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Temperature
CHAPTER OUTLINE
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q19.1
Q19.2
Q19.3
Q19.4
Q19.5
Thermal expansion of the glass bulb occurs first, since the wall of the bulb is in direct contact with
the hot water. Then the mercury heats up, and it expands.
Q19.6
If the amalgam had a larger coefficient of expansion than your tooth, it would expand more than the
cavity in your tooth when you take a sip of your ever-beloved coffee, resulting in a broken or
cracked tooth! As you ice down your now excruciatingly painful broken tooth, the amalgam would
contract more than the cavity in your tooth and fall out, leaving the nerve roots exposed. Isnt it nice
that your dentist knows thermodynamics?
Q19.7
The measurements made with the heated steel tape will be too shortbut only by a factor of
5 10 5 of the measured length.
Q19.8
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q19.9
The ideal gas law, PV = nRT predicts zero volume at absolute zero. This is incorrect because the
ideal gas law cannot work all the way down to or below the temperature at which gas turns to
liquid, or in the case of CO 2 , a solid.
549
550
Temperature
Q19.10
Call the process isobaric cooling or isobaric contraction. The rubber wall is easy to stretch. The air
inside is nearly at atmospheric pressure originally and stays at atmospheric pressure as the wall
moves in, just maintaining equality of pressure outside and inside. The air is nearly an ideal gas to
start with, but PV = nRT soon fails. Volume will drop by a larger factor than temperature as the
water vapor liquefies and then freezes, as the carbon dioxide turns to snow, as the argon turns to
slush, and as the oxygen liquefies. From the outside, you see contraction to a small fraction of the
original volume.
Q19.11
Cylinder A must be at lower pressure. If the gas is thin, it will be at one-third the absolute pressure
of B.
Q19.12
At high temperature and pressure, the steam inside exerts large forces on the pot and cover. Strong
latches hold them together, but they would explode apart if you tried to open the hot cooker.
Q19.13
(a)
The water level in the cave rises by a smaller distance than the water outside, as the trapped
air is compressed. Air can escape from the cave if the rock is not completely airtight, and also
by dissolving in the water.
(b)
The ideal cave stays completely full of water at low tide. The water in the cave is supported
by atmospheric pressure on the free water surface outside.
(a)
(b)
FIG. Q19.13
Q19.14
Absolute zero is a natural choice for the zero of a temperature scale. If an alien race had bodies that
were mostly liquid wateror if they just liked its taste or its cleaning propertiesit is conceivable
that they might place one hundred degrees between its freezing and boiling points. It is very
unlikely, on the other hand, that these would be our familiar normal ice and steam points, because
atmospheric pressure would surely be different where the aliens come from.
Q19.15
As the temperature increases, the brass expands. This would effectively increase the distance, d,
from the pivot point to the center of mass of the pendulum, and also increase the moment of inertia
of the pendulum. Since the moment of inertia is proportional to d 2 , and the period of a physical
I
pendulum is T = 2
, the period would increase, and the clock would run slow.
mgd
Q19.16
As the water rises in temperature, it expands. The excess volume would spill out of the cooling
system. Modern cooling systems have an overflow reservoir to take up excess volume when the
coolant heats up and expands.
Q19.17
The coefficient of expansion of metal is larger than that of glass. When hot water is run over the jar,
both the glass and the lid expand, but at different rates. Since all dimensions expand, there will be a
certain temperature at which the inner diameter of the lid has expanded more than the top of the
jar, and the lid will be easier to remove.
Chapter 19
Q19.18
The sphere expands when heated, so that it no longer fits through the
ring. With the sphere still hot, you can separate the sphere and ring by
heating the ring. This more surprising result occurs because the thermal
expansion of the ring is not like the inflation of a blood-pressure cuff.
Rather, it is like a photographic enlargement; every linear dimension,
including the hole diameter, increases by the same factor. The reason
for this is that the atoms everywhere, including those around the inner
circumference, push away from each other. The only way that the
atoms can accommodate the greater distances is for the
circumferenceand corresponding diameterto grow. This property
was once used to fit metal rims to wooden wagon and horse-buggy
wheels. If the ring is heated and the sphere left at room temperature,
the sphere would pass through the ring with more space to spare.
551
FIG. Q19.18
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 19.1
Section 19.2
Section 19.3
P19.1
Since we have a linear graph, the pressure is related to the temperature as P = A + BT , where A and
B are constants. To find A and B, we use the data
a
f
1.635 atm = A + a78.0 CfB
(1)
(2)
A = 1.272 atm
and
B = 4.652 10 3 atm C
Therefore,
(a)
At absolute zero
which gives
T = 274 C .
(b)
(c)
And at the boiling point P = 1.272 atm + 4.652 10 3 atm C 100 C = 1.74 atm .
ja
552
P19.2
Temperature
P1V = nRT1
and P2 V = nRT2
imply that
P19.3
P19.4
P2 T2
=
P1 T1
fa
(a)
P2 =
(b)
T3 =
T1 P3
P1
a
f
a293 K fa0.500 atmf = 149 K =
=
0.980 atm
124 C
FIG. P19.2
9
9
TC + 32.0 F = 195.81 + 32.0 = 320 F
5
5
(a)
TF =
(b)
(a)
TC =
T = TC + 273 = 310 K
(b)
and
P19.5
P19.6
FG 212 F 32.0 F IJ =
H 100 C 0.00 C K
(a)
T = 450 C = 450 C
(b)
T = 450 C = 450 K
810 F
a
f
100 C = aa60.0 Sf + b
Subtracting, 100 C = aa75.0 Sf
Require
0.00 C = a 15.0 S + b
a = 1.33 C S .
(a)
(b)
g a
5
5
TF 32.0 = 98.6 32.0 = 37.0 C
9
9
Chapter 19
Section 19.4
P19.8
553
L = Li T Ti
a f
a f for Cu.
L = a35.0 mfe1.70 10 aCf jc35.0 C a 20.0 C fh =
1
= 20.0 C = 1.70 10 5 C
fe
ja
+3.27 cm
P19.10
P19.11
fa
T = 55.0 C
*P19.12
P19.13
*P19.14
ja
fa
L = Li T = 22 10 6 C 2.40 cm 30 C = 1.58 10 3 cm
fa
fa
(a)
(b)
(c)
V = 3Vi T = 3 9.00 10 6 C 1
F
jGH 30.0a fa4 1.50f
Ia
JK
ja
fa
ja
FIG. P19.14
fa
= 0.663 mm
= tan 1
554
P19.15
Temperature
L Al 1 + Al T = LBrass 1 + Brass T
L Al LBrass
T =
LBrass Brass L Al Al
(a)
T =
a10.01 10.00f
a10.00fe19.0 10 j a10.01fe24.0 10 j
6
(b)
a10.02 10.00f
a10.00fe19.0 10 j a10.02fe24.0 10 j
6
g a50.0 Cf
jb
A = 2 17.0 10 6 C 1 0.080 0 m
A = 2Ai T :
(a)
A = 1.09 10 5 m 2 = 0.109 cm 2
(b)
The length of each side of the hole has increased. Thus, this represents an increase in the
area of the hole.
P19.17
V = 3 Vi T = 5.81 10 4 3 11.0 10 6
P19.18
(a)
jjb50.0 galga20.0f =
0.548 gal
L = Li 1 + T :
T = 437 C
(b)
We must get
Li , Al 1 + Al T = Li , Brass 1 + Brass T
so
(a)
(b)
Vacetone = Vi T
Vflask = Vi T
acetone
Pyrex
= 3Vi T
Pyrex
for same Vi , T ,
Vacetone acetone
1.50 10 4
1
=
=
=
6
Vflask
flask
6
.
40
10 2
3 3.20 10
Chapter 19
P19.20
(a),(b)
555
a f a30.0 Cf
(a)
V = Vt t T VAl Al T = t 3 Al Vi T
ja
V = 99.4 cm3
(b)
overflows.
ja
99.4 cm3
= 4.71 10 2
3
2 108 cm
and this fraction of the cylinders depth will be empty upon cooling:
4 3 4
r = 2 cm
3
3
= 33.5 cm3 .
e
j e
j
e
j e
1
1
L
O
= Ma182 27f10
118 cm + a87 27f10
33.5 cm P 40 C = 0.812 cm
C
C
N
Q
P19.23
In
F YL
=
require L = Li T
A
Li
F
= YT
A
F
500 N
=
T =
4
2
AY
2.00 10 m 20.0 10 10 N m 2 11.0 10 6 C
T = 1.14 C
je
je
556
*P19.24
Temperature
1
45 C = 396 N
C
(a)
F = YAT = 20 10 10 N m 2 4 10 6 m 2 11 10 6
(b)
T =
3 10 8 N m 2
stress
=
= 136 C
Y
20 10 10 N m 2 11 10 6 C
The original length divides out, so the answers would not change.
A = A1 T = A f Ai
A f = Ai 1 + T = Ai 1 + 2T
The star images are scattered uniformly, so the number N of stars that fit is proportional to the area.
ja
Section 19.5
P19.26
P19.27
fe
n=
(b)
N = nN A
(a)
Initially, PV
i i = n i RTi
a
= a 2.99 molfe6.02 10
fa
j
a1.00 atmfV = n Ra10.0 + 273.15f K
P b0. 280V g = n Ra 40.0 + 273.15f K
23
Finally, Pf V f = n f RT f
0.280 Pf
giving
313.15 K
=
1.00 atm 283.15 K
Pf = 3.95 atm
or
Pf = 4.00 10 5 Pa abs. .
(b)
je
(a)
a f
P a1.02fb0.280V g = n Ra85.0 + 273.15f K
Pd = 1.121Pf = 4.49 10 5 Pa
P19.28
a fa f
a fa f
3 150 0.100
3 PV
=
= 884 balloons
3
4 r P 4 0.150 3 1.20
If we have no special means for squeezing the last 100 L of helium out of the tank, the tank will be
full of helium at 1.20 atm when the last balloon is inflated. The number of balloons is then reduced
0.100 m3 3
to to 884
= 877 .
3
4 0.15 m
PV = NP V =
4 3
r NP :
3
j
f
N=
Chapter 19
P19.29
The equation of state of an ideal gas is PV = nRT so we need to solve for the number of moles to find N.
ja
fa
ga
fa
(a)
PV
i i = n i RTi =
23
mi
RTi
M
Pf V f
PV
i i
n f RT f
ni RTi
F 1.06 10 kg + 8.00 10 kg I T
GH
JK 50 K
1.06 10 kg
F 1 IJ = 56.9 K
T = 100 K G
H 1.76 K
nRT F 9.00 g I F 8.314 J I F
773 K
I
=G
P=
G
J
G
J
V
H 18.0 g mol K H mol K K H 2.00 10 m JK =
21
2 1 =
20
21
P19.31
P19.32
P19.33
557
fa f
(a)
T2 = T1
P2
= 300 K 3 = 900 K
P1
(b)
T2 = T1
P2 V2
= 300 2 2 = 1 200 K
P1V1
Fy = 0 :
a fa f
out gV in gV 200 kg g = 0
out
ge
in 400 m
j = 200 kg
in = 1.25 kg m3
Then
in
in
283 K
1
= 0.400
Tin
283 K
0.600 =
Tin = 472 K
Tin
FIG. P19.33
558
*P19.34
P19.35
Temperature
Consider the air in the tank during one discharge process. We suppose that the process is slow
enough that the temperature remains constant. Then as the pressure drops from 2.40 atm to
1.20 atm, the volume of the air doubles. During the first discharge, the air volume changes from 1 L
to 2 L. Just 1 L of water is expelled and 3 L remains. In the second discharge, the air volume changes
from 2 L to 4 L and 2 L of water is sprayed out. In the third discharge, only the last 1 L of water
comes out. Were it not for male pattern dumbness, each person could more efficiently use his device
by starting with the tank half full of water.
(a)
PV = nRT
e
je
j
b
ga f
m = nM = a 41.6 molfb 28.9 g molg =
1.013 10 5 Pa 1.00 m3
PV
n=
=
= 41.6 mol
RT
8.314 J mol K 293 K
(b)
1.20 kg m at 20.0C.
*P19.36
The void volume is 0.765Vtotal = 0.765 r 2 = 0.765 1.27 10 2 m 0.2 m = 7.75 10 5 m3 . Now for
the gas remaining PV = nRT
n=
P19.37
(a)
n=
PV = nRT
j
ga
5
5
2
3
PV 12.5 1.013 10 N m 7.75 10 m
=
= 3.96 10 2 mol
RT
8.314 Nm mole K 273 + 25 K
PV
RT
fe
3
3
5
PVM 1.013 10 Pa 0.100 m 28.9 10 kg mol
=
m = nM =
RT
8.314 J mol K 300 K
ga
m = 1.17 10 3 kg
P19.38
(b)
(c)
F = PA = 1.013 10 5 N m 2 0.100 m
(d)
The molecules must be moving very fast to hit the walls hard.
ja
At depth,
P = P0 + gh
At the surface,
P0 V f = nRT f :
Therefore
and
= 1.01 kN
PVi = nRTi
P0 V f
bP + ghgV
F T I FG P + gh IJ
GH T JK H P K
F 293 K IJ FG 1.013 10
= 1.00 cm G
H 278 K K GH
V f = Vi
Vf
Tf
Ti
V f = 3.67 cm3
je
ja
f IJ
JK
Chapter 19
P19.39
mf
PV = nRT :
mi
nf
m f = mi
so
Pf V f RTi Pf
=
RT f PV
Pi
i i
ni
FP I
GH P JK
f
m = mi m f = mi
P19.40
559
4.39 kg
My bedroom is 4 m long, 4 m wide, and 2.4 m high, enclosing air at 100 kPa and 20 C = 293 K . Think
of the air as 80.0% N 2 and 20.0% O 2 .
Avogadros number of molecules has mass
Then
gives
*P19.41
~ 10 2 kg
The CO 2 is far from liquefaction, so after it comes out of solution it behaves as an ideal gas. Its molar
mass is M = 12.0 g mol + 2 16.0 g mol = 44.0 g mol . The quantity of gas in the cylinder is
m sample
6.50 g
=
= 0.148 mol
n=
M
44.0 g mol
Then
PV = nRT
gives
V=
ga
je
je
f FG 1 N m IJ F 10 L I =
H 1 J K GH 1 m JK
3
3.55 L
P19.42
P19.43
P0 V = n1 RT1 =
FG m IJ RT
H MK
F m IJ RT
P V = n RT = G
HMK
P VM F 1
1I
J
m m =
G
R HT T K
0
ga
560
P19.44
Temperature
(a)
P0 2.50 m A = nRTi
(1)
(2)
where x is the height the water rises in the bell. Also, the pressure in the bell, once it is
lowered, is equal to the sea water pressure at the depth of the water level in the bell.
(3)
The approximation is good, as x < 2.50 m. Substituting (3) into (2) and substituting nR from
(1) into (2),
fa
Tf
Ti
L
O
fMM TT FGH1 + ga82P.3 mf IJK PP
N
Q
LM 277.15 K F e1.025 10 kg m je9.80 m s ja82.3 mf I
G1 +
JJ
= a 2.50 mfM1
293.15 K G
1.013 10 N m
K
H
MN
a
x = 2.50 m 1
OP
PP
Q
x = 2.24 m
(b)
If the water in the bell is to be expelled, the air pressure in the bell must be raised to the
water pressure at the bottom of the bell. That is,
Pbell = P0 + g 82.3 m
5
ja
je
Additional Problems
P19.45
a f a
f
a Lf = 2.66 10 m
L = 19.0 11.0 10 6
4
(a)
(b)
g
a Cf a0.950 mfa35.0 Cf
Chapter 19
P19.46
from
m
V
jb
80 m I
= 27.7 kg
gFGH 0.003
1.00 gal JK
3
ga
V
T
A
b0.250 cm 2g e1.82 10
e 2.00 10 cmj
3
4
3
ja
C 1 30.0 C = 3.55 cm
FIG. P19.47
P19.48
(a)
The volume of the liquid increases as V = Vi T . The volume of the flask increases as
Vg = 3Vi T . Therefore, the overflow in the capillary is Vc = Vi T 3 ; and in the
capillary Vc = Ah .
Therefore, h =
(b)
Vi
3 T .
A
b g
Hg = 1.82 10 4 C 1
3 = 3 3.20 10 6 C 1
Thus
or
<< .
561
562
P19.49
Temperature
v
v
=
.
i 2 Li
fi
v
v
v
=
=
=
.
f 2L f 2Li 1 + T 1 + T
FG
H
IJ
K
1
1 + T
T
v
T
1 + T
2 Li
f = f i f f = f i 1
FG
H
IJ
K
a f
b343 m sge24.0 10 Cja15.0 Cf =
f
2a0.655 mf
f =
v
2 Li
0.094 3 Hz
(a)
P0 V P V
=
T
T
V = V + Ah
P = P0 +
kh
A
FG P + kh IJ aV + Ahf = P V FG T IJ
H AK
HTK
e1.013 10 N m + 2.00 10 N m hj
e5.00 10 m + e0.010 0 m jhj
= e1.013 10 N m je5.00 10
0
FIG. P19.50
m3
KI
J
jFGH 523
293 K K
(b)
20C
h=
250C
2 013 2 689
= 0.169 m
4 000
ja
2.00 10 3 N m 0.169
kh
5
= 1.013 10 Pa +
P = P +
A
0.010 0 m 2
P = 1.35 10 5 Pa
Chapter 19
P19.51
(a)
m
m
and d = 2 dV
V
V
m V
= T .
V V
The negative sign means that any increase in temperature causes the density to decrease
and vice versa.
(b)
*P19.52
1.000 0 g cm 3 0.999 7 g cm 3
=
= 5 10 5 C 1 .
3
T
1.000 0 g cm 10.0 C 4.0 C
ja
m sample
M
F
GH
Ia
JK
gFGH
I
JK
1.09 kg
1 000 g
1 mol
= 520 mol .
3 astronauts 7 days
astronaut day 1 kg
44.0 g
fb
Then 520 mol of methane is generated. It is far from liquefaction and behaves as an ideal gas.
P=
P19.53
(a)
ga
In equilibrium
Pgas =
Therefore,
nRT mg
=
+ P0
hA
A
h=
or
nRT
mg + P0 A
20.0 kg 9.80 m s
= 0.661 m
ga
j e
+ 1.013 10 N m
je
0.008 00 m 2
FIG. P19.53
563
564
P19.54
Temperature
The angle of bending , between tangents to the two ends of the strip, is
equal to the angle the strip subtends at its center of curvature. (The angles
are equal because their sides are perpendicular, right side to the right side
and left side to left side.)
(a)
Li + L1 = r1
FIG. P19.54
Li + L 2 = r2
and
L 2 L1 = r2 r1
By subtraction,
2 Li T 1 Li T = r
=
1 Li T
r
(b)
(c)
The material that expands more when heated contracts more when cooled, so the bimetallic
strip bends the other way. It is fun to demonstrate this with liquid nitrogen.
(d)
2 2 1 Li T
2 r
ee
ja
fa f
2 19 10 6 0.9 10 6 C 1 200 mm 1 C
0.500 mm
= 1.45 10 2 = 1. 45 10 2 rad
P19.55
FG 180 IJ =
H rad K
0.830
w = wT
we then have
A = wT + wT
and
= T ,
FIG. P19.55
Chapter 19
P19.56
L
Ti = 2 i
g
(a)
Li =
so
Ti2 g
4 2
565
4 2
ga
T f = 2
T = 9.50 10 5 s
In one week, the time lost is time lost = 1 week 9.50 10 5 s lost per second
(b)
I = r 2 dm
a f b ga
f
I aT f
= a1 + T f
I bT g
I aT f I bT g
2T
I bT g
r T = r Ti 1 + T
and since
thus
(a)
(b)
P19.58
(a)
T = 100 C
I
= 2 17.0 10 6 C 1 100 C = 0.340%
I
With
= 24.0 10 6 C 1
and
T = 100 C
I
= 2 24.0 10 6 C 1 100 C = 0.480%
I
B = gV
B=
(b)
P = P0 + gd
gP0 Vi
=
P
ja
ja
P V = P0 Vi
gP0 Vi
bP + gdg
0
(c)
af
af
gP0 Vi P0 + gd
P0
1 Bd
=
=
=
gP0Vi P0
2 B0
P0 + gd
P0 + gd = 2 P0
d=
1.013 10 5 N m 2
P0
=
= 10.3 m
g 1.00 10 3 kg m3 9.80 m s 2
je
j
s lost
s
IJ
K
566
*P19.59
Temperature
The effective coefficient is defined by Ltotal = effective Ltotal T where Ltotal = LCu + LPb and
Ltotal = LCu + LPb = xLtotal + 1 x Ltotal . Then by substitution
a f
a f
gx =
Cu x + Pb 1 x = eff
Cu
x=
*P19.60
eff
20 10
17 10
Pb
1 C 29 10 6 1 C
1 C 29 10
1 C
9
= 0.750
12
(a)
No torque acts on the disk so its angular momentum is constant. Its moment of inertia
decreases as it contracts so its angular speed must increase .
(b)
I i i = I f f =
1
1
1
1
2
MRi2 i = MR 2f f = M Ri + RiT f = MRi2 1 T
2
2
2
2
2
f = i 1 T
P19.61
Pb
25.0 rad s
e1 e17 10
1 C 830 C
25.0 rad s
= 25.7 rad s
0.972
a125.03 mf
= y 2 + 125 m
yielding y = 2.74 m .
P19.62
After expansion, the length of one of the spans is L f = L 1 + T . L f , y, and the original length L of
this span form a right triangle with y as the altitude. Using the Pythagorean theorem gives
L2f = L2 + y 2 ,
Since
P19.63
(a)
or
y = L2f L2 = L
Then, =
m
m
RT or PM = RT .
M
V
m
PM
.
=
V
RT
a f
1 = L 2T + T
y L 2T .
T << 1 ,
So PV = nRT becomes PV =
(b)
a1 + T f
jb
ga
m
m
and the density is = .
V
M
Chapter 19
P19.64
(a)
(b)
FG nR IJ T
H PK
V=
dV nR V
=
=
dT
P T
Thus,
FG 1 IJ dV = FG 1 IJ V , or =
H V K dT H V K T
1
T
1
= 3.66 10 3 K 1
273 K
He = 3.665 10 3 K 1 and air = 3.67 10 3 K 1
N 1 kT
N kT
N kT
and P2 = 2
and P3 = 3 , etc.
V
V
V
P1V1 + P2 V2 + P3 V3 = N 1 + N 2 + N 3 kT and
bN
+ N 2 + N 3 kT = PV
Also, V1 = V2 = V3 = = V , therefore P = P1 + P2 + P3 .
P19.66
(a)
Using the Periodic Table, we find the molecular masses of the air components to be
b g
a f
b g
and M CO 2 = 44.01 u .
Thus, the number of moles of each gas in the sample is
75.52 g
= 2.696 mol
b g 28.01
g mol
23.15 g
nbO g =
= 0.723 4 mol
32.00 g mol
1.28 g
na Ar f =
= 0.032 0 mol
39.95 g mol
n N2 =
2
b g
n CO 2 =
0.05 g
= 0.001 1 mol
44.01 g mol
The total number of moles is n 0 = ni = 3.453 mol . Then, the partial pressure of N 2 is
b g
P N2 =
2.696 mol
1.013 10 5 Pa = 79.1 kPa .
3.453 mol
Similarly,
b g
P O 2 = 21.2 kPa
continued on next page
567
a f
P Ar = 940 Pa
P CO 2 = 33.3 Pa
568
Temperature
(b)
Solving the ideal gas law equation for V and using T = 273.15 + 15.00 = 288.15 K , we find
V=
Then, =
(c)
fb
100 10 3 kg
m
=
= 1.22 kg m3 .
V 8.166 10 2 m3
The 100 g sample must have an appropriate molar mass to yield n 0 moles of gas: that is
a f
M air =
*P19.67
ga
100 g
= 29.0 g mol .
3.453 mol
Consider a spherical steel shell of inner radius r and much smaller thickness t, containing helium at
pressure P. When it contains so much helium that it is on the point of bursting into two
hemispheres, we have P r 2 = 5 10 8 N m 2 2 rt . The mass of the steel is
sV = s 4 r 2 t = s 4 r 2
Pr
10 9 Pa
m
4
P r 3 = nRT = He RT = 1 atmVballoon .
3
M He
The buoyant force on the balloon is the weight of the air it displaces, which is described by
m
4
1 atmVballoon = air RT = P r 3 . The net upward force on the balloon with the steel tank hanging
M air
3
from it is
+ m air g m He g m s g =
M air P 4 r 3 g M He P 4 r 3 g s P 4 r 3 g
3 RT
3 RT
10 9 Pa
The balloon will or will not lift the tank depending on whether this quantity is positive or negative,
M air M He
= 3.41 10 6 s 2 m 2 7.86 10 6 s 2 m 2
where we have used the density of iron. The net force on the balloon is downward so the helium
balloon is not able to lift its tank.
Chapter 19
P19.68
T = constant, so PV = P0 V0
or
P Ahi = P0 Ah0
569
b g b g
Fh I
P=P G J
Hh K
With A = constant,
P = P0 +
But,
mp g
A
FIG. P19.68
Thus,
hi =
which reduces to
mp g
= P0
A
h0
1+
mp g
P0 A
FG h IJ
Hh K
0
i
50.0 cm
=
1+
20.0 kg 9.80 m s 2
= 49.81 cm
1.013 10 5 Pa 0.400 m
With the man of mass M on the piston, a very similar calculation (replacing m p by m p + M ) gives:
h =
h0
em
1+
p +M
P0 A
jg
50.0 cm
=
1+
95.0 kg 9.80 m s 2
1.013 10 5 Pa 0.400 m
= 49.10 cm
P = const, so
(a)
(b)
Ti
dL
= dT :
L
Ahi Ah
=
T
Ti
hi
49.81
= 293 K
= 297 K
T = Ti
49.10
h
or
FG IJ
H K
giving
P19.69
V V
=
T Ti
Ti
L f = 1.00 m e
dT =
Li
Li
FG
H
IJ
K
FG IJ = T
H K
Lf
dL
ln
L
Li
2.00 10 5 C 1 100 C
L f = Li eT
= 1.002 002 m
L f = 1.00 m e
2.00 10 2 C 1 100 C
(or 24C)
L f L f
Lf
= 2.00 10 6 = 2.00 10 4%
= 7.389 m
L f L f
Lf
= 59. 4%
570
P19.70
Temperature
At 20.0C, the unstretched lengths of the steel and copper wires are
a f a
f
a f a20.0 Cf = 1.999 56 m
L a 20.0 C f = a 2.000 mf 1 + 17.0 10 aCf a 20.0 C f = 1.999 32 m
Ls 20.0 C = 2.000 m 1 + 11.0 10 6 C
Under a tension F, the length of the steel and copper wires are
LM
N
Ls = Ls 1 +
F
YA
OP
Q
LM
N
L c = L c 1 +
F
YA
OP
Q
where Ls + L c = 4.000 m .
Since the tension, F, must be the same in each wire, solve for F:
F=
b L + L g bL
s
c
Ls
Ys As
s + Lc
Lc
Yc A c
g.
e
= e1.000 10
j
mj
As = 1.000 10 3 m
Ac
2
2
e
ja f
1 + e17.0 10 ja 20.0 f
1 + 11.0 10 6 20.0
= 3.140 10 6 m 2
= 3.139 10 6 m 2
Recall Ys = 20.0 10 10 Pa and Yc = 11.0 10 10 Pa . Substituting into the equation for F, we obtain
F=
e20.0 10
10
je
Pa 3.140 10 6 m 2 + 1.999 32 m
e11.0 10
10
je
F = 125 N
To find the x-coordinate of the junction,
L
gMM 20.0 10
N e
Ls = 1.999 56 m 1 +
125 N
10
je
N m 2 3.140 10 6
OP
= 1.999 958 m
m jP
Q
2
Pa 3.139 10 6 m 2
Chapter 19
P19.71
j e7.86 10
(a)
= r 2 = 5.00 10 4 m
(b)
f1 =
1
v
T
and v =
so f1 =
2L
2L
kg m3 = 6.17 10 3 kg m
Therefore, T = 2Lf1
(c)
= 632 N
FG
H
L = L natural 1 +
A = 5.00 10 4
Therefore,
IJ
K
mj
T
L
so L natural =
+
AY
1 T AY
2
T
632
=
= 4.02 10 3 , and
7
10
AY
7.854 10
20.0 10
je
L natural =
a0.800 mf
e1 + 4.02 10 j
3
= 0.796 8 m .
g e
ja f
LM1 + T OP , where T is the tension in the string at 30.0C,
N AY Q
L L 1OP = e7.854 10 je20.0 10 jLM 0.800 1OP = 580 N .
T = AY M
NL
Q
N 0.797 06 Q
10
30 C
f1
T
=
so f1 = 200 Hz
f1
T
*P19.72
580 N
= 192 Hz .
632 N
Some gas will pass through the porous plug from the reaction chamber 1 to the reservoir 2 as the
reaction chamber is heated, but the net quantity of gas stays constant according to
n i1 + n i 2 = n f 1 + n f 2 .
Assuming the gas is ideal, we apply n =
PV
to each term:
RT
b g
b g
a f a f a f a f
F 5 IJ = P FG 1 + 4 IJ
1 atmG
P = 1.12 atm
H 300 K K H 673 K 300 K K
Pf V0
Pf 4V0
Pi 4V0
PV
i 0
+
=
+
300 K R 300 K R
673 K R 300 K R
f
571
572
P19.73
Temperature
Li + L = 2R = Li 1 + T
and
sin =
Thus,
Li
2
Li
2R
f a
Li
1 + T = 1 + T sin
2R
FIG. P19.73
Now,
h = R R cos =
Li 1 cos
2 sin
(a)
a f
a f
a f
motion
f kt
f kb
xL
temperature rising
FIG. P19.74(a)
1 tan
2 2 k
With the temperature falling, the plate contracts faster than the
roof. The upper part slides down and feels an upward frictional
force k mg 1 x cos . The lower part slides up and feels
downward frictional force k mgx cos . The equation Fx = 0
is then the same as in part (a) and the stationary line is above
L
tan
the bottom edge by xL =
.
1
k
2
a f
FG
H
(c)
IJ
K
IJ
K
FG
H
tan
L
1
.
2
k
motion
f kt
f kb
xL
temperature falling
FIG. P19.74(b)
xL
xL
P
FIG. P19.74(c)
Chapter 19
f
ga
L L F tan I OPbT T g
gML 2 G 1
NM 2 H JK PQ
F L tan IJ bT T g .
= b gG
H K
b
= b
573
L = 2 1 L xL xL T
2
At dawn the next day the point P is farther down the roof by the distance L . It represents
the displacement of every other point on the plate.
(d)
I
gFGH L tan
bT T g = FGH 24 10
JK
k
IJ
K
1
1 1.20 m tan 18.5
15 10 6
32 C = 0.275 mm
C
C
0. 42
If 2 < 1 , the diagram in part (a) applies to temperature falling and the diagram in part (b)
applies to temperature rising. The weight of the plate still pulls it step by step down the
roof. The same expression describes how far it moves each day.
(e)
P19.32
P19.4
P19.34
P19.6
TC = 1.33 C S TS + 20.0 C
P19.36
3.96 10 2 mol
P19.8
0.313 m
P19.38
3.67 cm3
P19.10
1.20 cm
P19.40
between 10 1 kg and 10 2 kg
P19.12
15.8 m
P19.42
2.41 10 11 molecules
P19.14
P19.44
P19.46
0.523 kg
P19.48
P19.50
P19.52
6.57 MPa
P19.54
(a) =
P19.16
P19.18
P19.20
P19.22
0.812 cm3
P19.24
P19.26
P19.56
P19.28
884 balloons
P19.58
P19.30
(a) B = gP0 Vi P0 + gd
(c) 10.3 m
1 Li T
574
Temperature
P19.60
P19.62
y L 2T
P19.64
P19.66
12
P19.68
P19.70
125 N ; 42.0 m
P19.72
1.12 atm
P19.74