5 0.8
=
1
+
+
ln
=
L 34.254 m
0.5
8 (1.3 0.5 + 1 2 ) 0.5
0.4
D>0.25L
q=0.005 m/day
h=1 m
k=0.5 m/day
u=1 m
=
h
0.005 L L
qL L
ln =
1
ln =
L 73.2 m
K u
0.5
1

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r0=0.15 m
R=0.001 m/day
k=0.8 m/day
D=h=5 m
m=0.3 m
RL 1 L
A
m=
K 4 2h
r
0.1
2
1 =
3.52
A = ln 2 Cosh 0 1 = ln 2 Cosh
0.001 L 1h L
5
=
0.3

+ 3.52 =
L 81.95 m
0.8
4 25
93. In a drainage canal:

Q=156 ft3/s
S0=0.09%
Z=2
d=4 ft
Determine dimensions of the canal
A = 2 Zd + bd = Zd 2 + bd
2
=
WP 2
( Zd )
+ d2 +b
n = 0.03
d = 4 ft
=
R
A
=
WP 2
Zd 2 + bd
2 42 + 4 4
=
= 2.19 ft
2
2
2
4
4
+
1
+
4
Zd
+
d
+
b
( )
2
1
1.486 23 12 1.486
ft
3
R S
2.19
0.0009 2 2.51
=
=
n
0.03
s

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Q =AV =48 2.51 =

120.7
d = 4.5 ft
=
R
ft 3
< 156
s
A
= 2.42 ft
WP
2
1
1.486 23 12 1.486
ft
3
=
R S
2.42
=
0.0009 2 2.69
n
0.03
s
3
ft
Q = AV =58.5 2.69 =157.7
156
s
4.5
Total depth
= = 5.62 ft
0.8
Free depth = 5.62 4.5 = 1.12 ft

94. Determine leaching fraction using below information:
E=8 mm/day
I=120 mm/day
tc=12 day
O=5 mm/day
Iti Etc= 120 1 8 12= 24 mm

Otc =5 12 =60 > Iti Etc
1
LF =
Etc
8 12
1
0.2
=
=
120 1
Iti
95. Determine leaching fraction and ECiw using below information:

E=72 cm/120 day
Tc=9 day
I=1.03 cm/hr
1
LF =
Etc
72 / 120 9
1
0.25
=
=
1.03 7
Iti

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ECdw = 13 ds / m
ECiw = LF ECdw = 0.25 13 = 3.25
ds
m
96. Determine Ddw, Using below information:

Dcw=1200 mm
ECdw=8 mmhos/cm
ECiw=1 ds/m
EC
1
12.5%
LR = iw 100 = 100 =
8
ECdw
dw
LR =
100 12.5%
Ddw Dcw
100 Ddw
= 12.5 171.43 mm
Ddw + 1200
h=1.2 m
d=2 m
K=1.3 m/day
V=5 mm/day
=
L2
4 Kh
4 1.13 2
+ h)
+ 1.2 ) 6489.6 m 2=
S 80.6 m
( 2d=
( 2 2=
V
0.005
98. Given: Corn will be grown on a soil with a maximum root depth of 24 inches. The site
has good surface drainage. Refer to the figure for details.
Determine: Determine the drain spacing needed to provide subirrigation using the design
drainage rate (DDR) method.

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Step 1: Determine the gradient m between drains. Using the DDR method, we assume that
the water table at the midpoint between drains is at the surface. Therefore, m is equal to the
drain depth of 4 feet.
Step 2: Since this site has good surface drainage, the design drainage rate is 1.1 centimeters
per day, which is 0.433 inch per day = .018 inch per hour.
Step 3: Determine the equivalent hydraulic conductivity (Ke). Since flow occurs over the entire
profile, the hydraulic conductivity is:
Ke
14 3.5 ) + ( 34 1.2 ) + ( 36 1.5 )

(=
14 + 34 + 36
1.71in / hr
Step 4:Determine the first estimate of the drain spacing needed for drainage using equation
105. As with the previous examples, de is needed. For the first calculation of Sd assume de
is equal to d, which is 3 feet:
1
Sd
4 K e m ( 2d + m ) 2 4 1.71 4 ( 2 3 + 4 ) 2
=
=
123.3 ft
q
0.018
Step 5: Now determine de using Hooghoudts equation and the value of Sd=123.3

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de
d
3
=
= 2.74 ft
3 8 3
d 8 d
ln
1 + ln 3.4 1 +
3.4
123.3 0.017
S d re
Step 6Recalculate Sd using the new value of de = 2.41 ft:

1
Sd
4 K e m ( 2d + m ) 2 4 1.71 4 ( 2 2.74 + 4 ) 2
=
=
120.0 ft
q
0.018
Step 7Recalculate de for Sd = 112 ft:
de
d
3
=
= 2.41 ft
3 8 3
d 8 d
ln
1 + ln 3.4 1 +
3.4
120.0 0.017
Sd re
Step 8Recalculate Sd for de = 2.38 ft:

1
Sd
4 K e m ( 2d + m ) 2 4 1.71 4 ( 2 2.41 + 4 ) 2
=
=
112.0 ft
q
0.018
This is close enough to the previous value that no further iteration is necessary. Using the
design drainage rate method, this is the spacing recommended for drainage alone. To determine
the spacing for subirrigation requires one additional step.
Step 9Determine the fixed percentage of the design drainage rate. Since good surface
drainage was provided, the fixed percentage is 0.63.
Using this method, the design spacing for subirrigation is 72.9 feet. This compares favorably
with the design spacing of 80 feet actually determined for this problem using DRAINMOD. For
comparison, the estimated spacing as determined by each shortcut method is shown in the
table.
Method
Estimated spacing
Fixed percentage of drainage guide 65 (65% of 100 ft)
65
Drainage during controlled drainage
59
Subirrigation using design ET value
49
Fixed percentage of design drainage
73
DRAINMOD
80
99. Given: The following existing and proposed land uses:

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Find: Weighted runoff coefficient, C, for existing and proposed conditions.
Existing conditions (unimproved):
Land Use
Area, ha
Runoff Coefficient, C
Unimproved Grass
8.95
0.25
Grass
8.60
0.22
Total
17.55
Proposed conditions (improved):

Land Use
Area, ha
Runoff Coefficient, C
Paved
2.20
0.90
Lawn
0.66
0.15
Unimproved Grass
7.52
0.25
Grass
7.17
0.22
Total
17.55
Step 1: Determine Weighted C for existing (unimproved) conditions.

Weighted C = Sum (Cx Ax)/A =[(8.95)(0.25) + (8.60)(0.22)] / (17.55) = 0.235
Step 2: Determine Weighted C for proposed (improved) conditions.
Weighted C =[(2.2)(0.90)+(0.66)(0.15)+(7.52) (0.25)+(7.17)(0.22)] / (17.55)=0.315
100.
Given: The following site characteristics:
Site is located in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Drainage area is 3 sq mi.
Mean annual precipitation is 38 in.
Urban parameters as follows:
SL = 53 ft/mi
RI2 = 2.2 in/hr
ST = 5
BDF = 7
IA = 35
Find: The 2-year urban peak flow.
Step 1: Calculate the rural peak flow from appropriate regional equation.
The rural regression equation for Tulsa, Oklahoma is
RQ2 = 0.368A.59P1.84= 0.368(3).59(38)1.84 = 568 ft3/s
Step 2: Calculate the urban peak flow.
UQ2 = 2.35As.41SL.17(RI2 + 3)2.04(ST + 8)-.65(13 - BDF)-.32IAs.15RQ2.47
UQ2 = 2.35(3).41(53).17(2.2+3)2.04(5+8)-.65 (13-7)-.32(35).15(568).47 = 747 ft3/s
101.
Given: The following physical and hydrologic conditions.

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3.3 sq km (1.27 mi2) of fair condition open space and 2.8 sq km (1.08 mi2) of large lot
residential
Negligible pond and swamp land
Hydrologic soil type C
Average antecedent moisture conditions
Time of concentration is 0.8 hr
24-hour, type II rainfall distribution, 10-year rainfall of 150 mm (5.9 in)
Find: The 10-year peak flow using the SCS peak flow method.
Step 1: Calculate the composite curve number.
CN = Sum (CNx Ax)/A = [3.3(79) + 2.8(77)] /(3.3 + 2.8) = 78
Step 2: Calculate the retention, SR.
SR = 25.4(1000/CN - 10) = 25.4 [(1000/78) - 10] = 72 mm
Step 3: Calculate the depth of direct runoff.
QD = (P-0.2SR )2 / (P+0.8SR ) = [150 - 0.2(72)]2/[[150 + 0.8(72)] = 89 mm
Step 4: Determine Ia/P.
Ia/P = 0.10
Step 5: Determine coefficients.
C0 = 2.55323 C1 = -0.61512 C2 = -0.16403
Step 6: Calculate unit peak flow using the equation.
qu = ( 0.000431) 10
qu
C0 + C1 log tc + C2 ( log tc )
2.55323+ ( 0.61512 ) log ( 0.8 ) + ( 0.16403)( log ( 0.8 ) )

0.000431) 10
(=
2
0.176 m3 / s / km 2 / mm
Step 7: Calculate peak flow using the equation.
q=
qu Ak QD= 0.176 ( 3.3 + 2.8 ) 89= 96 m3 / s
p
References
1. Alberts RR, EH Stewart, JS Rogers (1971) Ground water recession in modified profiles of Florida Flatwood soils. Soil and Crop
Science Soc. FL proceed 31: 216-217.
2. Allmaras RR, AL Black, RW Rickman (1973) Tillage, soil environment and root growth. Proc., Natl. Conserv. Tillage Conf., Des
Moines, IA, 62-86.
3. Anat A, HR Duke, AT Corey. Steady upward flow from water tables. Hydrol. Pap. No. 7. CO State Univ., Fort Collins, CO.
4. Ashford NJ, Mumayiz S, Wright PH (2011) Airport Drainage and Pavement Design, in Airport Engineering: Planning, Design, and
Development of 21st Century Airports, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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5. Banihabib ME, Valipour M, Behbahani SMR (2012) Comparison of Autoregressive Static and Artificial Dynamic Neural Network for
the Forecasting of Monthly Inflow of Dez Reservoir. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 13 (4): 1-14.
6. Baver LD, WH Gardner, WR Gardner (1972) Soil Physics, 4 ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY.
7. Blaney HF, WD Criddle (1947) A method of estimating water requirements in irrigated areas from climatological data. USDA Soil
Conserv. Serv. report (rev.).
8. Bloodworth ME, CA Burleson, WR Cowley (1958) Root distribution of some irrigated crops using undisturbed soil cores. Agron. J
50: 317-320.
9. Boast CW, Don Kirkham (1971) Auger whole seepage theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35: 365-373.
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11. Bouwer H (1963) Theoretical effect of unequal water levels on the infiltration rate determined with buffered cylindrical infiltrometers.
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12. Bouwer H (1964) Measuring horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of soil with the double tube method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
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13. Bouwer H (1966) Rapid field measurement of air-entry value and hydraulic conductivity of soil as significant parameters in flow
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14. Bouwer H (1969) Infiltration of water into nonuniform soil. J. Irrigation and Drainage Division, Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. 95: 451-462.
15. Bouwer, H (1974) Developing drainage design criteria. In Drainage for Agriculture, ch. 5, J. van Schilfgaarde, ed., Amer. Soc. of
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16. Bouwer H, J van Schilfgaarde (1963) Simplified method of predicting the fall of water table in drained land. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng.
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17. Bouwer H, RD Jackson (1974) Determining soil properties. In Drainage for Agriculture, J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.), Amer. Soc. of
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18. Brakensiek DL (1977) Estimating the effective capillary pressure in the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. Water Resource. Res.
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19. Chang AC, Brawer SD (2014) Salinity and Drainage in San Joaquin Valley, California. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-6850-5.
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21. Chescheir GM (2011) Encyclopedia of Water Science, Drainage Modeling, Taylor & Francis.
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23. City of El Paso Engineering Department, 2008. Drainage Design Manual.
24. Dawson A (2009) Water in Road Structures. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8562-8.
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26. Ernst LF (1950) A new formula for the calculation of the permeability factor with the auger hole method. Agricultural Experiment
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36. Hall HW (1976) Reservoir water losses as affected by groundwater mounds. ASAE pap. 76-2021. Presented at the 1976 annual
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37. Hoffman GJ (2013) Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, Drainage: Soil Salinity Management. Taylor & Francis
38. Izuno FT, Garcia RM (2010) Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, Second Edition, Drainage Systems:
Subsurface. Taylor & Francis.
39. Kanwar Ra, Bakhsh A (2011) Encyclopedia of Water Science, Second Edition, Land Drainage: Wells. Taylor & Francis.
40. Mostafazadeh-Fard B (2006) Drainage Engineering. Kankash Publisher. ISBN 964-6329-90-X.
41. Paine DP, Kiser JD (2012) Landforms and Drainage Patterns, in Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, Third Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
42. Sands G, Encyclopedia of Water Science, Second Edition, Drainage Coefficient. Taylor & Francis. DOI: 10.1081/E-EWS2-120010051
43. Scholz M (2011) Wetland Systems, Springer.
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45. Skaggs, RW (1979) Water movement factors important to design and operation of subirrigation systems. ASAE pap. 79-2543,
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47. Skaggs RW, Nassehzadeh-Tabrizi (1986) Design drainage rates for estimating optimum drain spacing. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric.
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50. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Eng. Field Handb. (EFH).
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52. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National Handbook of conservation practices.
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54. U.S. Department of Interior (1993) Drainage Manual.
55. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2001) National Engineering Handbook, Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook.
56. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001. Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, Second Edition. Urban Drainage Design Manual.
57. Valipour M, Banihabib ME, Behbahani SMR (2013) Comparison of the ARMA, ARIMA, and the autoregressive artificial neural
network models in forecasting the monthly inflow of Dez dam reservoir. Journal of Hydrology 476: 433-441.
58. Valipour M (2013) Increasing Irrigation Efficiency by Management Strategies: Cutback And Surge Irrigation. ARPN Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Science 8: 35-43.
59. Valipour M (2013) Necessity of Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture in the World. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering 9: 1-3
60. Valipour M (2013) Evolution of Irrigation-Equipped Areas as Share of Cultivated Areas. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering
118
eBooks
2: 114-115.
61. Valipour M (2013) Use of Surface Water Supply Index to Assessing of Water Resources Management in Colorado and Oregon,
US. Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 3: 631-640.
62. Valipour M (2013) Estimation of Surface Water Supply Index Using Snow Water Equivalent. Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and
Engineering Research 3 : 587-602.
63. Valipour M (2013) Scrutiny of Inflow to the Drains Applicable for Improvement of Soil Environmental Conditions. In: The 1st
International Conference on Environmental Crises and its Solutions, Kish Island, Iran.
64. Valipour M (2013) Comparison of Different Drainage Systems Usable for Solution of Environmental Crises in Soil. In: The 1st
International Conference on Environmental Crises and its Solutions, Kish Island, Iran.
65. Valipour M, Mousavi SM, Valipour R, Rezaei E, (2013) A New Approach for Environmental Crises and its Solutions by Computer
Modeling. In: The 1st International Conference on Environmental Crises and its Solutions, Kish Island, Iran.
66. Valipour M, Banihabib ME, Behbahani SMR (2012) Monthly Inflow Forecasting Using Autoregressive Artificial Neural Network.
Journal of Applied Sciences 12: 2139-2147.
67. Valipour M, Banihabib ME, Behbahani SMR (2012) Parameters Estimate of Autoregressive Moving Average and Autoregressive
Integrated Moving Average Models and Compare Their Ability for Inflow Forecasting. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 8:
330-338.
68. Valipour
M
(2012)
Critical
Areas
of
Iran
for
Agriculture
to the Annual Rainfall. European Journal of Scientific Research 84: 600-608.
Water
Management
According
69. Valipour M, Montazar AA (2012) Optimize of all Effective Infiltration Parameters in Furrow Irrigation Using Visual Basic and Genetic
Algorithm Programming. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6: 132-137.
70. Valipour M, Montazar AA (2012) Sensitive Analysis of Optimized Infiltration Parameters in SWDC model. Advances in Environmental
Biology 6: 2574-2581.
71. Valipour M (2012) Comparison of Surface Irrigation Simulation Models: Full Hydrodynamic, Zero Inertia, Kinematic Wave. Journal
of Agricultural Science 4: 68-74.
72. Valipour M (2012) Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation System Design Using Tapered Pipes for Pressure Loss Adjusting. Journal of
Agricultural Science 4: 125-133.
73. Valipour
M
(2012)
Hydro-Module
Determination
for
Vanaei
Abad Gharb, Iran. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 7 (12): 968-976.
Village
in
Eslam
74. Valipour M, Montazar AA (2012) An Evaluation of SWDC and WinSRFR Models to Optimize of Infiltration Parameters in Furrow
Irrigation. American Journal of Scientific Research 69: 128-142.
75. Valipour M (2012) Number of Required Observation Data for Rainfall Forecasting According to the Climate Conditions. American
Journal of Scientific Research 74: 79-86.
76. Valipour M, Mousavi SM, Valipour R, Rezaei E (2012) Air, Water, and Soil Pollution Study in Industrial Units Using Environmental
Flow Diagram. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 2(12): 12365-12372.
77. Valipour M (2012) Scrutiny of Pressure Loss, Friction Slope, Inflow Velocity, Velocity Head, and Reynolds Number in Center Pivot.
International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research 2 (5): 703-711.
78. Valipour M (2012) Ability of Box-Jenkins Models to Estimate of Reference Potential Evapotranspiration (A Case Study: Mehrabad
Synoptic Station, Tehran, Iran). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 1 (5): 1-11.
79. Valipour M (2012) Effect of Drainage Parameters Change on Amount of Drain Discharge in Subsurface Drainage Systems. IOSR
Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 1 (4): 10-18.
80. Valipour M (2012) A Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Drainage Systems (Include Pipe Drainage, Open Ditch Drainage,
and Pumped Wells) in Anisotropic Soils. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) 4 (1): 7-12.
81. Valipour M (2013) Need to Update of Irrigation and Water Resources Information According to the Progresses of Agricultural
Knowledge. Agrotechnology. S10:e001.
82. Valipour M, Mousavi SM, Valipour R, Rezaei E (2013) Deal with Environmental Challenges in Civil and Energy Engineering
Projects Using a New Technology. Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering. 4.
119
eBooks
83. Valipour M, Mousavi SM, Valipour R, Rezaei E (2012) SHCP: Soil Heat Calculator Program. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics
(IOSR-JAP) 2: 44-50.
84. Valipour M (2012) Determining possible optimal values of required flow, nozzle diameter, and wetted area for linear traveling
laterals. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) 1: 37-43.
85. Valipour M (2014) Drainage, Waterlogging, Salinity, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2014.905676
86. Valipour M (2014) Future of agricultural water management in Americas. Journal of Agricultural Research. Journal of Agricultural
Research. 54: 245-268.
87. Valipour M (2014). Future of the area equipped for irrigation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 60: 1641-1660.
88. Valipour M (2014 Land use policy and agricultural water management of the previous half of century in Africa. Applied Water
Science.
89. Valipour M (2014) Importance of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for calculation of reference
evapotranspiration. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. Accepted.
90. Valipour M (2014) Temperature analysis of reference evapotranspiration models. Meteorological Applications.
91. Valipour M (2014) Handbook of Water Engineering Problems. Foster city, CA: OMICS Group eBooks.
92. Valipour M (2014) Handbook of Environmental Engineering Problems. Foster city, CA: OMICS Group eBooks.
93. Valipour M (2014) Future of agricultural water management in Europe based on socioeconomic indices. Acta Advances in
Agricultural Sciences 2: 1-18.
94. Valipour M (2014) Application of new mass transfer formulae for computation of evapotranspiration. Journal of Applied Water
Engineering and Research. 2: 33-46.
95. Valipour M (2014) Use of average data of 181 synoptic stations for estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration by temperaturebased methods. Water Resources Management.
96. Valipour M (2014) Study of different climatic conditions to assess the role of solar radiation in reference crop evapotranspiration
equations. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.
97. Valipour M (2014) Comparison of mass transfer-based models to predict reference crop evapotranspiration. Meteorological
Applications. Accepted.
98. Valipour M (2014) Analysis of potential evapotranspiration using limited weather data. Applied Water Science. Accepted.
99. Valipour M (2014) Handbook of hydrologic engineering problems. Foster city, CA: OMICS Group eBooks.
100. Valipour M. (2014). Comparative evaluation of radiation-based methods for estimation of reference evapotranspiration. Journal of
Hydrologic Engineering. Accepted.
101. Valipour M (2014) Handbook of irrigation engineering problems. Foster city, CA: OMICS Group eBooks.
102. Valipour M (2014) Handbook of hydraulic engineering problems. Foster city, CA: OMICS Group eBooks.
103. Valipour M (2014) Agricultural water management in the world during past half century. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.
104. Valipour M (2014) Pressure on renewable water resources by irrigation to 2060. Acta Advances in Agricultural Sciences. 2(8).
105. Valipour M (2014) Prediction of irrigated agriculture in Asia Pacific using FAO indices. Acta Advances in Agricultural Sciences.
Accepted.
106. Van Bavel, CHM Don Kirkham (1948) Field measurement of soil permeability using auger holes. Soil Science Society of America
Proceedings, 13: 90-96.
107. Van Steenbergen F, Dayem SA (2011) Making the case for integrated water resources management: Drainage in Egypt. Water
International. 32: 685-696.
108. Vzquez NA, Pardo ML, Suso M Quemada (2006) Drainage and nitrate leaching under rocessing tomato growth with drip irrigation
and plastic mulching, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 112: 313-323.
109. Wen L, Recknagel F, (2002) In situ removal of dissolved phosphorus in irrigation drainage water by planted floats: preliminary
results from growth chamber experiment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 90: 915.
120
eBooks
110. Willardson LS, (2010) Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, Second Edition , Drainage Systems:
Surface. Taylor & Francis.
111. Wohl E (2000) Mountain Drainage Basins, in Mountain Rivers, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

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