Calculus of Residue and Contour Integration

1
Residue Theory
Definition.1. (Residue). Let f (z) has a non-removable isolated singularity at the point z0. Then
z
f(z) has the Laurent series representation for all z in some punctured disk DR*( 0 ) given
by
f ( z )=
an ( zz 0 )n
n=
The coefficient a-1 of
1
z z0
is called the residue of f(z) at z0 .
It is denoted by Res[f,z0] = a-1

Example .1.1.
Consider f (z) = e2/z
Then the Laurent series of f about the point z0 = 0is given by
2
3
2
2
2
1+
+
+
+,
1 ! z 2! z 2 3 ! z 3
The co-efficient of
1
z z0
1
z0
1
z is 2
Hence by definition of residue, residue of f (z) = e2/z at z0 = 0 is given by Res [f, z0] = 2
Example .1.2. Find residue of f (z) =
f(z) =
Now
3
z ( 2+ zz 2 )
3
z ( z+1 )( 2z ) =
3
2 z + z 2z 3
3
z ( z+1 )( 2z )
A
z
B
+ z +1
A(z+1)(2-z) + Bz(2-z) + Cz (z+1) = 3

A(-z2 +2 + z) +B(2z z2) +C(z2 +z) = 3
C
2z
at z0 = 0
-A B +C = 0---- (a)
A +2B +C = 0 ---- (b)
2A =3 ---- ( c) A = 3/2
(a) -B + C = A= 3/2
(b) 2B + C = -A = -3/2
----------------------------Adding B + 2C =0 B = - 2C
Put B = - 2C in -B + C = 3/2
3C = 3/2C= 1/2
Put C= 1/2, B = -2C = -1 B = -1
Hence f(z) = =
A
z
B
+ z +1
3
2z
- (1+z) +
3
2z
1
- (1- z+ z2 -.) + 4
3
2z
-1
1
2
C
2z
-1
(2-z) =
3
2z
3
2z
z
2
1
z +1
1
- (1- z+ z -.) + 2
z
2
()
The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of
1
z
3
4
+ .)
9z
8 - ..
Example 1.3. Find residue of f (z) =
Laurent expansion of f(z) =
1
2( 2z)
(1 +
ez
z3
at z0 = 0
1
z2 z3
{1+
z+
+ }
2! 3 !
z3
3
2
-1
z
2
( )
1
1 1
1
1
+ 2+
+
3
z
2
!
3!
z z
1
z
The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of
1
2
Contour integration
Contour integration is the process of calculating the values of a contour integral around a given
contour in the complex plane.
The Cauchy integral formulae are useful in evaluating contour integrals over a simple closed
f ( z)
k
( zz 0 )
contour C where the integrand has the form
and f is an analytic function
Example 1.
Evaluate
ydz
along the curve C : x = t-1, y = et-1, 2< t < 3
Solution.
Let z = x+iy dz = dx + i dy
Given curve x = t-1 dx = dt
And y = et-1 dy = et-1dt
3
ydz
C
et 1 ] 3 +
2
Example 2.
3
t 1
ie
2 t2
(dx+idy) =
3
2
2 =e e+
3
t 1
t 1
(dt +i e
i e 4e2
2
dt ) =
e
2
3
t 1
dt
ie2 (t 1) dt
2
If C is the curve y = x3-3x2+4x-1 joining the points (1,1) and (2,3) then
find the value of
(12 z 24 iz)dz
C
2+3 i
(12 z 24 iz)dz =
C
(12 z 24 iz)dz
1+i
12 z
3
4 i z 2+3 i
2
1+i
= 4(2+3i)3 2i(2+3i)2 - 4(1+i)3 + 2i(1+i)2 = -156 +38i

Recall (i).(Cauchys integral Theorem)
Let D be any simply connected domain. Let C be any closed contour contained in D and f(z)
analytic in D, then
f ( z)dz
C
=0
Recall (ii).
For a function f(z) analytic in DR*(
z0
)and for any r with 0 < r < R, the Laurent series
coefficients of f(z) are given by
an =
f ( )
1
d
for n =0,1 ,2, .. ------(I)

2 i C ( z 0 )n +1
WhereC denotes the circle {z: |z-z0| = r} with positive orientation.

Put n = -1 in Equation (I) and replace C with any positively oriented simple closed contour C
containingz0, provided z0 is the still only singularity of f(z) that lies inside C,
then we obtain
a-1 =
1
f (z )dz .
2 i C
We know that a-1 is the Res[f,z0] Res[f,z0] =
f ( z) dz
1
f ( z )dz
2 i C
= 2i Res[f,z0]
If we know the Laurent series expansion for f(z), then using above equation we can evaluate
contour integrals.
Example ii.1. Evaluate
e
C
2
z
dz where C denotes the circle C = {z: |z| =1}with positive
orientation.
Solution.
2
Let f(z) = e z
From Example.1, we have Res [f, 0] = 2
Recall 2. gives us
Hence
e
C
2
z
dz
f ( z)dz
C
= 2i Res[f,z0]
= 2i Res[f,0] = 2i (2) = 4i
Theorem 1 (Cauchy's Residue Theorem).
Let D be a simply connected domain, and let C D be a closed positively oriented contour
within and on the functionf(z) is analytic, except finite number of singular z1,z2,.,zn , then
f ( z)dz
C
= 2i
Res [ f , z k ]
k=1
Proof.
Let Ci be the neighborhood of zi, (i=1,2n) lies inside C such that all Ciare disjoint.
Since each zi is a singular point of f and each Ci is a neighborhood of corresponding zi(i=1,2,..n),
f is analytic in and on C except these neighborhoods Ci (i=1,2n).
Then by Cauchys Theorem,(Recall 1)
f ( z)dz
C
f ( z)dz
C1
f ( z) dz
- -
f ( z) dz
Cn
=0
f ( z)dz
f ( z) dz
f ( z)dz
= 2iRes[f,z1] +.. + 2i Res [f,zn] ( by Recall 2)
f ( z)dz
C
C1
+ +
Cn
Res[f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0
Note 1.1: The residue at z0depend only the coefficient a-1in the Laurent expansion, if f(z) has a
removable singularity at z0, then the Laurent expansion has no negative power term and
hencea-1=0 Res[f,z0] = 0.
Theorem 2.(Residues at Poles).
(i)
If f(z) has a simple pole at z0, then Res[f,z0] =
lim z z 0 ( zz 0 ) f ( z )
( zz 0 )
(ii)
If f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =
d
( 2 f (z ))
dz
lim z z 0
( zz 0 )
(iii)
(v)
If f(z) has a pole of order 3 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =
d2
(3 f (z))
d z2
1
lim z z0
2!
If f(z) has a pole of order k at z0,
( zz 0 )
then Res[f,z0] =
d k1
( k f (z ))
d z k1
1
lim z z 0
(k 1)!
Proof.
i) Suppose f(z) has a simple pole at z = z0, then the Laurent series expansion
f(z) =
an ( z z0 ) n +a1 ( zz 0 )1
n=0
an ( z z0 ) n
(z -z0)f(z) = (z-z0)
n=0
+ a-1
an ( z z0 ) n
(z -z0)f(z) = (z-z0)
n=0
+ Res [f,z0]
Taking lim zz0, both sides

zz 0
lim z z 0 ( f (z)
an ( z z0 ) n
lim z z 0 (z-z )
0
n=0
+ lim z z 0 Res[f,z0]
= 0 + Res[f,z0]
zz 0
Hence Res[f,z0] = lim z z 0 ( f (z)
v) Suppose f(z) has a pole of order k at z = z0, then the Laurent series expansion
f(z) =
an ( z z0 ) n +a1 ( zz 0 )1
n=0
2
k
+ a2 ( zz 0 )
+ + ak ( zz 0 )
Multiply both sides by (z-z0)k

(z-z0)kf(z) =
ak
k1
+ .. + a1 ( zz 0 )
an ( z z0 ) n ( zz o ) k
n=0
Differentiate both sides k-1 times with respect to z,
( zz o )
d k1
k
zz 0 ) f ( z)
k1 (
= 0+0+..+ a1 ( k1 ) ! +
dz
an ( z z0 ) n
n=0
a1 ( k1 ) ! + a0 (z z0 ) k ! +
k1
d z k1
a1 ( zz 0 )2
( ( k +12 ! ) ! )
+ .
Taking lim zz0, both sides

lim z z 0
d k1
k
zz 0 ) f ( z ) = lim z z 0 a1 ( k1 ) ! + 0 +
k1 (
dz
Hence Res [f,z0] =
a1 ( k1 ) !
= Res [f,z0] (k-1)!
1
d k1
k
lim z z 0 k1 ( z z0 ) f ( z)
( k1 ) !
dz
ii) and iii) are the particular case of v) (take k = 2 and k= 3)
Example 2.1.
Find residue of f (z) =
ez
z 21
at z0 = 1
Solution.
ez
z 21
Given f (z) =
ez
( z1)(z+1)
The poles of f(z) are z = 1 , z =-1 (simple poles)

Res [f,1] =
lim z 1 ( z1 ) f ( z )
lim z 1
( z1 ) e z
( z1 ) ( z+ 1 )
e
2
Example 2.2 .
Find the residue of f(z) = (z8- 8)-1, where is any complex constant.
Solution.
ez
lim
z
1
=
( z +1 )
10
8 -1
Given f(z) = (z - ) =
1
8
( z )
8
The poles of f(z) are the zeros of z8-8 zeros are given by z8-8 = 0
z8 = 8 z8 = 8(cos2n +isin2n), n = 0,1,2,7 z8 = 8 e2ni
z = e2ni/8 z = eni/4 , n = 0,1,2,7
Hence z = eni/4 , n = 0,1,2,7 are the simple poles of f(z)
Let an = eni/4, n = 0,1,2,7
The residue of f (z) at z = an , is given by Res [f, an] =
lim z a n ( zan )
lim z a n ( zan ) f ( z)
1
(z a n8)
8
Since it is not easy to factories (z8- an8) into eight factors , so we have to use LHospitals rule
(that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)
=
lim z a n
1
8 z7
1
8
8 an
, n = 0,1,.7.
Example 2.3
Find the residue of
1
sinhz
Solution.
Given f(z) =
1
sinhz
The poles of f(z) are the zeros of sinhz,

Also the zeros of sinhz are z = ni, for all integer n (since sinhni = 0 for all n)
11
Hence Res [f,ni] = lim z ( z )
1
sinhz
By using LHospitals rule
Res [f,ni] = lim z
1
coshz
1
coshni
1
co sn
(Since coshix= cosx)
= (-1)n/ (Since
Example 2.3. Find the residue of f(z) =
cot ( z )
2
z
at z0 = 0
Solution.
Given f(z) =
cot ( z )
z2
cos ( z )
z 2 sin ( z )
Since z2 has a zero of order 2 at z0 = 0 and sin(z) has a simple zero 1 at z0 = 0, we have
z2sin(z) has a zero of order 3at z0 = 0 and cos(z) 0.
Hence f(z) has a pole of order 3 at z0 = 0 .
By part (iii) of Theorem .2, we have
12
( z0 )
Res [f,0] =
d2
( 3 f ( z))
d z2
1
lim z 0
2!
z
cot ( z )
d
( 3
)
2
2
dz
z
1
lim z 0
2!
d
( cot ( z))
2
dz
1
lim z 0
2!
d
( cot ( z ) zcs c 2 (z ) )
dz
1
lim z 0
2!
d
( cot ( z ) 2 zcs c2 ( z ))
dz
1
lim z 0
2!
( csc 2 ( z ) 2 cs c 2 ( z ) + 2 z 2 csc ( z ) csc ( z) cot (z ) )
=
1
lim z 0
2!
( 2 2 csc 2 ( z ) +2 3 z csc 2 ( z ) cot ( z))
1
lim z 0
2!
13
( 1+ z cot ( z))
csc 2 (z )
2 2
lim z 0
2!
( 1+ z
cos ( z )
)
sin ( z )
sin ( z )
2 lim z 0
Res [f,0]
lim z 0
(zcos ( z )sin ( z ) )
sin 3 ( z )
As lim z 0, LHS is indeterminate, so we have to use LHospitals rule to evaluate the limit
Res [f,0]
lim z 0
(cos ( z )zsin(z) cos ( z ))

2
3 sin (z )cos ( z)
2 zsin(z )
lim z 0
3 sin2 ( z ) cos ( z)
2
2 lim z 0
z
3 sin ( z ) cos ( z )
2
z
lim z 0
3
sin ( z ) cos ( z )
2
3
1
lim z 0
( sinz( z ) )
z
1
lim z 0
lim z 0
3
cos ( z )
sin ( z )
lim z 0
1
cos ( z )
2
2
(1)(1) =
3
3
14
Example 2.4.
Find
z 4 + zdz32 z2
C
where C denotes the circle {z: |z| =3} with positive orientation.
Solution.
1
4
3
z + z 2 z 2
Let f(z) =
z
z ( 2+ z2)
1
z
z ( + 2)(z1)
1
The singularities of f(z) that lie inside C are simple poles at the points z =1 and z= -2, and a pole
of order 2 at z =0.
To find the Residue at z = 0 :
( z0 )
2
z
2
z ( z +2 ) ( z1 )
d
( 2 f (z ))
Res [f,0] = dz
=
d
lim z 0
lim z 0
dz
1
( z +2 ) ( z1 )
=
=
d
lim z 0
dz
lim z 0
2 z1
( z 2 + z2)2
1
z + z2
lim z 0
=-
1
4
dz
15
To find the Residue at z = 1 :

z
Res [f,1]
lim z 1 ( z1 ) f ( z)
1
z ( +2)( z1)
lim z 1
( z1 )
z
1
1
z 2 ( +2) = 3
=
lim z 1
To find the Residue at z = -2 :

z
Res [f,-2]
lim z 2 ( z+2 ) f ( z)
lim z 2
1
z ( z1)
2
Res[f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0
= 2i(Res[f,0] +Res[f,1]+Res[f,-2]) = 2i(
Example 2.5. Find

orientation
1
12
f ( z)dz
By Cauchys residue theorem
C
z 4 + zdz32 z2
1
z ( + 2)(z1)
lim z 2
( z+ 2 )
z 4dz+4
C
1 1 1
+ =0
4 3 12
where C denotes the circle {z: |z-1| =2 } with positive
16
Solution.
Let f(z) =
1
z +4
4
To find the poles of f(z) , we know that poles of f(z) is nothing but the zeros of z4 +4
Now we have to find the zeros of z4 +4
Put z4 +4 =0 z4 = -4 = 4i2 = (2i)2 z2 = 2i
Let z = a+ib z2 = (a+ib)2 = a2 + 2iab b2
Supposez2= 2i a2b2+ 2iab = 2i a2 b2=0 and ab = 1
a2 = b2and b = 1/a
a = b and b = 1/a
If a = b , then b = 1 a,b=1
If a = -b , then b = -1a = 1 , b = -1
The zeros are z = a+ib , 1+i, 1-i
Suppose z2= -2i a2 b2+ 2iab = -2i a2 b2 =0 and ab = -1
a2 = b2 and b = -1/a
a = b and b = -1/a
If a = b , then b = -1 a,b=-1
If a = -b , then b = 1a = -1 , b =1
The zeros are z = a+ib ,-1-i, -1+i
17
Hence the poles of f(z) are 1i, -1i (simple poles)

The poles lie inside the circle {z: |z-1| =2} with positive orientation are 1i
Res[f,1+i] =
lim z 1+i ( z(1+i) ) f (z )
lim z 1+i ( z( 1+i )) (
1
)
z +4
4
As lim z 1+i, LHS is indeterminate, so we have to use LHospitals rule to evaluate the limit
=
lim z 1+i(
1
)
4 z3
lim z 1+i (
z
)
4 z4
1+i
4
4 ( 1+i )
1+i
4(4)
1+i
16
Similarly
1i
Res[f,1-i] = 16
By Cauchys residue theorem
z 4dz+4
C
f ( z)dz
C
Res[ f , z k ]
= 2 i
k=0
1+i 1i
= 2i(Res[f,1+i] +Res[f,1-i]) = 2i( 16 + 16 = -
i
4
Result 3.
Let P(z) be a polynomial of degree at most 2. If a ,b and c are distinct complex numbers, then
P( z)
A
B
C
f(z) = ( za)(zb)( zc) = ( za) + (zb) + ( zc )
Where A = Res [f,a] =
P ( a)
(ab)(ac )
B = Res [f,b] =
P(b)
(ba)(bc )
18
C = Res [f,c] =
P( c)
(ca)( cb)
Example 3.1.
Find the residue of f(z) =
3 z +2
z ( z1 ) ( z2)
and express f(z) in partial fractions.
Solution.
In Result I, take a= 0, b = 1, c= 2 and P(z) = 3z+2.
The residues are
A = Res[f,0] =
P(0)
(01)(02)
=1
P(1)
B = Res [f,1] = (10)(12)
= -5
P(2)
(20)(21)
=4
C = Res [f,2] =
The partial fraction expression of f(z)is given by

A
B
C
f(z) = (za) + ( zb) + ( zc )
1
( z0)
1
z
5
( z1)
5
( z1)
4
( z2)
4
( z2)
Example 3.2. Find the residue of f (z) =
1
z 1
4
and express in partial fractions.
19
1
4
z 1
f (z) =
C
z i
z
( 21)(z 2+ 1)
1
lim z 1(z1)
1
2( 1(1))
1
4
lim z 1( z +1)f (z)
1
2 i(11)
1
2 i(1(1 ))
1
( z 1 ) (z+1)(z +i)( zi)
1
4
lim z i( z+ i) f (z )
1
2 i(i+1)(i1)
lim z 1( z +1)
2(11)
1
=
lim z i( zi) f (z)
1
2 i(i+ 1)(i1)
D=Res[f,-i] = =
lim z 1(z1)f ( z )
1
2(1+i)(1i)
C= Res [f,i] =
B
z +1
1
( z1 ) ( z +1)(z+i)( zi)
1
2( 1+i)(1i)
B= Res[f,-1] =
A
z 1
D
z +i
Where A = Res[f,1] =
1
( z1 )( z+1)(z +i)(zi)
lim z i( zi)
1
( z1 ) ( z+ 1)(z +i)( z i)
1
4i
lim z i( z+ i)
1
4i
1
( z1 ) (z +1)( z+i )(zi)
20
f(z) =
A
z 1
B
z +1
C
z i
D
z +i
1
4( z1)
z
4 ( +1)
1
z
z
4 i( i)
4 i( +i)
+
1
1
Result 4.
If a repeated root occurs in partial fraction, and P(z) has degree of at most 2, then f(z) =
P( z)
A
B
C
2
2
=
+
+
(za)
(zb)
( za )
( za ) ( zb)
Where A = Res [(z-a)f(z),a]
B = Res [f, a]
C = Res [f, b]
z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 (z1)
and express in partial fraction.
Solution.
In Result II, take a = 0, b = 1 and P(z) =
f(z) =
P(z )
( z0)2 ( z1)
A
( z0 )2
Where A = Res [(z-0)f(z),0] = Res [ z
z 2+3 z +2
B
(z0)
, we have
C
( z1)
z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 +3 z+ 2
z 2 (z1) ,0] = Res [ z (z1) ,0]
z 2 +3 z+ 2
lim z 0 ( z0)(
)
=
z (z1)
z 2 +3 z+2
lim z 0 (
)
( z1)
= -2
21
2
B = Res [f, 0] =
lim z 0
lim z 0
d (
2 z +3 z+2
z0 ) 2
dz
z ( z1) =
lim z 0
d 2 z +3 z +2
z 2
dz
z ( z 1)
d z2 +3 z +2
dz ( z1)
[ ( 2 z +3 ) ( z1 )( 1 ) ( z 2+3 z +2 ) ]
[ ( z2 2 z5 ) ]
( z1 )
lim z 0
( z1 )
= -5
lim z 0
z +3 z+ 2
z +3 z +2
lim z 1(z1)( 2
)
C = Res [f, 1] = Res [ z 2 (z1) ,1] =
z (z1)
= lim z 1(
f(z) =
2
( z0 )2
z 2+3 z +2
) =6
2
z
5
(z0)
6
( z1)
2
2
z
5
+ z
6
( z1)
1
( z1 ) ( z 3)
2
Take P(z) = 1, a= 1, b=3

f(z) =
P ( z)
( z1 )2 (z 3)
A
( z1 )2
A = Res [(z-1)f(z),1] = Res [ (z-1)
1
(13)
1
= 2
B
( z1 )
C
( z3)
1
,1
=
( z1 ) ( z 3)
2
lim z 1(z1)(
1
)
( z1)(z3)
22
B = Res [f,1] =
C = Res [f,3] =
lim z 1
d
1
( z1 )2
2
dz
(z1) (z3)
lim z 3(z 3)(
= lim z 1
1(1)
( z3 )2
1
1
)
lim z 3
( z1 ) (z3) =
( z 1 )2
2
1
4
1
4
EVALUATION OF REAL DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Cases of poles are not on the real axis.
Type I
2
f ( cossin ) d
Evaluation of the integral
where f(cos sin) is a real rational function
of sin,cos.
First we use the transformation z = ei = cos + i sin ------ ( a)
And
1
z
1
i
e
= e-i = = cos - i sin -------- (b)
From (a) and (b) , we have cos =
1
1
(z+ )
2
z , sin =
Now z = e dz = ie d d =
dz
iz
f [
Hence
f ( cossin ) d
0
1
1
(z )
2i
z
1
1 1
1 dz
z+ , (z )]
2
z 2i
z iz
( )
Where C, is the positively oriented unit circle |z| = 1

The LHS integral can be evaluated by the residue theorem and
23
1
1 1
1 dz
z+ , (z )]
2
z 2i
z iz
( )
f [
= 2i Res(zi) , where zi is any pole in the interior of the
circle |z| =1
Example I.1.
2
ecos cos ( n+ sin ) d , where nis a positive integer .
Evaluate
Solution.
( n+ sin )isin(n+sin)
cos
cos
e
Let I =
2
cos i ( n+ sin)
e(cos+isin) ei( n) d =
=
0
Therefore I =
ez dz
z n zi
C
( )
dz
iz
1 ez dz
i C z n+1
By Cauchys residue theorem,
ee ei (n ) d
dz
i e i
Let z = e , dz = ie d d =
i
of f(z)
ecosisin ei ( n) d
d =
f ( z ) dz
C
and C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
ez
i z n+1
= 2i Res[f,zk] where zk are the singularities(poles)
24
To find the poles of f(z) :

Since poles of f(z) = to the zeros of izn+1 ,and the only zero of izn+1 is z = 0 of order n+1
Hence the pole of f(z) is z =0 of order n+1
There are no poles on the real axis
To find the residue of f(z):
Res [f,0] =
1
n!
1
n!
lim z 0
lim z 0
lim z 0 (1 )
dn
n +1
1
z0 ) f ( z)
n(
=
n!
dz
d n n +1 ez
z
d zn
i z n+1
1
n!
lim z 0
n
z
l d e
z 0 d zn i
ez
i
(1 )n
n!i
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,0]=
Therefore
I = 2
f ( z ) dz
C
(1 )n
n!i
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
(1 )n
n!
( n+ sin )isin(n+sin )
cos
cos
e
= 2
2
(1 )n
n!
(1 )n
n !i
= 2
(1 )n
n!
z
dn
n +1 e
z0
(
)
d zn
i z n+1
1
n!
25
sin(n +si n)
cos
cos ( n+ sin ) d
ecos d
= 2
(1 )n
n!
Equating real and imaginary parts,

2
ecos cos ( n+ sin ) d
(1 )n
n!
= 2
sin(n +sin )
2
And
=0
ecos d
0
Example I.2.
2
Prove that
d
a+ bcos
0
2
a 2b2
, a >b >0.
Solution.
2
Let I =
d
a+ bcos
0
dz
iz
Put z = ei d =
and let C denotes the unit circle |z| = 1
Since z = ei = cos + isin and
d
I=
0 a+ bcos
f ( z ) dz
C
i C
where f(z) =
1
z
= cos isin, we have cos =
dz
b
1
z a+ z +
2
z
( ( ))
2
2 2 az
bi(z +
+1)
b
i C
dz
z2 b b
z a+
+
2 2
1
2
(z +
2
dz
bi C 2 a 2
z
+ z +1
b
26
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
To find the poles of f(z):
2 az
b
Poles of f(z) = to the zeros of bi(z2+
+1) and the zeros are given by bi(z2+
2 az
b
+1) =
0
(z2+
z =
2 az
b
+1) =0 -------- (a)
2 a
4 a2
4
b
b2
2
2 a
4 a24 b2
b
b2
2
2 a
2
2
2 a b
b
2b
a a2b 2
b
a+ a2b 2
z=
b
Let =
a a2b2
or
b
a+ a2b 2
b
and =
Now the product of the roots =
1
1
are the simple poles of f(z)
a a2b2
b
, these the roots of the equation (a)
=1
Now | | = 1 |||| = 1
Since a > b > 0, || =
a a2 b2
b
Here a > b a2 > b2 a2- b2>0
a2b 2
a+ a2b2
b
>0a+
a2b 2
> a >b
27
a+
a2b 2
a+ a2b 2
b
>b
a+ a2b 2
b
Hence z = =
>1
a+ a2b2
b
>1
< 1 is the only simple pole lie inside the circle |z| = 1

lim z ( z )f (z)
Res [f,] =
2
2 az
bi( z 2 +
+1)
b
Here f(z) =
2
2 az
bi(z 2 +
+1)
b
f(z) =
Res [f,] =
lim z
and , are the factors of z2+
lim z (z )
bi
((
2
2 i a 2b2
)(
a+ a b
a a b
b
b
2
bi( z )( z )
2
bi( )
2
+1
2
bi(z )(z )
lim z (z )f ( z)
2
bi(z ) =
2 az
b
1
i a2b 2
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,]=
1
i a2b 2
))
2
bi (
a+ a2b 2+ a+ a2b 2 )
b
28
f ( z ) dz
= 2i Res[f,zk] =
2 i
i a2b 2
d
a+ bcos
0
2
a 2b2
2
a 2b2
Example I.3.
2
d
2
=
1+a 22
2
acos 1a
Prove that
, 0 a < 1.
Solution
2
d
1+a 22
acos
Let I =
Let z = ei d =
dz
iz
I=
1
i
C
d
1+a 22
acos
0
dz
z
2
( 1+a ) za ( z 2 +1 )
z
1
z
dz
iz
2
1
C
1+ a 2 a
2
1
z
( )( )
z+
i C
1
2
(z +
dz
z
2
(
)
( 1+a ) a z +1
z
2
29
1
dz
i C ( 1+a 2 ) za ( z 2+1 )
1
dz
i C z +a2 za z 2a
1
dz
= ai C z az + z 2+1
a
1
dz
ai C z 2
+ z +(az+1)
a
ai C
dz
z
1
dz
= ai C 1 + z ( za)
a
1
1
+ z a(z )
a
a
f ( z ) dz
C
1
Where f(z) =
ai
( 1a + z )( za)
f ( z ) dz
C
of f(z).
Poles of f(z) = zeros of
these zeros are given by
ai(
1
+z)(za)
and
a
ai(
1
+ z)(za)
=0
a
1
( a + z) = 0 or (za) = 0
z=
1
a
or z = a which are the simple poles of f(z)
Since 0 a < 1,
1
a
>1
Hence a<1 is the only pole lie inside the unit circle |z| =1
30

Res[f,a] =
1
1
ai
+z
a
lim z a
ai
( 1a + z )( za)
1
i (1+ a2 )
1
i ( a 1 )
1
1
ai
+a
a
lim z a (za)
lim z a (za)f ( z )
1
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,a] =
f ( z ) dz
i ( a 1 )
= 2i Res[f,zk] =
2 i
i ( a2 1 )
2
( a21 )
2
( a21 )
I=
2
d
1+a 22
acos
0
2
( a21 )
Example I.4.
Evaluate
a d
a2 +sin
2
Solution.
First we have to change the limits to 0 to 2 from 0 to for the given integral.
Let I =
a d
a2 +sin
2
a d
2 1cos 2
a+
2
To change the limit , take 2 = 2d = d
a d
2 a2+21cos
2
0
31
If =0 , then = 0
If = , then = 2
2
Hence I =
a d
2 a2 +1cos
0
Put z = ei d =
dz
iz

1
z
dz
iz
2 1 1
C 2 a + 1 ( z + )
2
z
a d
2 a2 +1cos
I=
2a
dz
2
i C 4 z a + 2 zz 21
Where f(z) =
(z +
dz
iz
2
4 za +2 z( z 2+1 )
2z
a
1
2
2 a
dz
2
i C z 2 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1
f ( z ) dz
z
i( 22 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1 )
2 a
f ( z ) dz
C
of f(z).
Poles of f (z) = zeros of i(z2-2z(2a2+1)+1) , these zeros are given by i(z2-2z(2a2+1)+1) = 0
z2-2z(2a2+1)+1 = 0
z=
2( 2a 2+1) ( 2 ( 2 a2 +1 ) ) 4 (1)(1)
2(1)
2( 2a 2+1)2
(( 2 a +1 ) ) 1
2
32
2 a2 +1 ( 2 a2 +1 ) 1
2
4
2
= 2 a +1 4 a + 4 a
2 a2 +1+ 2 a a 2+1
z=
2
4
2
= 2 a +1 4 a +1+4 a 1
2 a2 +1 2 a a2 +1
= (say)
2
2
Or z = 2 a +12 a a +1 = (say)
Hence the poles of f(z) are , which are simple poles.

Now , are the roots of the equation z2-2z(2a2+1)+1 = 0
Product of the roots = 1 | | = 1|||| = 1
2
2
Clearly || = | 2 a +1+ 2 a a +1
| > 1 || < 1
2
2
the only pole lie inside the unit circle |z| =1 is = 2 a +12 a a +1

To find the residue of f(z) :
Res[f,] =
lim z (z ) f (z)
lim z ( z )
2 a
i ( z )( z ) =
z
2 a
i( 22 z ( 2 a2 +1 ) +1 )
lim z ( z)
lim z
2 a
i ( z )
2 a
i ( )
2 a
i(2 a +12a a +1( 2 a2 +1+2 a a2+ 1 ) )
2
2 a
=
i(2 a2 +12a a 2+12 a212 a a2 +1)
i(4 a a2 +1)
2i a +1
1
2 a
=
33
2i a2 +1
1
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,] =
2i a +1
2 i
a2 +1
f ( z ) dz
= 2i Res[f,zk] =
a2 +1
a d
a2 +sin
2
I=
Example I.5.
2
Evaluate
d
2
( a+ bcos )
( a > 0, b > 0 ; a > b)
Solution
2
Let I =
d
2
( a+ bcos )
Take z = ei d =
dz
iz
I =
dz
iz
b
1
a+ ( z+ )
2
z
2 az+ b z2 +b
4 zdz
i C ( )2
1
z
dz
iz
(z +
4
zdz
i C ( 2 az +b ( z 2+1) )2
2 az+ b ( z +1 )
2z
1
2
34
2
2 az+ b z +b
4z
where f(z) =
i ()2
f ( z ) dz
C
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
Poles of f(z) = zeros of i(2az+bz2+b)2 , these zeros are given by i(2az+bz2+b)2 = 0
2 az
b
bz2+2az +b = 0 z2+
z=
2 a
2a 2
( ) 4
b
b
2
a+ a2b 2
z=
b
a a2b2
Or z =
b
+1 = 0
2 a 4 a24 b 2
=
2b
a a2b 2
=
b
= (say)
= (say)
Hence the poles of f(z) are , both order 2

Since , are the roots of the equation bz2+2az +b = 0
Product of the root = b/b = 1 | | = 1 |||| = 1
Given a > b a2 > b2 a2- b2>0
a+
a b
2
Hence z = =
>b
a+ a2b 2
b
a+ a2b 2
b
a2b 2
>1
>0a+
a2b 2
a+ a2b2
b
> a >b
>1
< 1 is the only pole lie inside the circle |z| = 1
35

To fine the residue of f(z):
2 az 2
+ z +1
b
d
2
lim z ( z ) f ( z)
Res [f,] =
=
d
2
4z
dz
lim z ( z ) 2 2
dz
i b ( )
z
( ( z) )
2
ib 2
d
24z
( z )
dz
lim z
lim z
lim z
d
4z
2
dz i b ( z )2
lim z
4 ( z ) z 2 ( z )
lim z 2
ib
( z )4
d
4z
( z )2 2
dz
i b ( z )2 ( z )2
( z ) z 2
4
(
)
= lim z i b2 z
( z )4
4 ( )2
2
ib
( )3
4 d
z
2
i b dz ( z )2
lim z
4 ( z )z 2
2
ib
( z )3
36
4 +
2
3
ib ( )
4 +
2
3
ib ( )
4
ib 2
[(
)]
[( ) ] [
[(
a a2b 2 a+ a2b 2
+
b
b
a+ a2b2 a a 2b2
b
b
)]
3
2 a
b
4
2
ib a+ a2b2 a+ a2b2
+
b
b
4
= i b2
2 a
b
2 a b
b
2
8 a b3
2 3
8 b3 i ( a2b 2)
i ( a b
2
2 3
Hence Res[f,zk] = Res[f,] =
f ( z ) dz
C
I=
i ( a b
2
2 3
2 ia
= 2i Res[f,zk] =
d
2
( a+ bcos )
2 a
2 3
i ( a2b
( a2b 2 )
2 a
=
( a2b 2 )
Type II.
f ( x ) dx
where f(x) is a real rational function of the real
variable x.
If the rational function f(x) =
g ( x)
h(x ) , then degree of h(x) exceeds that of g(x) and g(x)
0.To find the value of the integral, by inventing a closed contour in the complex plane which
includes the required integral. For this we have to close the contour by a very large semi-circle in
the upper half-plane. Suppose we use the symbol R for the radius. The entire contour integral
37
comprises the integral along the real axis from R to +R together with the integral along the
semi-circular arc. In the limit as Rthe contribution from the straight line part approaches the
required integral, while the curved section may in some cases vanish in the limit.
g ( x)
h(x ) , that lie in the upper half-plane
The poles z1,z2,.,zk of
f ( x ) dx
g( x)
h(x ) dx
= 2i Res[f,zk]
Example II.1
Using the residue of calculus compute
dx
( x +1 ) ( x 2+4 )
2
Solution
Consider the integral
f ( z ) dz
C
1
where f(z) =
( z +1 ) ( z 2+4 )
To find the poles of f(z) :

The poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+1)(z2+4) , these zeros are given by (z2+1)(z2+4) = 0
z2+1 = 0 or z2+4 = 0
z2 = -1 = i2 z = i
Or z2 = -4 = (2i)2 z = 2i
Hence the poles of f(z) are i, 2i (all are simple poles)
38
And the poles z = i and z = 2i are the only poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle.
f ( z ) dz
C
of f(z).
R
Now
f ( z ) dz
C
f ( x ) dx
R
f ( z ) dz
CR
------------- (a) ( on the real line R to R (LR)+
the upper half of the semi circle CR)

Res[f,i] =
lim z i(zi) f (z)
zi
z +2i
()(z2 i)
( z +i )
1
lim z i(zi)
lim z i(zi )
( z +1 ) ( z 2 +4 ) = =
2
39
lim z i
1
( z +i ) (z +2i)( z2 i)
1
( i+i ) (i+2 i)(i2 i)
1
(2 i)(3 i)(i)
1
6i
=-
i
6
lim z 2 i (z2i) f (z )
Res[f,2i] =
lim z 2 i (z2i)
( z + 1 )( z2 + 4 ) = =
2
zi
z+2 i
( )( z 2i)
( z +i )
1
lim z 2 i(z2i)
lim z 2 i
1
(zi ) ( z +i ) ( z +2 i)
1
( 2 ii ) (i+2i)(2i +2 i)
1
(i)(3 i )( 4 i)
i
12
Consider
dz
| | |
f ( z ) dz
CR
2
( z +1 ) ( z +4 )
CR
CR
1
2
( z +1 ) ( z +4 )
dz
CR
dz

( z +1 ) ( z 2 +4 )
2
1
12 i
40
2
z 1
z24
dz
---------(b)
CR
Let z = Rei, dz = iReid

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
If z = -R, then Rei = -R ei = -1 =
If z = R, then Rei = R ei = 1 = 0
| |
f ( z ) dz
Hence (b)
CR
2 Rd 2
0 ( R 1 ) ( R 4 )
R
=
( R 21 ) ( R24 )
R
( R 1 ) ( R24 )
2
As R ,
R
( R 1 ) ( R24 )
2
f ( z ) dz
CR
Now as R , (a)
f ( z ) dz
C
f ( x ) dx
+0=
f ( x ) dx
1
Where f(x) =
Hence
( x +1 ) ( x 2+ 4 )
1
( x 2 +1 ) ( x 2+ 4 )
dx
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
C
= 2i Res[f,zk]
d
0
41
= 2i{Res[f,i] + Res[f,2i]} = 2i{
i
6
i
12
}=2i(
12 =
6
Example II.2
Using the residue of calculus compute
dx
2
( x +4 )
Solution
f ( z ) dz
where f(z) =
( z2 + 4 )

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+4)3, these zeros are given by (z2+4)3 = 0
z2 +4 = 0 z2 = -4 z2 = (2i)2
z = 2i z = 2i or z = -2i
Hence the poles of f(z) are z = 2i , z = -2i , both of order 3
The only pole lie inside the upper half of the semi-circle is z = 2i of order 3
of f(z).
f ( z ) dz
C
42
R
f ( z ) dz
Now
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR
( on the real line R to R (LR)+ the upper half
of the semi circle CR)

Res[f,2i] =
z2 i
(z +2 i)
( )
d
31
z2 i )
2(
dz
1
lim z 2 i
2
1
d2
3
1
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i )
3
3
2
dz
( z2 i ) ( z+ 2i )
1
d2
1
lim z 2 i 2
2
d z ( z+ 2i )3
1
d
3
lim z 2 i
4
2
d z ( z+2 i )
12
1
lim z 2i
5
2
( z +2 i)
=6
1
5
( 2i +2 i )
1
d d
1
lim z 2 i
2
d z d z ( z +2i )3
1
d 3 ( z +2i )
lim z 2 i
6
2
d z ( z +2i )
1
d2
3
1
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i )
3
2
dz
( z 2 +4 )
1
d2
3
lim z 2 i 2 ( z2 i ) f ( z )
=
(2) !
dz
)
3
3 ( 4 ) ( z+2 i )
1
lim z 2 i
8
2
( z +2 i)
6
1024 i
6
5
(4i)
3
512 i
43
dz
| |
f ( z ) dz
Consider
CR
CR
1
3
(z +4)
dz
CR
dz
2
(z +4)
3
( z + 4 )
CR
z 4
dz
---------(b)
CR

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
f ( z ) dz
Hence (b)
CR
As R ,
( R 4 )
( R 4 )
f ( z ) dz
CR
( R 4 )
d
0
Now as R , (a) f ( z ) dz
Rd
f ( x ) dx + 0 =
f ( x ) dx
1
Where f(x) =
Hence
( x + 4)
1
( x 2 +4 )
dx
3
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
C
= 2i Res[f,zk]
R
=
( R 4 )
44
= 2i{Res[f,2i]} = 2i{
3
i 512
}=
3
256
Example II.3
x
( 2x +2) dx
Prove that
( x 4 +10 x 2+ 9 )
5
12
Solution
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
z
( 2z +2)
( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z4+10z2+9 , these zeros are given by z4+10z2+9 =0
z4+z2+9z2+9=0 (z2+1)(z2+9) = 0
z2 = -1 = i2 or z2 = -9 = (3i)2
z = i or z = 3i
Hence the poles of f(z) are i,-i,3i,-3i (all are simple poles)
The poles that are lying the upper half of the semi-circle are i,3i
45
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
R
Now
f ( z ) dz
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR
of the semi-circle CR)

Res[f,i] =
z
( 2z +2)
lim z i (zi)f (z)
( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )
lim z i(zi)
z
( 2z +2)
(z+i)(z+ 3i)( z3 i)
lim z i
Res[f,3i] =
i
( 2i +2)
(i+i)(i+ 3i)(i3 i)
lim z 3 i( z3 i) f ( z)
z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)( z3 i)
lim z i( z i)
1i
(2i)(4 i)(2i)
z
( 2z +2)
=
( z 4 + 10 z 2 +9 )
lim z 3 i( z3 i)
z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)( z3 i)
lim z 3 i( z 3i )
2i
73 i
( ( 4 i)(6 i)
( 7+3 i)
48i
z
zi
( 2z+ 2)
( ( z+i)( z+3 i)
lim z 3 i
7 +3 i
48 i
(3 i)
3 ii
( 2(3 i)+2)
( ( 3i+i)( 3i+3 i)
1i
1 6i
46
Consider
f ( z ) dz
CR
z
( 2z +2)
=
( z 4 +10 z 2 +9 )
dz
( z 4 +10 z 2+9 )
CR
CR
z
( 2z+ 2) dz
z
( 2z +2) dz
( z 4 + 10 z 2 +9 )
CR
z
2
z +1
2
z +9
( 2z+2) dz
z21
( z29)
( z2 z + 2)dz
CR
CR

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
---------(b)
47
f ( z ) dz
Hence (b)
CR
R 2 d
2
2
0 ( R 1 ) (R 9)
2 2 d 2
0 ( R 1 ) (R 9)
Rd
( R 1 ) (R2 9)
2
R2
d
( R 21 ) (R2 9) 0
R
d
2
( R 1 ) (R2 9) 0
2
d
2
( R 1 ) (R2 9) 0
R2
( R 21 ) ( R2 9)
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
CR
( R 1 ) (R 9) + ( R 1 ) ( R2 9)
2
R
0 , ( R 1 ) (R2 9)
R
2
( R 1 ) ( R2 9)
0 and
2
( R 1 ) (R2 9)
2
Now as R , (a)
f ( z ) dz
f ( x ) dx
+0=
f ( x ) dx
x
( 2x+ 2)
Where f(x) =
( x 4+ 10 x 2 +9 )
x
( 2x+ 2)
Hence
( x 4+ 10 x 2 +9 )
dx
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
C
= 2i Res[f,zk]
= 2i
7+ 3i
+
{1i
1 6i 48 i }
Example II.4
2 i
i
{3348i+7+3
}
i
10
24
5
12
48
Evaluate
x 4dx+a 4
0
Solution
Let us take
x 4dx
+ a4
f ( z ) dz
1
4
z +a
where f(z) =

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z4+a4 , these zeros are given by z4+a4 =0
z4 = - a4 z4 = a4ei ( ei = -1)
z4 = a4ei ei2n ( ei2n = 1)
z4 = a4ei+2ni = a4ei(2n+1)
z = a ei(2n+1)/4 , n = 0,1,2,3
If n=0, z = a ei/4 = a(
cos +i sin
4
4
If n = 1, z = a ei3/4 = a(
cos
3
3
+isin
4
4
If n = 2, z = a e
cos
5
5
+i sin
4
4
i5/4
If n=3, z = a e
= a(
i7/4
= a(
cos
= a(
7
7
+i sin
4
4
1
i
+
2 2
= a(
= -a(
= a(
= (say)
1 i
+
2 2
= (say)
1
i
+
2 2
= (say)
1
i

2 2
= (say)
49
The poles lying inside the upper hemi circle are aei/4 = , aei3/4 = (both are simple
poles)
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
R
f ( z ) dz
Now
C
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR
of the semi-circle CR)

Res[f,] =
lim z (z )f ( z)
lim z ( z )
It is difficult to solve while factoring
1
z + a4
4
1
z +a 4
4
and taking limit, so we will use
LHospital rule (that is differentiating Nr and Dr separately w.r.to z)

=
lim z
1
4 z3
1
43
Now = a ei/4 4 = a4ei
Res [f,] =
4 a4
44
4 =- a4 (ei = -1)
i
=-
ae 4
4 a4
Now = a ei3/4 4 = a4ei3
Similarly , Res [f,] =
1
4 3
= -
e4
4 a3
4 =- a4 (ei3 = -1)
4 4
3 i
=-
ae 4
4 a4
3 i
=-
e4
4 a3
50
dz
| | |
f ( z ) dz
Consider
CR
CR
1
dz
z +a 4
4
z 4dz+a 4
CR
z +a 4
CR
dz
z4 a 4
---------(b)
CR

|dz| = |iReid| = R d ( |i| =1 =|ei|)
Hence (b)
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
CR
Rd
4
4
0 ( R a )
R
( R a4 ) 0
4
f ( z ) dz
CR
R
d
4
( R a4 ) 0
Now as R , (a) f ( z ) dz
C
Where f(x) =
f ( x ) dx + 0 =
f ( x ) dx
1
( x + a4 )
4
4 1 4 dx
Hence
(x +a )
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
C
= 2i Res[f,zk]
R
( R a4 )
4
51
i
4
= 2i { -
e
4 a3
1
i
+
2 2
2
2 2a 3
i3
4
+(
e
4 a3
} =-
1 i
+
2 2
i
4
e +
i3
4
}= -
i
2 a3
{(
2 a3
4 1 4 dx
We know that
(x +a )
1
dx
4
4

0 ( x +a )
2 i
4 a3
= 2
1
dx
( x +a 4 )
4
1
1
dx
4
2 ( x +a 4 )
2 2a 3
Type III.
f ( x ) sin mx dx
f ( x ) cos mx dx
where m > 0 and f(x) is
a real rational function of the real variable x.

If the rational function f(x) =
g ( x)
h(x ) , then degree of h(x) exceeds that of g(x) and g(x) 0.
Let g(x) and h(x) be polynomials with real coefficients, of degree p and q, respectively,
where q p+1.
If h(x) 0 for all real x, and m is a real number satisfying m > 0, then
g( x)
g (x)
cos mx dx= lim
cos mx dx
h( x )
R R h(x )
We know that Eulers formula
and
g( x)
g ( x)
sinmx dx = lim
sin mx dx
h(x )
R R h(x )
e imx = cos mx + i sin mx , where cos mx = Re[ e imx ]
52
and sin mx = Im[ e
We have
imx
] , m is a positive real.
g( x) imx
e dx
h( x )
g( x)
cos mx dx
h( x )
Here we are going to use the complex function f(z) =
g( x)
h( x ) cos mx dx
g( x)
h(x ) sinmx dx
g( x)
h(x ) sinmx dx
+i
g ( z) imz
e
to evaluate the given integral.
h( z )
= Re {2i Res[f,zk]} and
= Im {2i Res[f,zk]}, where z1,z2,..zk are the poles lies on the upper
half of the semi-circle.
Lemma III.1.(Jordans Lemma)

If f (z) 0 uniformly as z , then
imz
e f ( z ) dz
lim
C1
= 0, (m > 0) where C1 denotes the
semi-circle |z| = R, I(z) > 0.

Proof.
Given f (z) 0 uniformly as z
given > 0 , a R0 > 0 such that | f(z) 0| < , R R0
That is | f(z)| < , R R0 --------(a)
Let |z| = R which is the semi-circle
53
Put z = Rei dz = R ei i d dz = izd,
e imRcosmRsin
e imz
Now
e
e e
imR(cos+isin)
e imR(cos+isin)
e imRcos
|=
emRsin
emRsin
imRcos
= e
imRcos
= 1)
( e
----- (b)
sin
We know that
If 0
sin
sin
- sin
mR 2
, then
sin
is monotonically decreases as increases from 0 to
sin ( )
2
- mRsin
mR 2
mRsin
e
------ ( c)
From (a), (b) and (c),
e imz f ( z ) dz
C1
e imz f ( z ) dz
C1
e imz|f ( z )|dz
C1
sin
emRsin
2 .
54
emRsin R d
( |dz| = |izd| = |z|d =
Rd)
m Rsin
2R
2R
mR 2
[ ]
mR 2
e
2
2 mR
0
2R
2R{ (mR) 2 mR
e imz f ( z ) dz
C1
As lim R ,
e imz f ( z ) dz
C1
Example III.1.
2 R
2 mR {
- (e0) 2 mR
emR +1 }
{
m
= (say)
e imz f ( z ) dz0
C1
0 as R
mR
({ e +1 }< 1
55
Use the method of contour integration to prove that

ema
2a
dx
cosmx
2
2
0
(x +a )
and
sinmx
dx
( x 2+ a2 )
=0
Solution.
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
eimz
( z2 +a 2 )

Poles of f(z) = zeros of z2+a2 , these zeros are given by z2+a2 =0
z2 = - a2 z = (ai)2 z = ai z = ai or z = -ai
Poles of f (z) are ai, -ai (both are simple poles)
The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = ai
f ( z ) dz
C
of f(z).
R
Now
f ( z ) dz
C
of the semi-circle CR).
f ( x ) dx
R
f ( z ) dz
CR
56

lim z ai( zai)f ( z )
Res[f,ai] =
lim z ai(zai)
e imz
( z 2 + a2 )
zai
e imz
lim z ai( zai)
( (z +ai)
imz
imai
e
= lim z ai (z +ai)
lim z
Now
ema
= 2 ai
e
(ai+ai)
1
( z +a 2 )
=0
lim R
by Jordans lemma ,
CR
e imz
dz
( z 2 +a2 )
=0
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
C
e imz
lim
dz
f
(
x
)
dx
2
2
=
+
C ( z +a )
e i mx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)
+0
eimx
2 2 dx
( x +a )
Hence
eimx
2 2 dx
( x +a )
f ( z ) dz
C
dx
cosmx+isinmx
2
2
( x +a )
cosmx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
ema
a
sinmx
dx
( x 2 +a2 )
ema
a
ema
2 ai
ema
a
57
dx
cosmx
2
2
( x +a )
ema
a
cosmx
dx
2
2

0 (x +a )
and
sinmx
dx
( x 2 +a 2)
1
cosmx dx
2 ( x2 + a2 )
=0
ema
2a
Example III.2.
Apply the calculus of residue to evaluate
cosx
dx
( x +a 2) ( x2 +b 2)
2
, (a > b > 0)
Solution.
f ( z ) dz
where f(z) =
eiz
( z2 +a 2 ) (z 2+ b2)

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+a2) (z2+b2), these zeros are given by (z2+a2) (z2+b2) =0
z2 = - a2 or z2 = - b2 z = (ai)2 or z = (bi)2 z = ai or z = bi
z = ai or z = -ai or z =bi or z = -bi
Poles of f (z) are ai,-ai, bi,-bi (all are simple poles)
There are no poles on the real axis.
The poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle are z = ai , z = bi

of f(z).
f ( z ) dz
C
58
R
f ( z ) dz
Now
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR

Res[f,ai] =
lim z ai( zai)f ( z )
iz
e
lim z ai(zai) 2 2 2 2
=
( z +a ) (z +b )
iz
e
= lim z ai( zai) ( z +ai ) ( zai)(z+ bi)(zbi)
iai
e
( ai+ ai ) ( ai+ bi)(aibi)
ea
2 ai(a 2b2 )
iz
e
= lim z ai ( z +ai ) (z +bi)(z bi)
ea
2 ai(b 2a2 )
Similarly,
Res[f,bi] =
lim z bi( zbi)f (z )
lim z
Now
1
( z +a ) ( z 2+ b2)
2
eb
2 bi(a 2b2 )
=0
By Jordans Lemma,
lim R
CR
e iz
dz
( z 2 +a2 ) (z 2 +b2 )
=0
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
C
f ( x ) dx
+0
e ix
dx
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
iz
dz =
2
2
2
2
+ lim R
C ( z +a ) ( z + b )
R
ix
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
dx
59
Hence
ix
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
dx
f ( z ) dz
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
e
2
2
2 ai(b a )
2
2
2 bi(a b )
2 i (b eaa eb )
2 abi (b 2a2 )
( b ea a eb)
ab( b2a 2)
cosx+isinx
dx
( x 2 +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
( b ea a eb)
ab( b2a 2)
dx
2 cosx
2
2
2
( x +a ) ( x +b )
( b ea a eb)
ab(b2a 2)
and
sinx
dx
( x +a 2) ( x 2 +b2 )
2
Example III.3
Evaluate
xcosx
dx
x 2+ 4
and
dx
xsinx
x 2+ 4
Solution
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
z e iz
z 2 +4

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+4), these zeros are given by (z2+ 4) =0
z2 = - 22 z = (2i)2 z = 2i
z = 2i or z = -2i
Poles of f (z) are 2i,-2i (both are simple poles)
= 0
60
The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = 2i
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
R
f ( z ) dz
Now
C
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR

Res[f,2i] =
lim z 2 i( z2i) f (z )
lim z 2 i( z2i)
ze iz
( z +2 i)( z2 i)
iz
ze
= lim z 2 i ( z +2 i)
Now
ze iz
lim
z
2
i
(z2i)
=
z 2+ 4
lim z
i2i
2i e
(2 i+2 i)
z
( z + 4)
2
e2
2
=0
By Jordans Lemma,
lim R
CR
zeiz
dz
( z 2 +4 )
=0
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
C
z e iz
f ( x ) dx + lim R ( z 2 +4 ) dz
=
C
R
x e ix
2 dx +0
=
( x +4 )
61
ix
dx =
xe
2
( x +4 )
Hence
f ( z ) dz
C
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
e
2
= e-2i
dx
xcosx+ixsinx
2
( x +4 )
= e-2i
dx
xcosx
2
( x +4 )
= 0
and
sinx
dx
( x 2 +4 )
= e-2
Example III.4
Evaluate
dx
xcosmx
4
+x 2+1
0
(m > 0)
Solution
f ( z ) dz
C
imz
where f(z) =
e
4
z + z2 +1

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z4+z2+1), these zeros are given by z4+z2+1=0
z4+- z2 + z2+ z2 +1=0 z2 (z2 +1) + z2 +1 = z2
(z2 +1)2 - z2 = 0 (z2 +1-z)( z2 +1+z) = 0
z2 +1-z = 0 or z2 +1+z = 0
z=
1+ 3 i
2
,or z =
Poles of f (z) are
1 3 i
1+ 3i
, or z =
2
2
1+ 3 i
2
1 3 i
1+ 3i
,
2
2
poles)
1 3 i
,or z =
2
1 3 i
2
(all are simple
62
The poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z =

1+ 3i
2
1+ 3 i
2
= (say) and z =
= (say)
f ( z ) dz
C
of f(z).
R
Now
f ( z ) dz
C
f ( x ) dx
R
f ( z ) dz
CR
(on the real line R to R (LR) + the upper half

Res[f,] =
lim z (z )f ( z)
imz
lim z
e
( z)( z + )(z + )
imz
e
= lim z (z ) ( z )(z)( z + )( z+ )
63
e im
( )( + )( + )
eim
( )(2 )( + )
eim
( )( 2 )( + )
2 ( 1+ 3 i ) ( 1+ 3 i ) (1+ 3 i )
[
+
]
2
2
2
1+ 3i 1+ 3 i
[
]
2
2
e
( 1+ 3 i)
2
(1+ 3 i )
e 2
= 2 ( 1+ 3 i ) 2 3 i
(
)
2
2
( 1+ 3 i)
e 2
( 3i3)
3 m
e2 e 2
( 3i3)
Similary,
( 1 + 3 i )
2
Res[f,] =
e
(1+ 3i ) 1+ 3i 2 (1+ 3i ) ( 1+ 3i ) ( 1+ 3 i)
[
](
)[
+
]
2
2
2
2
2
(1+ 3i )
2
e
(1 ) ( 2 (1+ 3i ) )
( 2 3 i )
2
(1 + 3i )
e 2
2 (1+ 3 i ) 2 3 i
(1)(
)
2
2
Now lim z
By Jordans Lemma,
(1 + 3i )
e 2
( 3 i+ 3)
1
( z + z2 +1 )
4
=0
3 m
e2 e 2
( 3 i+3)
64
lim R
CR
imz
e
dz
4
( z +z 2 +1 )
=0
As R ,
eimz
f ( x ) dx + lim R ( z 4 +z 2 +1 ) dz
=
C
f ( z ) dz
C
eimx
4 2 dx +0
=
( x + x +1 )
eimx
4 2 dx =
( x + x +1 )
Hence
= 2i
[
[
2 i
( ( ) ( )) (
e
12
3 m
2
e
12
]
( ))}
]
m
m
m
m
+isin ( ) + ( 3 i3 ) cos ( )isin
(
)
( 2 2)
( 2 2
{ ( )
2 3i cos
3 m
2
( )}
m
m
+6 isin
2
2
3 cos
( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )
=
e
3 m
( ( ) ( ))}
m
m
m
m
+isin
+ 3 i3 ) cos
isin
2
2
2
2
( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )
4 e
3 m
2
3 m
e2 e 2
e2 e 2
+
( 3 i3 ) ( 3i+3 )
( 3+ 3 i ) cos
3 m
2
2 i
(39 )
3 cos
=
{( 3+ 3i ) e + ( 3 i3 ) e }
( 3+ 3 i ) cos
3 m
2
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
( 3 i3 ) ( 3 i+ 3 )
= 2 i e
3 m
2
f ( z ) dz
65
3 cos
dx
cosmx+isinmx
4
2
( x + x +1 )
( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )
e
3 m
2
3 cos
cosmx
dx
( x 4 + x2 +1 )
and
Hence
( m2 )+3 s ( m2 )
3 m
2
sinmx
dx
( x + x2 +1 )
= 0
cosmx
dx
( x 4 + x 2+ 1 )
3 cos
1
cosmx
dx
2 ( x 4 +x 2+1 )
( m2 )+3 sin ( m2 )
=
e
3 m
2
Example III.5
Prove that
cosmx
2
2 2
(a + x )
dx=
( 1+ma ) ema
3
2a
(m > 0, a > 0)
Solution
f ( z ) dz
C
e imz
where f(z) =
( a2 + z 2 )

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+a2 )2, these zeros are given by (z2+a2 )2=0
z2 = - a2 z = (ai)2 z = ai z = ai (twice)or z = -ai(twice)
Poles of f (z) are ai, -ai (both are order 2)
66
The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = ai (order 2)
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
R
Now f ( z ) dz
C
f ( x ) dx
R
f ( z ) dz
CR

d
2
lim z ai ( zai ) f ( z)
Res[f,ai] =
dz
lim z ai
lim z ai
d (
2
e imz
zai )
2
dz
( a2 + z 2 )
d (
2
eimz
d e imz
zai )
lim
z
ai
dz
dz ( z +ai )2
( z+ ai )2 ( zai )2 =
( z +ai )2 e imz e imz 2 ( z + ai ) ]

[
lim z ai
( z +ai )
( z +ai ) e imz e imz 2 ]

[
lim z ai
( z +ai )3
ma
2 e ( ma+1 )
8 a3 i
[ ( ai+ ai ) eimai e imai 2 ]

( ai+ai )3
[2 amema2 ema ]
( 2 ai )3
67
ma
( ma+ 1 )
4 a3 i
lim z
Now
1
2
( z +a 2 )
=0
lim R
by Jordans lemma ,
CR
eimz
( z 2 +a2 )
dz
=0
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
e imx
( x 2 +a 2)
Hence
f ( x ) dx
lim R
CR
imz
dz
2 2
( z 2 +a )
e imx
2
dx
2 2
f ( z ) dz
( x +a )
cosmx+isinmx
2
2 2
(x +a )
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
ma
dx
dx
2 2
( x +a )
cosmx
2
(ma+ 1)
2 a3
ma
sinmx
2
dx
2 2
( x +a )
(ma+ 1)
2 a3
cosmx
dx
2 2
( x 2 +a )
( x 2 +a 2)
ma
(ma+ 1)
2 a3
imx
2
dx
dx
ma
ma
(ma+ 1)
2 a3
and
sinmx
( x 2 +a 2)
dx
=0
( ma+1 )
=
4 a3 i
+0
68
cosmx
2
dx
2 2
(x +a )
1
cosmx
dx
2 ( x2 + a2 )2
ma
(ma+ 1)
4 a3
Note:III.1
z = rei r = |z| and = arg (z)
logz = Log r+i arg(z)
If z = x+iy , r = (x2+y2)1/2 , = arg (z) = arg (x+iy) = tan-1(y/x)
log(x+i) = log (x2+1)1/2 + iarg(x) = log (x2+1)1/2 +0 = log (x2+1)1/2
Example III.6
log ( 1+x 2 )
dx=log2
2
Prove that
1+ x
0
Solution
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
log ( z +i)
z2 +1

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z2+1 ), these zeros are given by (z2+1 )=0
z2 = - 1 z = (i)2 z = i z = i or z = -i
Poles of f (z) are i, -i (both are simple poles)
The only pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle is z = i
69
f ( z ) dz
of f(z).
R
Now
f ( z ) dz
f ( x ) dx
f ( z ) dz
CR

lim z i (zi)f (z)
Res[f,i] =
lim z i(zi )
log ( z+i)
z 2+1
log 2i
2i
2
log ( 22) 2 +i tan 1 ( )
0
2i
lim z i(zi)
log ( z +i)
( zi)(z+i)
1
log ( z +i)
= lim z i ( z +i)
log ( i+i)
(i+i)
log 2+itan ( )
2i
(using Note III.1)
log2+
=
Now
2i
lim z
lim z
Consider
Consider
i
2
log( z+ i)
z 2 +1
lim z
log( z+i)
(z+ i)(zi)
lim z
1
( zi)
log( z+ i)
(z +i)
lim z
1
(zi)
lim z
log ( z +i)
( z+i)
=0
it is undetermined, so we have to use LHospitals rule
70
1
z +i
lim z
1
1
= lim z z +i
lim z
Hence
log( z+ i)
z 2 +1
=0
log (z+i)
z 2 +1
lim z
C
R
=0
= 0 lim R
C
R
log ( z +i)
z2 +1
=0
( |z| = R)
As R ,
f ( z ) dz
f ( x ) dx + lim R
C
1
2
log ( x +1 )
dx
x 2 +1
2
1 log ( x +1)
x 2+1 dx
2
log ( z+ i)
dz
2
z +1
1
2
log ( x + 1)
2
dx
x 2+1
log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0
log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0
f ( z ) dz
C
log2+
= 2i Res[f,zk] = 2i
=log2 +i 2
Equating real part
log ( x2 +1)
x 2+1 dx
0
Case of poles are on the real axis.

Type IV
log ( x +i)
dx +0
x 2 +1
(By using the Note III.1)
Hence
= log2
2i
i
2
71
If the rational function f(z) =
g ( z)
h( z ) , then degree of h(z) exceeds that of g(z) and g(z) 0.
Suppose h(z) has simple zeros on the real axis ( that is simple poles of f(z) on the real axis) , let it
be a1,a2,ak
and h(z) has zeros inside the upper half of semi-circle ( that is poles of f(z) inside the upper half
of semi-circle), let it be b1,b2,bs,
then
f ( x ) dx
= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] , where k = 1,2,.k and s = 1,2,s
Where C1,C2,.Ck are the semi circles and b1,b2,bs are lie upper half of these semi circles.
Example IV.1.
Evaluate
x
dx
x 38
Solution.
f ( z ) dz
C
where f(z) =
z
z 8
3

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z3- 8 ), these zeros are given by (z3- 8)=0
z3 = 8 z3 = (2)3 z = 2
Since z-2 is a factor of z3- 8 , z3- 8 = (z-2)(z2+2z+4) = 0
z2+2z+4 = 0 z =
2 416
2
2 43
2
2 2 i 3
2
= -1i3
72
Poles of f (z) are 2 , -1+i3 and -1-i3 (all are simple poles)
Pole lie on the real axis z =2
Pole lie inside the upper half of semi-circle z = -1+i3

Res[f,2] =
lim z 2(z2)f ( z )
lim z 2( z2)
lim z 2
2
= (9+3)
( z2)( z+1i 3)( z+1+i 3)

2
(2+1i 3)(2+1+i 3)
2
(3i 3)(3+i 3)
1
6
lim z 1+i 3( z(1+ i 3))f ( z )
lim z 1+i 3( z +1i 3)
lim z 1+i 3( z +1i 3)
z
z 8
3
z
( z+ 1i 3)(z +1+ i 3)
Res[f, -1+i3] =
lim z 2(z2)
lim z 1+i 3
1+i 3
(3+i 3)(2i 3)
z
z 8
3
=
z
( z2)(z+1i 3)( z+1+i 3)
z
(z2)(z+ 1+i 3)
1+i 3
= (6 i 36)
1+i 3
(1+i 32)(1+i 3+1+i 3)
73
1+ i 3
= 6( i 3+1)
=
(1+i 3)(1i 3)
= 6(i 3+1)(1i 3)
(22 i 3)
24
2(1+i 3)
24
(1+i 3)(1+i 3)
6(1+3)
(132i 3)
24
( 1+i 3)
12
We know that
f ( x ) dx
= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] where ak s are the poles lie on real
axis and bs s are the poles lie inside the upper half of semi-circle.
x
dx
x 38
i
6
i
6
1
(1+i 3)
= i Res[f,ak] + 2i Res[f,bs] = i( 6 + 2i(

12
i 3 i
6
3
6
Type V
If the rational function f(z) =
g ( z)
h( z ) , then degree of h(z) exceeds that of g(z) and g(z) 0.
Suppose h(z) has simple zeros on the real axis ( that is simple poles of f(z) on the real axis) , let it
be a1,a2,ak
and h(z) has zeros inside the upper half of semi-circle ( that is poles of f(z) inside the upper half
of semi-circle), let it be b1,b2,bs,
Let m be a positive real number and if f(z) =
g (x )
cosmx h ( x ) dx
=
And
= Re
2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1
eimz g (z)
h ( z)
cosmx f ( x ) dx
i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1
, then
74
g(x)
sinmx h ( x ) dx
= Img
Img 2 i Res [ f , b i ]
i=1
sin mx f ( x ) dx
Img i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1
Where b1,b2,bs, are the poles of f(z) that lie in the upper half of the semi-circles
C1,C2,.Ck .
Example V.1.
Prove that
cos x
1
dx= ( 2 2 sin 1)
(x1)(
2
10 e
x + 4)
and
sinx
1
dx= ( 2 + cos 1)
(x1)(
2
5 e
x + 4)
Solution.
f ( z ) dz
C
iz
where f(z) =
e
( z1)(z 2+ 4)

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z-1)(z2+4), these zeros are given by (z-1)(z2+4) =0
z-1 = 0 or z2+4 =0 z = 1 or z2 = -4 = (2i)2
z = 1 or z = 2i or z = -2i
Poles of f(z) are z = 1 , z = 2i , z = -2i (all are simple poles)
The only pole lie on the real axis is z = 1
The only pole lie inside the semi-circle is z = 2i
75

Res[f,1] =
lim z 1(z1)f ( z )
lim z 1
Res[f,2i] =
eiz
(z1)( z 2 +4 )
e iz
(z 2+ 4)
e
(1+4 )
lim z 1( z1)
e
5
lim z 2 i( z2i) f (z )
iz
e
= lim z 2 i (z1)( z +2i)
lim z 2 i (z2i)
i 2i
e
(2 i1)(2 i+ 2i)
e iz
( z 1)( z +2 i)( z2 i)
2
e
(2 i1)( 4 i)
We know that
g (x )
cosmx h ( x ) dx
cosmx f ( x ) dx =
And
g(x)
sin mx h ( x ) dx
Img sinmx f ( x ) dx =
2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1
i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1
i=1
j=1
76
Where aks are the poles lie on the real axis and bss are the poles lie inside the upper half of the
semi-circle.
e2 (2 i+1)
2(2 i1)(2i+1)
e (2 i+1)
10
[ ]
e2
10
i (
= Img
i cos 1 sin 1
5
e2 (2 i+1)
2(41)
sin1
5
2
[ e +2sin 1 ]
10
sinx f ( x ) dx
= Img
i=1
cos 1+isin 1
)
5
sin x
dx
(x1)(
2
x +4)
ei
5
sin1
5
sin1
5
ix
e
dx
2
( x 1)( x +4 )
[ ]
e
(2i1)(2)
= Re
cos x
[ i Res [ f , 1 ] ]
e2
(2 i1)( 4 i)
2
cos x f ( x ) dx
= Re
[ 2 i Res [ f ,2 i ] ] +
2 i
cosx
dx
(x1)(
2
x +4)
e (2i+1)
2(2i1)(2 i+1)
Img
j=1
ix
e
dx
cosx (x1)(x
2
= Img
+ 4)
icos 1sin1
5
77
Img
e ( 2i+1)
10
cos 1
5
e2 2
10
cos 1
5
e2
=
5
[e2 +cos 1 ]
5
Example V.2.
Prove that
dx=
sinm
x
2
0
Solution.
f ( z ) dz
C
ei m z
z
where f(z) =

Poles of f(z) = zeros of (z), this zero is given by z =0
The only pole of f(z) is z = 0 simple and lie on real axis

Res[f,0] =
lim z 0 ( z0) f (z )
We know that
g (x )
cosmx h ( x ) dx
cosmx f ( x ) dx =
e iz m
z
= e0 = 1
lim z 0 z
2 i Res [ f ,b i ]
i=1
i Res [ f , aj ]
j=1
cos 1
5
78
g(x)
sin mx h ( x ) dx
And
Img sinmx f ( x ) dx =
i=1
j=1
Where aks are the poles lie on the real axis and bss are the poles lie inside the upper half of the
semi-circle.
dx
sinmx
x
Img sin m x f ( x ) dx
Img [ i Res [ f ,0 ] ] =
Img [ i(1) ] =
i=1
Hence
dx
sinmx
x
0
j=1
Img sin m x
1 sinmx
dx
2 x
e imx
dx
x

Calculus of Residue and Contour Integration

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Calculus of Residue and Contour Integration

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1

The coefficient a-1 of

is called the residue of f(z) at z0 .

It is denoted by Res[f,z0] = a-1

A(z+1)(2-z) + Bz(2-z) + Cz (z+1) = 3

The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of

Example 1.3. Find residue of f (z) =

Laurent expansion of f(z) =

The residue of f at 0 is given by Res [f,0] = coefficient of

contour C where the integrand has the form

and f is an analytic function

along the curve C : x = t-1, y = et-1, 2< t < 3

find the value of

= 4(2+3i)3 2i(2+3i)2 - 4(1+i)3 + 2i(1+i)2 = -156 +38i

)and for any r with 0 < r < R, the Laurent series

coefficients of f(z) are given by

for n =0,1 ,2, .. ------(I)

WhereC denotes the circle {z: |z-z0| = r} with positive orientation.

We know that a-1 is the Res[f,z0] Res[f,z0] =

dz where C denotes the circle C = {z: |z| =1}with positive

Theorem 1 (Cauchy's Residue Theorem).

= 2iRes[f,z1] +.. + 2i Res [f,zn] ( by Recall 2)

If f(z) has a simple pole at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

If f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

If f(z) has a pole of order 3 at z0, then Res[f,z0] =

If f(z) has a pole of order k at z0,

Taking lim zz0, both sides

Multiply both sides by (z-z0)k

Differentiate both sides k-1 times with respect to z,

Taking lim zz0, both sides

Hence Res [f,z0] =

= Res [f,z0] (k-1)!

ii) and iii) are the particular case of v) (take k = 2 and k= 3)

The poles of f(z) are z = 1 , z =-1 (simple poles)

The poles of f(z) are the zeros of sinhz,

Hence Res [f,ni] = lim z ( z )

By using LHospitals rule

Res [f,ni] = lim z

(Since coshix= cosx)

( csc 2 ( z ) 2 cs c 2 ( z ) + 2 z 2 csc ( z ) csc ( z) cot (z ) )

( 2 2 csc 2 ( z ) +2 3 z csc 2 ( z ) cot ( z))

(cos ( z )zsin(z) cos ( z ))

To find the Residue at z = 1 :

To find the Residue at z = -2 :

= 2i(Res[f,0] +Res[f,1]+Res[f,-2]) = 2i(

Example 2.5. Find

where C denotes the circle {z: |z-1| =2 } with positive

Hence the poles of f(z) are 1i, -1i (simple poles)

lim z 1+i ( z(1+i) ) f (z )

lim z 1+i ( z( 1+i )) (

By Cauchys residue theorem

Where A = Res [f,a] =

and express f(z) in partial fractions.

The partial fraction expression of f(z)is given by

Example 3.2. Find the residue of f (z) =

and express in partial fractions.

lim z 1( z +1)f (z)

lim z i( zi) f (z)

Example 4.1. Find the residue of f(z) =

and express in partial fraction.

Where A = Res [(z-0)f(z),0] = Res [ z

Example 4.2. Find the residue of f(z) =

Take P(z) = 1, a= 1, b=3