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Submitted by:
AMBER KHANNA
BHUMIKA KATYAL
RASHMI KURUP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility to
complete this report. A special thanks to our final year project co-guide at AIRCEL, Mr. Amit
Mittal and Ms. Uma Reddy, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped
me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of AIRCEL
INDIA, who gave the permission to use all required equipments, computer systems and the
necessary material to complete my project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and heart full gratitude to Mr. Dipayan Panjafor his
immense support & guidance whenever needed during the course of my training .I would also
like to extend my gratitude to the whole staff of Aircel India for providing all the required data
and information and helping me in the success of the training.
This work could not have been completed without the indispensable assistance rendered to us by
Mr. Nitin Tyagi for providing us numerous facilities to study their resources.
.
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4. Features of GSM............................................................................................................ 33
4.1. Base station identity code ............................................................................................... 35
Chapter V
5. Channel concept ............................................................................................................ 37
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ABSTRACT
The project titledRF link design for 2G and 3G is being actively done in the
Aircel Limited, Team-RF Planning, as a part of Four months Internship.
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Core Businesses
2G Telecom
Service
3G Telecom
Service
Wireless
Broadband(BWA)
Aircel Buisness
Solutions
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Bihar,
11.)
Orissa,
12.)
Assam
13.)
North East
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Key people
Chief Operating Officer :- Dr. Kaizad Heerjee
Chief Financial Officer :- Mr. Anup Vikal
Head Operating Division :- Mr. Jean Pascal
Annual Revenue
Aircel generates an annual Revenue of 1.159 billion US Dollars.
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Introduction
A connection between two people a caller and the called person is the basic service of all
telephone networks. To provide this service, the network must be able to set up and maintain a
call, which involves a number of tasks: identifying the called person, determining the location,
routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is sustained as long as the conversation lasts.
After the transaction, the connection is terminated and (normally) the calling user is charged for
the service he has used.
In a fixed telephone network, providing and managing connections is a relatively easy process,
because telephones are connected by wires to the network and their location is permanent from
the networks point of view. In a mobile network, however, the establishment of a call is a far
more complex task, as the wireless (radio) connection enables the users to move at their own free
will providing they stay within the network's service area. In practice, the network has to find
solutions to three problems before it can even set up a call:
Where is the
subscriber
Who is the
subscriber
Fig.2.
In other words, the subscriber has to be located and identified to provide him/her with the
requested services. In order to understand how we are able to serve thesubscribers, it is
necessary to identify the main interfaces, the subsystems and network elements in the GSM
network, as well as their functions.
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Fig3
The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in three
subsystems:
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Fig4.
From the users point of view, the SIM is certainly the best-known database used in a GSM
network. The SIM is a small memory device mounted on a card and contains user-specific
identification. The SIM card can be taken out of one mobile equipment and inserted into another.
In the GSM network, the SIM card identifies the user just like a traveller uses a passport to
identify himself.
The SIM card contains the identification numbers of the user and a list of available networks.
The SIM card also contains tools needed for authentication and ciphering. Depending on the type
of the card, there is also storage space for messages, such as phone numbers. A home operator
issues a SIM card when the user joins the network by making a service subscription. The home
operator of the subscriber can be anywhere in the world, but for practical reasons the subscriber
chooses one of the operators in the country where he/she spends most of the time.
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It identifies the mobile subscriber and provides information about the service that the subscriber
should receive.
International Mobile Subscribers Identity ( IMSI ) - This number identifies the mobile
subscriber. It is only transmitted over the air during initialising.
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ( TMSI ) - This number also identifies the subscriber. It
can be alternatively used by the system. It is periodically changed by the system to protect the
subscriber from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio interface.
Location Area Identity ( LAI ) - Identifies the current location of the subscriber.
Mostof the data contained within the SIM is protected against reading (eg Ki ) or alterations after
the SIM is issued.
Some of the parameters ( eg. LAI ) will be continously updated to reflect the current location of
the subscriber.
The SIM card can be protected by use of Personal Identity Number ( PIN ) password.
The SIM is capable of storing additional information such as accumulated call charges.
FULL SIZE SIM CARD
Fig 5
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The Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number is the telephone number of the MS.
CC = Country code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
International Mobile Subscribers Identity ( IMSI ) :
The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is the primary identity of the subscriber
within the mobile network and is permanently assigned to that subscriber.
The GSM system can also assign a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI).
After the subscriber's IMSI has been initialized on the system, the TMSI can be used for sending
messages backwards and forwards across the network to identify the subscriber.
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The system automatically changes the TMSI at regular intervals, thus protecting the subscriber
from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio channels.
On request, the MS sends this number over the signalling channel to the MSC.
The IMEI can be used to identify MSs that are reported stolen or operating incorrectly.
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
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BSC
BTS
TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (sometimes also called TC (Transcoder))
BSC
TC
BSC
BTS
TC
BTS
BTS
Fig6.
Some of the most important BSS tasks are listed in the following:
Radio path control
In the GSM network, the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the part of the network taking care of
radio resources, that is, radio channel allocation and quality of the radio connection.
Synchronisation
The BSS uses hierarchical synchronisation, which means that the MSC synchronises the BSC,
and the BSC further synchronises the BTSs associated with that particular BSC. Inside the BSS,
synchronisation is controlled by the BSC. Synchronisation is a critical issue in the GSM network
due to the nature of the information transferred. If the synchronisation chain is not working
correctly, calls may be cut or the call quality may not be the best possible. Ultimately, it may
even be impossible to establish a call.
Air- and A-interface signalling
In order to establish a call, the MS must have a connection throughhe the BSS.
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Mobility management
The BSC is responsible for initiating the vast majority of all handovers, and it
makes the handover decision based on, among others, measurement reports sent
by the MS during a call.
Statistical raw data collection
Information from the Base Transceiver Stations, Transcoders, and BSC are collected in the BSC
and forwarded via the DCN (Data Communications Network) to the NMS (Network
Management Subsystem), where they are post-processed into statistical views, from which the
network quality and status is obtained.
Air- and A-interface signalling support
In the A-interface, SS#7 (Common Channel Signalling System No. 7) is used as the signalling
language, while the environment in the air interface allows the usage of a protocol adapted from
ISDN standards, namely LAPDm (Link Access Protocol on the ISDN D Channel, modified
version). Between the Base Transceiver Station and the BSC (Abis interface), a more
standardised LAPD protocol is used. The BSC also enables the transparent signalling connection
needed between the MSC/VLR and the MS.
BTS and TRAU control
Inside the BSS, all the BTSs and TCs are connected to the BSC(s). The BSC maintains the BTSs.
In other words, the BSC is capable of separating (barring) a BTS from the network and
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13kbit/s
compression
TRAU
TRAU
BTS
Channel
Coding
= redundancy
22.8kbit/s
Interleaving
and ciphering
Air
Interface
22.8kbit/s
33.8kbit/s
TDMA burst
formatting
GMSK
modulation
Fig 8.
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BTS
f2
f1
Omnidirectional BTS
f5, f6
f1, f2
2 sectorised BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
f3, f4
3 sectorised BTS
BSC
Transcoder and
Submultiplexer (TCSM)
MSC
TC
TC
SM2M
TC
TC
A ter Interface
A ter Interface
Fig10.
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GSM Interfaces
One of the main purposes behind the GSM specifications is to define several open interfaces,
which then limit certain parts of the GSM system. Because of this interface openness, the
operator maintaining the network may obtain different parts of the network from different GSM
network suppliers. When an interface is open, it also strictly defines what is happening through
the interface, and this in turn strictly defines what kind of actions/procedures/functions must be
implemented between the interfaces.
The GSM specifications define two truly open interfaces within the GSM network. The first one
is between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station (BS). This open-air interface is called
Um. It is relatively easy to imagine the need for this interface to be open, as mobile phones of all
different brands must be able to communicate with GSM networks from all different suppliers.
The second interface is located between the Mobile services Switching Centre, MSC and the
Base Station Controller (BSC). This interface is called the A-interface. The system includes
more than the two defined interfaces, but especially the ones within the BSS not totally open.
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BSS
NSS
D
VLR
HLR
AC
EIR
B
Um
Abis
BSC
Ater
BTS
TC
BTS
(G)MSC
(G)MSC
Fig 11.
Interfaces in GSM
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AC
EIR
HLR
HLR
VLR
VLR
GMSC
Fig12.
MSC
Call control
This identifies the subscriber, establishes a call, and clears the connection after the conversation
is over.
Charging
This collects the charging information about a call (the numbers of the caller and the called
subscriber, the time and type of the transaction, etc.) and transfers it to the Billing Centre.
Mobility management
This maintains information about the subscriber's location.
Signalling
This applies to interfaces with the BSS and PSTN.
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Call control
MSC identifies the type of call, the destination, and the origin of a call. It also sets up,
supervises, and clears connections.
Initiation of paging
Paging is the process of locating a particular mobile station in case of a mobile terminated call (a
call to a mobile station).
Security information for authentication of the SIM card and for ciphering
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If we suspect that mobile equipment is faulty, we can monitor the use of it. It is then placed in
the grey list.
If the mobile equipment is reported stolen, or it is otherwise not allowed to operate in the
network, it is placed in the black list.
Note that IMEI checking is an optional procedure, so it is up to the operator to define if and
when IMEI checking is performed. (Some operators do not even implement the EIR at all.)
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Fault management
Configuration management
Performance management
These functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual
BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs.
Fault management
The purpose of fault management is to ensure the smooth operation of the network and rapid
correction of any kind of problems that are detected. Fault management provides the network
operator with information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history
database of alarms.
The alarms are stored in the NMS database and this database can be searched according to
criteria specified by the network operator.
Fig13.
Fault management
Configuration management
The purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-date information about the
operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific configuration functions include
the management of the radio network, software and hardware management of the network
elements, time synchronisation, and security operations.
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Fig14.
Configuration management
Performance management
In performance management, the NMS collects measurement data from individual network
elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the network operator is able to
compare the actual performance of the network with the planned performance and detect both
good and bad performance areas within the network.
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meters (m). Frequency and wavelength are related via the speed of propagation of wave which is
3x108 m/s.
Wavelength = Speed .
Frequency
Lower frequencies, with longer wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over large
distances, because they bounce on the surface of the earth and in theatmosphere.
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Higher frequencies, with shorter wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over small
distances, because they are sensitive to suchproblems as obstacles in the line of the transmission
path.
1. BANDWIDTH: Bandwidth is the term used to describe the amount of frequency range allocated
to one application.
2. CHANNELS: A channel is a frequency or set of frequencies which can be allocated for the
transmission, and possibly the receipt, of information.
Fig 15
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Fig 16
Duplex Distance
4. CARRIER SEPARATION: In addition to the duplex distance, every mobile system includes a
carrier separation. This is the distance on the frequency bandbetween channels being transmitted
in the same direction.
This isrequired in order to avoid the overlapping of information in onechannel into an adjacent
channel.
In GSM the carrier separation is fixed at 200 kHz
Fig 17
Carrier Separation
5. FREQUENCY RE-USE :
These frequency re-use patterns ensure that any frequencies being re-used are located at a
sufficient distance apart to ensure that there is little interference between them.
The term frequency re-uses distance is used to describe the distance between two identical
frequencies in a re-use pattern. The lower the frequency re-uses distance, the more capacity will
be available in the network.
Fig 18
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The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair
comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel).
Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from
cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference
Ratio (C/I) level of 12 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular.
This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the
reuse pattern.
AUDIO QUALITY
Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provide good
quality speech transmission.
Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected
against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques.
In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than
analogue.
USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES
Standard interfaces such as C7 and X25 are used throughout the system. Hence different
manufacturers can be selected for different parts of the PLMN.
The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are
encoded and ciphered when sent over air.
The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber. The mobile
has a identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured. This number is stored in a
standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be checked to see if it has been
reported stolen.
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The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its server and signal
strength measurement of its neighbors.
This data is passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the
need of handover.
SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately.
This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same
subscriber number.
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES
Cell broadcast for transmission of text message from the cell to all MS in its coverage area.
Message like traffic information or advertising can be transmitted.
Fax and data services are provided. Data rates available are 2.4 Kb/s, 4.8 Kb/s and 9.6 Kb/s.
Supplementary services like number identification , call barring, call forwarding, charging
display etc can be provided.
FREQUENCY REUSE
There are total 124 carriers in GSM ( additional 50 carriers are available if EGSM band is used).
Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 ( 124 X 7 )
calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused.
The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same
time.
The radio carrier available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over the
whole coverage area.
The pattern to be used depends on the traffic requirement and spectrum availability.
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It is made up of 8 bits.
NCC = National Colour Code( Differs from operator to operator )
BCC = Base Station Colour Code, identifies the base station to help distinguish betweenCells
using the same BCCH frequencies
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CHANNEL CONCEPT
Fig 22.
Channel concept
Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there
are 8 physical channels.
Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are
different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two
types
Traffic channel
Control channel
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CHANNEL CONCEPT
GSM Control Channels
Control Channels
BCCH
Broadcast
control channel
RACH
Synch.
Channels
CBCH
Random
Access Channel
Cell Broadcast
Channel
SCH
Synchronisation
channel
PCH/
AGCH
FCCH
Frequency
Correction channel
DCCH(Dedicated Channels)
Downlink & Uplink
SDCCH
Standalone
dedicated
control channel
FACCH
Fast Associated
Control Channel
ACCH
Associated
Control Channels
SACCH
Slow associated
Control Channel
Paging/Access grant
Fig 23.
Uplink only
Downlink only
Used by the network to assign a signalling channel upon successfull decoding of access bursts.
Downlink only.
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already standardized
3.
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GPRS ARCHITECTURE
Fig 24
GPRS Architecture
GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses
SGSN (Serving GSN)
1.
2. Gb interface).
3. Requests user address from GR
4. Keeps track of individual MSs location i.e. detects and registers new GPRS MS in its serving
area
5. Responsible for collecting billing information
6. Performs security functions such as access control, Authentication
7. Connected to MSC and BSC
8. Packet Routing, Transfer & Mobility Management
9. Maintaining user profiles.
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INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macrocellular and
Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.
The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue potential whilst
maintaining a high level of system quality.
Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation limitations.
A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added economically when traffic demand
increases.
As every urban environment is different, so is every macrocell and microcell network. Hence
informed and accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the system will provide both
the increased capacity and the improvement in network quality where required, especially when
deploying Microcellular systems.
By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of
problems that we may encounter in the future and also reduce substantially the cost of
optimization.
On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network problems , it also
increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired quality.
CW Propagation Tool
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Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by
providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning
automatically, creating neighbor lists etc.
With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation
patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the Planning tool gives RF engineers a stateof-the-art tool to:
The major tools available in the market are Planet, Pegasos, Cell Cad.
Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like Netplan by Motorola, TEMS
by Ericsson and so on.
Test transmitter.
Antenna (generallyOmni).
Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate should be settable
so that it satisfies Lees law.
A single frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from the canditate site.
These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by the Drive test kit. This data is
then loaded on the Planning tool and used for tuning models.
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Traffic modelling tool is used by the planning engineer for Network modelling and
dimensioning.
It helps the planning engineer to calculate the number of network elements needed to fulfil
coverage, capacity and quality needs.
Though not directly linked to RF Design Planning, it helps in scheduling the RF Design process
and also to know the status of the project
Site database : This includes RF data, site acquisition, power, civil ,etc.
Inventory Control
Fault tracking
Finance Managemen
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A point source that radiates RF energy uniformly in all directions (I.e.: in the shape of a sphere)
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dB
The dB value is calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the measured or calculated power (P2)
with respect to a reference power (P1). This result is then multiplied by 10 to obtain the value in
dB.
dB = 10 * log10(P1/P2)
The powers P1 ad P2 must be in the same units. If the units are not compatible, then they should
be transformed.
dBm
The most common "defined reference" use of the decibel is the dBm, or decibel relative to one
milliwatt.
It is different from the dB because it uses the same specific, measurable power level as a
reference in all cases, whereas the dB is relative to either whatever reference a particular user
chooses or to no reference at all.
A dB has no particular defined reference while a dBm is referenced to a specific quantity: the
milliwatt (1/1000 of a watt).
The IEEE definition of dBm is "a unit for expression of power level in decibels with reference to
a power of 1 milliwatt."
The dBm is merely an expression of power present in a circuit relative to a known fixed amount
(i.e., 1 milliwatt) and the circuit impedance is irrelevant.}
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Since the dBm has a defined reference it can be converted back to watts if desired.
Since it is in logarithmic form it may also be conveniently combined with other dB terms.
dBv/m
To convert field strength in dbv/m to received power in dBm with a 50 optimum terminal
impedance and effective length of a half wave dipole /
0dBu = 10 log[(10-6)2(1000)(/)2/(4*50)] dBm
At 850MHZ
0dBu = -132 dBm
39dBu = -93 dBm
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Reflections occur from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls.
Diffraction (Shadowing)
Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large dimensions relative to and sharp
irregularities (edges).
Scattering
Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions on the order of or less, causing
the reflected energy to spread out orscatter in many directions.
Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering
MULTIPATH
Fig 25.
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Multipath Propagation
These fluctuations are not the same as the propagation path loss.
Multipath causes three major things
FADING
The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly
non-LOS.
The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by
buildings and other objects.
The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the
receiver through many non-LOS paths.
This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal
fading and rayleigh and rician fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel.
Fig 26
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Due to various shadowing and terrain effects the signal level measured on a circle around base
station shows some random fluctuations around the mean value of received signal strength.
The long-term fades in signal strength, r, caused by the terrain configuration and man made
environments form a log-normal distribution, i.e the mean received signal strength, r, varies lognormally in dB if the signal strength is measured over a distance of at least 40.
Experimentally it has been determined that the standard deviation, , of the mean received signal
strength, r, lies between 8 to 12 dB with the higher generally found in large urban areas.
RAYLEIGH FADING
All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable
depending on the location of the antenna.
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Fig 28
Ricean Fading
RF PLANNING PROCEDURES
PRELIMINARY WORK
Propagation tool setup
Set up the planning tool hardware. This includes the server and or clients which may be UNIX
based.
Procure the terrain, clutter and vector data in the required resolution.
Test to see if they are displayed properly and printed correctly on the plotter.
Setup site tracking database
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This is the central database which is used by all relevant department, viz. RF, Site acquisition,
Power, Civil engineering etc, and avoids data mismatch.
Load master lease site locations in database
If predetermined friendly sites that can be used are available, then load this data into the site
database.
Growth plan is provided which lists the projected subscriber growth in phases.
GOS is determined in agreement with the customer (generally the GOS is taken as 2%)
Based on the marketing analysis, GOS and number of carriers as inputs, the network design is
carried out.
Zoning Analysis
This involves studying the height restrictions for antenna heights in the design area.
Set Initial Link Budget
Link Budget Analysis is the process of analyzing all major gains and losses in the forward and
reverse link radio paths.
Inputs
Target coverage
reliabilty.Fade margins.
Output
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Using link budget calculation, the maximum allowable path loss is calculated.
Using Okumura hata emprical formula, the initial cell radius can be calculated.
Initial cell count estimates
Once the cell radius is known, the area covered by one site can be easily calculated.
By dividing the total area to be covered by the area of each cell, a initial estimate of the number
of cells can be made.
INITIALSURVEY
Morphology Definition
Morphology describes the density and height of man made or natural obstructions.
Some morphology area definitions are Urban, Suburban, rural, open etc.
Density also applies to morphology definitions like dense urban, light suburban, commercial etc.
This basically leads to a number of sub-area formation where the link budget will differ and
hence the cell radius and cell count will differ.
Morphology Drive Test
This drive test is done to prepare generic models for network design.
The objective is to collect field data to optimize or adjust the prediction model for preliminary
simulations.
For a given network design there may be more than one model like dense-urban, urban,
suburban, rural, highway etc.
The predicted and measured signal strengths are compared and the model adjusted to produce
minimum error.
These models are then used for initial design of the network
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Planning of cell sites sub-area depending on clutter type and traffic required.
Run Propagation Analysis
Using generic models prepared by drive testing & prop test, run predictions for each cell
depending on morphology type to predict the coverage in the given sub-areas.
Planning tool calculates the path loss and received signal strength using Co-ordinates of the site
location, Ground elevation above mean sea level, Antenna height above ground, Antenna
radiation pattern (vertical & horizontal) & antenna orientation, Power radiated from the antenna.
Reset Cell Placement( Ideal Sites)
According to the predictions change the cell placements to design the network for contigious
coverage and appropriate traffic.
System Coverage Maps
Background on paper showing area MAP which include highways, main roads etc.
Initial design review has to be carried out with the client so that he agrees to the basic design of
the network.
During design review, first put only the background map which is on paper. Then step by step
put the site layout and coverage prediction.
Display may show some coverage holes in phase 1 which should get solved in phase 2 .
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Release the search ring with details like radius of search ring, height of antenna etc.
Release search rings to project management
Visit friendly site locations
If there are friendly sites available that can be used (infrastructure sharing), then these sites are to
be given preference.
If these sites suite the design requirements, then visit these sites first.
Select Initial Anchor Sites
Initial anchor sites are the sites which are very important for the network buildup, Eg - Sites that
will also work as a BSC.
Enter Data In Propagation Tool
Now since the site has been selected and the lat/lon of the actual site ( which will be different
from the designed site) is known, put this site in the planning tool and predict coverage.
Check to see that the coverage objectives are met as per prediction.
Reset / Review Search Rings
If the prediction shows a coverage hole ( as the actual site may be shifted from the designed site),
the surrounding search rings can be resetted and reviewed.
Candidate site Visit( Average 3 per ring)
For each proposed location, surveys should carried out and at least 3 suitable site candidates
identified.
Details of each candidate should be recorded on a copy of the Site Proposal Form for that site.
Details must include:
Building Height
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In order to verify that a candidate site, selected based on its predicted coverage area, is actually
covering all objective areas, drive test has to be performed.
Drive test also points to potential interference problems or handover problems for the site.
The test transmitter has to be placed at the selected location with all parameters that have been
determined based on simulations.
Drive test all major roads and critical areas like convention centers, major business areas, roads
etc.
Take a plot of the data and check for sufficient signal strength, sufficient overlaps and splashes(
least inteference to other cells).
Drive Test Integration
The data obtained from the drive test has to be loaded on the planning tool and overlapped with
the prediction. This gives a idea of how close the prediction and actual drive test data match.
If they do not match ( say 80 to 90 %) then for that site the model may need tuning.
Visit Site With All Disciplines( SA, Power, Civil etc )
A meeting at the selected site takes place in which all concerned departments like RF
Engineering, Site acquisition, Power, Civil Engineer, Civil contractor and the site owner is
present.
Plan of the building ( if site located on the building) to be made showing equipment placement,
cable runs, battery backup placement and antenna mounting positions.
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Drawings to be checked and signed by the Planner, site acquisition, power planner and project
manager.
Perform Link Balance Calculations
Link balance calculation per cell to be done to balance the uplink and the downlink path.
Basically link balance calculation is the same as power budget calculation. The only difference is
that on a per cell basis the transmit power of the BTS may be increased or decreased depending
on the pathloss on uplink and downlink.
EMI Studies
Study of RF Radiation exposure to ensure that it is within limits and control of hazardous areas.
Data sheet to be prepared per cell signed by RF Planner and project manager to be submitted to
the appropriate authority.
Frequency planning has to be carried out on the planning tool based on required C/I and C/A and
interference probabilities.
System Interference Plots
These plots have to be reviewed with the customer to get the frequency plan passed.
Final Coverage Plot
Coverage holes can be identified from the plots and subsequent action can be taken(like putting a
new site) to solve the problem.
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Link Budget Analysis is the process of analyzing all major gains and losses in the forward and
reverse link radio paths.
Inputs
Fade margins
Output
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Dense
Urban
Urban
Sub Urban
Rural
Uplink
MS power (dBm)
30
30
30
30
18
21
24
30
4.5
4.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
-111
-111
-111
-111
156.5
158
158
156.5
Downlink
BTS power (dBm)
43
43
43
43
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
Sens. MS (dBm)
-102
-102
-102
-102
157.5
157.5
157.5
157.5
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.9
12
10
24
20
14
117.5
125
134
138.5
154.5
153.8
153.8
146.2
0.291
0.512
0.954
2.296
0.291188
0.512263
0.954429
2.295660
With Formula
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Dense
Urban
Urban
Sub
Urban
Rural
Uplink
MS power (dBm)
21
23
23
24
18
21
24
30
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
-111
-111
-111
-111
146.5
148.5
148.5
149.5
Downlink
BTS power (dBm)
43
43
43
43
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
Sens. MS (dBm)
-102
-102
-102
-102
157.5
157.5
157.5
157.5
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.9
12
10
24
20
14
107.5
115.5
124.5
131.5
153.8
153.8
153.8
146.2
0.162
0.280
0.519
1.453
With Formula
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0.162411
0.280122 0.518587
1.452728
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MENTUM PLANET
The network of today's wireless operator must evolve to offer advanced data services cost-effectively and stay one step ahead of the competition.
New technologies such as LTE, HSPA and WiMAX present new opportunities, but their
advanced features, their usage patterns and the need for a cleaner radio channel that can offer
improved system capacity drive the requirement for innovative RF planning and optimization
software.
Better network design practices are generating long-lasting benefits in terms of quality of service
and network capacity.
Mentum Planet is a wireless network planning & optimization software that offers the ability to
design better networks through quality engineering solutions for the networks of today and
tomorrow.
Mentum Planet 5 - the fifth generation of this software platform - was built to address the
complex requirements of wireless broadband technologies for operators, equipment vendors, and
consulting firms involved in the planning, operation, and optimization of wireless networks.
The Mentum Planet product family supports most of the commercially deployed wireless
standards, including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE (TDD and FDD),
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, cdma2000, EVDO, TDMA, FDMA, DVB-H, TETRA, P25 and generic
TDMA/FDMA systems using simulcast.
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STEP 6(Fig 34):- Choose geodata files that covers all sites
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STEP 15(Fig 43):- Edit the Site Properties (select the P- Model)
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0
0.1815
1.1065
64.9478
116.202047
Urban
10.316049
23.3907242
39.0406
132.4624481
122.8879699
Sub Urban
Village
6.8341
2.92535
8.1121999 2.59417486
9.2772747
1.784025
19.922474
3.994875
14.93
8.620025
9.9421
16.25455 10.2271957
Total Area
182.437847
338.0398912
75.330599 30.1456456
Area Covered in %
Dense
Urban
-200 ~ -85
-85 ~ -80
-80 ~ -75
-75 ~ -65
-65 ~ 0
Outside
range
0
0.099485936
0.606507925
35.5999597
63.69404644
Urban
3.051725334
6.919515953
11.54911033
39.18544868
36.3530971
Sub Urban
9.0721435
10.768798
12.315414
26.446722
19.819303
2.941102591
21.577619 33.9259469
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Village
9.70405492
8.60547124
5.91801889
13.2519139
28.5945941
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sq. kms
Dense Urban
Coverage range(kms.)
Area
Sites
182.43785
0.291
0.16481
1106.956
338.0411
0.512
0.510198
662.5688
Sub urban
86.065175
0.954
1.771313
48.58834
Rural
32.466025
2.296
10.25988
3.164366
Others
4437.087425
2.296
10.25988
432.4696
TOTAL
5076.097575
6.349
22.96609
2253.747
Urban
Wireless IP
New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the
spectrum
Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)
(Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
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FDD 2x60MHz
Fig 56.
Release 4, 03/01
Release 5, 03/02
Release 7, 06/07
Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for HSDPA
(MIMO, higher order modulation)
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Fig 58
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GSM (80.9%)
CDMA (12%)
WCDMA (4.6%)
iDEN (0.9%)
PDC(0.8%)
US TDMA (0.8%)
Fig 59.
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10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users
Fig 60.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different
users,
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from
each other with orthogonal codes.
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SPREAD SPECTRUM
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth i.e.
transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth
Benefits
Classification
DIRECT SEQUENCE
In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence i.e. with
spreading/channelization code
Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party effect)
defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus determines the end
bit rate
Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is
required
Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference levels.
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Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e. summed together)
If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is meant for the receiver.
Fig 61.
Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to processing gain
G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where W is the chip rate and R is the user bit rate
The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The loss is defined as:
Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage
The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web
browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
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Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending on the
radio network planning issues
Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against self-interference that is
necessary in order to reuse the available 5 MHz carrier frequency over geographically close
distances.
For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0 dB, so the required
wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called carrier-to-interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore
5.0 dB minus the processing = -20.0 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or thermal noise power, and
the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 912 dB.C
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Fig 63.
Spreading Graph
WCDMA SYSTEMS
Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers
Soft handover
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real-time
streaming
interactive
web-browsing
background
e-mail download
CODES IN WCDMA
Used for
separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional scrambling code is
needed
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WEAKNESS
High cost as compared to their predecessor.
THREAT
Since 2G mobile is in market, squeezing the market competition.
OPPURTUNITY
Consumers replacing handsets with newer technology.
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Spreading Operation
Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
Strictly speaking, spreading includes two operations:
Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) - using orthogonal
codes
Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) - using pseudo noise
codes
Channelization
In the uplink, it can only separate the physical channels/services of one
user because the mobiles are not synchronized in time.
It is possible that two mobiles are using the same codes.
In order to separate different users in the uplink, scrambling codes are
used.
The channelization codes are picked from the code tree as shown in
next slide.
One code tree is used with one scrambling code on top of the tree.
If c4,4 is used, no codes from its subtree can be used (c8,7 , c8,8 , ).
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SCRAMBLING
In the scrambling process the code sequence is multiplied with a
pseudorandom scrambling code.
The scrambling code can be a long code (a Gold code with 10 ms
period) or a short code (S(2) code).
In the downlink scrambling codes are used to reduce the inter-base station
interference. Typically, each Node B has only one scrambling
code for UEs to separate base stations. Since a code tree under one
scrambling code is used by all users in its cell, proper code
management is needed.
In the uplink scrambling codes are used to separate the terminals.
Three separate channels concepts in the UTRA: logical, transport, and
physical channels.
Logical channels define what type of data is transferred.
Transport channels define how and with which type of characteristics the
data is transferred by the physical layer.
Physical data define the exact physical characteristics of the radio channel.
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Channel Concepts
Three separate channels concepts in the UTRA: logical, transport, and
physical channels.
Logical channels define what type of data is transferred.
Transport channels define how and with which type of characteristics the
data is transferred by the physical layer.
Physical data define the exact physical characteristics of the radio channel.
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A code tree under one scrambling code is shared by several users. Normally,
one scrambling code and thus only one code tree is used per sector in the BS.
DCH SF does not vary on a frame-by-frame basis; thus, data rate is varied by
rate matching operation, puncturing or repeating bits, or with DTX, where the
transmission is off during part of the slot.
The SF is the same for all the codes with multicode transmission.
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RACH Operation
First, UE sends a preamble.
The SF of the preamble is 256 and contain a signature sequence of 16
symbols a total length of 4096 chips.
Wait for the acknowledged with the Acquisition (AICH) from the BS.
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CPCH Operation
After receiving CPCH AICH,
UE sends a CPCH CD preamble with the same power from another
signature.
If no collision after a certain time, the BS echo this signature back to the
UE on the CD Indication Channel (CD-ICH).
Then, the UE sends data over several frames with fast power control.
The CPCH status indicator channel (CSICH) carries the status of different
CPCH information
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Handover
Intra-mode handover
Include soft handover, softer handover and hard handover.
Rely on the Ec/No measurement performed from the CPICH.
Inter-mode handover
Handover to the UTRA TDD mode.
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STEP:3
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STEP:5
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STEP:7
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STEP:8
STEP:9
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STEP:11
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STEP:13
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STEP:15
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STEP:17
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STEP:19
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STEP:21
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3G Basics
gsmadvanced_aircomm
John.Wiley.and.Sons.WCDMA.for.UMTS.Radio.Access.for.Third.Generation.Mobile.Communi
cations
WCDMA_systems_003
GSM Systra
WIKIPEDIA
www.umts-forum.org
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