Reactive Power Compensation

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering

Thomas Gsell
IIEE 38th Annual National Convention and 3E XPO
November 2013

Three main activities in 4 sectors

Equipment & services for power generation
Alstom Thermal Power

Alstom Renewable Power

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ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Equipment & services for power transmission

Alstom Grid

Equipment & services for rail transport

Alstom Transport

ALSTOM Grid Ltd. Tampere, Finland

Employs around 300 people in Tampere and Vantaa

Sales office of other Alstom Grid products in Vantaa
Turnover of 68 million EUR year 2012-13
Exports account for 95 % of the output
Main market areas: Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, Russia, Alstom Grid
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 3
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Alstom Grid Tampere offering

Reactive Power Compensation

LV products up to 1kV
LV capacitor units
LV reactors
Electronic products
LV capacitor banks
LV active filters

HV products up to 145kV
HV capacitor units
HV reactors
Electronic products
HV capacitor banks

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Power Electronics Activities

Compensation systems
Static Var Compensators
(SVC)
Industrial SVCs
Utility SVCs
SVC MaxSine (STATCOM)
Series capacitor banks
HV products over 145kV
HV capacitor banks

Reactive Power
There are three kinds of reactive power:
Inductive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1L)

=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the right

Capacitive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1C)

=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the left

Harmonics Reactive Power (D)

=> Non-sinusoidal current

Q1

Q1L Q1C 2

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Q Q12 D 2

Inductive Reactive Power

S
R
Uq

uL

L
iL

uL;iL
uL
iL

Uq

uL

L
iL

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 6

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Capacitive Reactive Power

S
R
C

Uq

u
iC

uC;iC
uC

iC

Uq

uC
iC

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 7

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Harmonics Reactive Power

Dimmer
Firing Angle: 30
140(half power)
120
90
400
uq, uL, iL

-400

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 8

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Harmonics Reactive Power

Dimmer with smoothing reactor
IL

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 9

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Harmonics Reactive Power

3-phase dimmer; Thyristor-DC-Drive
IL1,2,3
IL1

L1

IL2

UL3-L1
UL3-N

UL1-N

UL1-L2

N
IL3
L3

UL2-N
UL2-L3

L2

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 10

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Harmonics Reactive Power

1-phase B4 diode rectifier

Iq

UR

R
IR

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 11

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Harmonics Reactive Power

3-phase B6 diode rectifier
IL1,2,3

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Non-Linear Loads
Harmonics power consumers are:
Drives (frequency converters, DC-drives)

Dimmers
Power supplies (computers)

Furnaces (induction furnaces, arc furnaces)

Lightings (gas-discharge lamps, fluorescent tubes)

Diode Rectifiers
etc.

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 13

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Harmonics Theory
A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal wave with a certain
amplitude and an integer (whole number) multiple of a
fundamental frequency. A harmonic is a component of a
periodical signal with a fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have
frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, etc.
The mathematical procedure to calculate amplitudes and
frequencies of harmonics is the Fourier Transformation!

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 14

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Fourier Transformation

1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th

st th
rd
9753113th
11

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 15

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Fourier Transformation
1st
+3rd
+5th
+7th
+9th
+11th
+13th

= 1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 16

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Harmonics Data-Demonstration

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 17

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Whats up with Reactive Current?

Fundamental reactive current as well as harmonics reactive
currents cause stress to:

Lines
Transformers
Generators
etc.

What means reactive power?

The product of a sinusoidal alternating voltage with a alternating current
contributes no power if that current is a reactive current. In this case only
reactive energy flows - there is no net transfer of energy to the load.
Also known as idle current; quadrature current; watt-less current.

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 18

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Active Power

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 19

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Active Power

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

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Inductive Reactive Power

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

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Capacitive Reactive Power

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 22

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Harmonics Reactive Power (5th)

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 23

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Harmonics Reactive Power (7th)

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 24

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Harmonics Reactive Power (5th + 7th)

Voltage
x
Current
=
Power

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 25

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Harmonics Consequences
In contrast to fundamental reactive current, harmonics
currents cause harmonics voltages which cause disturbances
to consumers installed in the same electrical network:
Reduction of the life span and thus premature failure of condensers and
electric motors due to thermal overloading
Malfunctioning with electronics
Malfunctioning of protection device
Malfunctioning of ripple control systems
Impairment of the ground fault deletion

Finally triple harmonics cumulate in the neutral wire which

causes overload and dramatic consequences:
Cable fire
Transformer breakdown
Noise emission
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 26
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Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltages

in electrical networks?

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 27

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What to do against harmonics?

Basically there are two possibilities to compensate

harmonics currents:
- Passive harmonics filters (tuned parallel resonance circuits)
- Active harmonics filters

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 28

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Passive harmonics compensation

(tuned parallel resonance circuit)

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 29

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Active harmonics compensation with MaxSine

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 30

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Active Filters: Pro and Contra

Active Filters Advantages:

Direct compensation of harmonics currents

Easy dimensioning
Independent from the mains voltage quality
Independent from the network impedance
Excellent dynamics
No influence to ripple control systems
Electronic overload protection
No capacitive reactive power injection
Compensation possibility close to consumers

Disadvantages:
More expensive (than passive filters)
Higher power losses
Ripple current
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 31
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Measuring Harmonics
To measure harmonics voltages and currents the following
equipment can be used:
Oscilloscope (the data can be analyzed after the measurement results
were stored)
Power meter (Fluke, Tektronix etc.)
Data logger (TOPAS, Dranetz etc.)

Total harmonics distortion factor (THD)

Europe: THDR, USA: THDF

I I

THDRTHD
R
I

I I

; THD
; FTHD
F
I1

THDF2THDF2
; THD
; RTHD
R
I1
1 THD
1 F2THDF2
1

%-THD may not contain a sufficient informative value for currents. An absolute
harmonics THD-value in Amperes may be preferred instead!
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 32
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Calculating Power
Power:

S U I ; P U I1 cos 1
Q1 U I1 sin 1 ; D U

Q Q D
2
1

S P 2 Q12 D 2

Power factor:

P
1 THDR2 cos 1
S
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 33
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Slip-ups with Harmonics

No differentiation in between THDR and THDF

No differentiation in between Q and Q1
No differentiation in between and cos
No differentiation in between RMS- and peak-values of Fourier
Transformation results
Meaningless usage of current THD values

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 34

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Stand Alone MaxSine Compact Module

MaxSine100AV6C

MaxSine100AV6CE

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 35

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New Active Filter MaxSine

MaxSine Compact Cubicle Version

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 36

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Main Features
Small size enables customized modular cabinet construction
Devices available for 3-wire as well as 3-wire + neutral (4-wire)
Ethernet connection and Web Server for monitoring, setting and control

User interface: PC or optional HMI

Several menu languages (also character languages)

Relay output for run indication
Standby in case of small load current
Several overload protection algorithms:
Output limiting factor by current peak
Output limiting factor by temperature
High temperature switch-off

Adjustable relay output for cubicle fan

Selectable dual parameter page setting e.g. for emergency generator
supply

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 37

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Compensation Features

Total power factor can be forced to 1

Possibility to balance line currents
Ability to eliminate neutral current
Two compensation modes:

Fast mode, selectable harmonics, amplitude and phase, 1-50th

Ultra fast mode, global compensation

Adjustable output overall factors for amplitude and phase

Excellent dynamics; Response time < 1ms in ultra fast mode and adjustable from
1 network period to 50 network periods in fast mode
6 current inputs for multiple circuits (open loop, closed loop, CT-additions, etc.)
Selectable current input sensors:
Rogowski coils
Current transformers (CTs)

Selectable compensation priorities:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Fundamental has priority

Harmonics have priority
Only fundamental
Only harmonics

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 38

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Extended Measurement and power meter functions
Date/Time
Network mains voltages
Load, network and compensation currents in phases and neutral
RMS, fundamental, harmonics currents and crest factors

Active, reactive, apparent and harmonics power, cosphi

THD(u), THD(i), current and voltage harmonics spectrum
up to 50th harmonics
Waveforms of currents
Cabinet temperature and external temperature (e.g. heat sink) if
sensor connected
Uploading of measurements for reporting
One set of measurement values is always saved to memory when
system stops

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Active Filter Applications

Frequency Converter

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 40

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Active Filter Applications

Network current (frequency converter)
before and after compensation with MaxSine

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Active Filter Applications

Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
before compensation
Order:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

f / Hz
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250

I RMS / A
35,50
0,52
14,57
5,25
0,08
1,93
1,03
0,10
0,92
0,52
0,08
0,51
0,33

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THDr:
91,55%
1,33%
37,57%
13,55%
0,20%
4,98%
2,66%
0,25%
2,37%
1,33%
0,20%
1,31%
0,86%

THDf:
100,00%
1,45%
41,04%
14,80%
0,22%
5,44%
2,91%
0,27%
2,59%
1,46%
0,22%
1,43%
0,94%

Totalvalues:
I RMS / A:
38,77
THDr:
40,51%
THDf:
44,24%

Active Filter Applications

Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
after compensation
Order:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

f / Hz
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250

I RMS / A

THDr:

36,91
0,16
0,27
0,27
0,12
0,16
0,16
0,17
0,34
0,03
0,12
0,14
0,26

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99,49%
0,44%
0,73%
0,73%
0,33%
0,43%
0,43%
0,46%
0,91%
0,08%
0,33%
0,38%
0,69%

THDf:
100,00%
0,44%
0,73%
0,73%
0,34%
0,43%
0,43%
0,46%
0,92%
0,09%
0,33%
0,38%
0,70%

Totalvalues:
I RMS / A:
37,10
THDr:
3,20%
THDf:
3,22%

Active Filter Applications

Personal Computers

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 44

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Active Filter Applications

Network current (Personal Computers) before and after
compensation with MaxSine

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 45

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Active Filter Applications

Dynamic DC-Drive

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 46

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Active Filter Applications

Network current (dynamic 3-phase load) before and after
compensation with MaxSine

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 47

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

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