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Mechanics:
Relationships (taken directly from the Achievement standard 91171:
1|Page
NZQA Exams, compiled by J Harris
jharris.school@gmail.com
Achievement Standard
Subject Reference
Physics 2.4
Title
Level
Subfield
Science
Domain
Physics
Credits
Assessment
External
Status
Registered
Status date
17 November 2011
31 December 2014
17 November 2011
Achievement Criteria
Achievement
Demonstrate
understanding of
mechanics.
Demonstrate in-depth
understanding of
mechanics.
Demonstrate comprehensive
understanding of mechanics.
Explanatory Notes
This achievement standard is derived from The New Zealand Curriculum, Learning Media,
Ministry of Education, 2007, Level 7; and is..
1
Jason drops a stone vertically down from the top of a bridge into the water below. It
takes 2.5 s for the stone to reach the water.
Calculate the velocity of the stone when it hits the water. Use g = 9.8 m s2. [A4]
(b)
Explain the forces acting on the stone as it falls towards the water below. [M6]
(c)
Explain in detail how the forces that act on the stone change as it enters the water and
sinks down to the bottom of the river bed. In your answer, you should include an
explanation of how this would affect the motion of the stone. [E8]
(d)
On another occasion, Jason throws the stone from the ground at an angle of 34 to the
horizontal with a velocity of
25 m s1 as shown in the
diagram.
Determine the range by
calculating:
the velocity vector
components
the time taken to
reach maximum
height. [E8]
(b)
(c)
On another occasion, Mike drives his car over a uniform bridge. The bridge has two
supports. The mass of the bridge is 5000 kg and the mass of Mike and his car is 1500
kg. The bridge is 30.0 m long. See the diagram below.
Calculate the support provided by end A and end B of the bridge when Mike and his car
are at a distance of 10.0 m from end A of the bridge. In your answer, you should
include arrows to show:
the weight of the bridge and the weight of the car
the support forces provided at the ends of the bridge. [E8]
4|Page
Mikes car collides with a stationary trolley as shown in the diagram below. After the
collision, the car and trolley lock together and move as one. Calculate the final velocity
of the car and trolley together. [M6]
(c)
Mikes car is towed away by a tow truck. The rope attached to the car makes an angle
of 42 with the horizontal. The rope pulls the car with a force of 850 N. The car moves
a distance of 45 m along the horizontal road during a time of 15 s. See diagram below.
Calculate:
a. the work done by the tow truck on the car.
b. the power produced by the tow truck while it is moving the car. [E8]
(d)
Suspension is the term given collectively to the springs, shock absorbers, and linkages
in a car. The suspension springs on Mikes car are soft springs when compared to the
suspension springs of a truck.
Explain in detail why, in terms of spring constant and extension, a truck needs to have
stiffer suspension springs. [E8]
5|Page
Section 1 Motion:
v
v
d
t
d
t
a
v
a
t
v f vi at
vf
d vi t 1 2 at 2
vi
vi v f
2
v f vi 2ad
2
She starts her run-up by accelerating from rest at 2.21 m s2 for 2.0 s. Calculate the
distance she travels in this time. Write your answer to the correct number of
significant figures. Explain why you have used this number of significant figures.[A]
(c) State whether the force that you calculated in your answer to (b) is equal to, less than or
greater than the total driving force provided by the cars engine. [A]
(d) Explain clearly the reason for your answer to part (c). [M]
(e) Calculate the cars power output during the first 10 seconds of its motion. Give the
correct unit for your answer. [E]
QUESTION SIX: THE BIKE RIDE (NCEA 2011 Q1)
(a) Jacquie is a bike rider. One morning she starts riding from rest and
accelerates at 1.2 m s2 for 14 seconds. Show that her final velocity
after 14 seconds is 16.8 ms-1. [A]
(b) Jacquie then rides along a horizontal circular path at constant speed.
Describe what it is that provides the force needed to keep the bike going in a circle. State
the direction of this force. [M]
QUESTION SEVEN: THE AIRCRAFT (NCEA 2007 Q1)
An aircraft is flying at a height of 600 m above the ground.
(a)
(b)
(e)
While landing, the speed of the aircraft reduces from 80.0 m s1 to 25.0 m s1 in 8.0
seconds. Calculate the size and direction of the acceleration. Express your answer to
the correct number of significant figures. [M]
1.4m
(b)
(c)
Calculate the minimum average power Steve must produce to cause this acceleration.
Write your answer with the correct unit. [E]
(d)
Explain clearly why the average power Steve must actually produce will be greater
than that which you calculated in (c). [E]
(e)
Later in the race, the boat is moving at constant velocity. Determine the size of the net
(or total) force acting on the boat. [A]
(b)
(c)
8|Page
Describe the energy changes as it rises, falls, lands and rolls, coming to a stop.
You may ignore any forces caused by the air. [E]
State the size and direction of the acceleration of the discus at the highest point of
its trajectory. [A]
(f)
It takes 2.4 s to return to the height at which it was released, as shown in the diagram
below. (James releases the discus at an angle of 37 to the horizontal.) Calculate the
speed at which he releases the discus. [E]
(g)
In fact there is a vertical force acting upward on the discus called lift. Explain how
this lift force would affect the horizontal distance travelled by the discus. [E]
(a)
Show that the horizontal component of her initial velocity is 6.0 m s1. [A]
(b)
Show that the vertical component of her initial velocity is 2.2 m s1. [A]
(c)
(d)
State the size and direction of her acceleration at the highest point. [A]
(e)
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Ernies son Jacob kicks a ball towards Ernie in the garden. Ernie is 1.75 m tall. Jacob
kicks the ball with a velocity of 24 m s1 at an angle of 36 to the ground. Jacob is
standing 35 m away from Ernie.
Will the ball hit Ernie or go over his head? In your calculations, start by showing that
the horizontal component of the initial velocity of the ball is 19.4 m s1. [E]
10 | P a g e
Section 2 Force:
F
F = - kx
k
x
F mg
Ep 12 kx2
EP
E p = mg h
Ep
Fc
mv 2
r
FC
m
v
r
ac
v2
r
ac
v
r
2r
T
v
r
1
T
f
T
Fd
F
d
11 | P a g e
Compare the sizes of the total upward force acting on the hot air balloon
with the total downward force acting on it, giving your reasons. [M]
26N
34
(b)
Calculate the power produced by Ernie when he accelerates the mower through a
distance of 4.0 m in 3.0 seconds. Give the correct units for your answer.[M]
(a) The plank is in equilibrium. Draw labeled arrows of appropriate sizes in the correct
12 | P a g e
position showing the forces acting on the plank on the diagram above. [M]
(b) Calculate the support force on the plank at A if a painter of mass 60 kg sits 0.75 m
from A, and another painter of mass 75 kg sits at a distance of 0.80 m from B. Use g =
10 m s2. [E]
(a) Calculate the size of the force that the oar exerts on the water. [M]
13 | P a g e
(a)
The length of the bridge is 25.0 m. The mass of Jacquie and her bike is 72 kg. The mass
of the bridge is 760 kg.
Calculate the support force (FA) provided by end A and the support force (FB)
provided by end B of the bridge when Jacquie is 5.0 m from end A. [E]
(b)
Express your answers to part (a) to the correct number of significant figures. Give a
reason for your choice of significant figures in your answers to part (a). [M]
(c)
Calculate the size of the upward force that Harrys fingertips must exert to keep
the tray level. [M]
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Diagram 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Diagram 2
The ball rotates in a horizontal circle of radius 2.0 m. The time for
one rotation is 1.5 s. The iron balls mass is 10 kg. The circumference of a circle is: C = 2r.
(d)
Calculate the size of the centripetal force acting on the iron ball. [E]
(e)
After a few rotations, the ball has the same radius of rotation, but a shorter period.
Explain what effect this will have on the horizontal force acting on Jan. [E]
(c) Calculate the time it takes for the belt to complete one rotation if the unbalanced
force on the suitcase is 5.5 N. The mass of the suitcase is 18 kg. [E]
(d) The suitcase is on wheels. The
owner pulls it across the floor
with a strap as shown in the
diagram below. The force
applied to pull the suitcase is 25
N and the strap is at an angle of
(b)
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Extension (m)
(a)
Explain why the formula W = Fd cannot be used to calculate the elastic potential
energy stored in the web when the moth gets caught in it.
Your explanation should include a statement of what should be used to calculate this
energy. [E]
(b)
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the web when the moth is caught in the
web. [M]
Ek 12 mv2
EK
m
v
E p = mg h
EP
g
h
Ep 12 kx2
EP
k
x
W Fd
F
d
W
t
P
t
p mv
m
v
p = F t
F
t
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Jordan drops a ball onto the floor. The ball bounces up and down a few
times. Explain using energy considerations, why the height of bounce of
the ball, changes with time. [E]
(b)
The mass of the car is 950 kg and the mass of the van 1700 kg.
The car is travelling at 8.0 m s1 before the collision and 2.0 m s1 immediately after the
collision, as shown in the diagram above.
(b)
Calculate the size and direction of the cars momentum change. [E]
(c)
Calculate the speed of the van immediately after the collision. [M]
(d)
If the average force that the van exerts on the car is 3800 N, calculate how long the
collision lasts. [A]
(e)
Marama had a bag resting on the front seat. Use relevant physics concepts to explain
why the bag fell onto the floor during the collision. [E]
(f)
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Calculate the speed of the car just before it collided with the
van. [M]
(b)
(c)
(d)
The impact lasted for 0.50 seconds. Calculate the average force that the car exerted on
the van during the collision. [E]
(e)
Explain TWO features that a car has in order to reduce injury to the driver during a
collision. [E]
(f)
Use calculations to explain whether the collision was elastic or inelastic. [E]
QUESTION TWENTY NINE: JACQUIE & THE SOCCER BALL (NCEA 2011 Q2)
(a) While Jacquie is cycling at a speed of 16.8 m s1, she collides with a soccer ball that is
rolling towards her at a speed of 8.0 m s1. The soccer ball bounces off in the opposite
direction with a speed of 5.0 m s1. Calculate Jacquies velocity (size and direction)
after the collision.
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You may ignore any effects of friction. Mass of Jacquie and her bike = 72.0 kg Mass
of soccer ball = 0.430 kg. [E]
(b) Explain what is meant by an elastic collision and an inelastic [E]
(c) Describe what you would need to do in order to determine whether this collision
between the bike and the soccer ball is elastic or inelastic. You are not required to
carry out any calculations. [E]
(d) Explain how the force exerted by the ball on Jacquie and her bike is dependent on the
duration of the time on impact, AND explain how the force exerted by the ball on
Jacquie and her bike is related to the force exerted by Jacquie and her bike on the ball.
[E]
QUESTION THIRTY: THE SHOT PUT (NCEA 2010 Q4)
Hamish is competing in the shot put. This involves throwing a 5.4
kg iron ball (the shot) as far as possible.
(a)
When the shot lands, it rolls along the ground at 1.5 m s1 and
collides head-on with a stationary shot which has a mass of 4.0
kg. The friction force is negligible during the collision.
After the collision, the 4.0 kg shot rolls forward at 2.4 m s1 in the same direction that the
5.4 kg shot was initially rolling.
(b)
Without doing any calculations, what can you say about the total momentum
and the momentum of the 4.0 kg shot during the collision? Discuss your
answer. [E]
21 | P a g e
(c)
Calculate the velocity (size and direction) of the 5.4 kg shot after the collision. [E]
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(a)
(b)
Calculate the spring constant of the bench. Write your answer with the correct SI unit.
[M, A]
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the bench [A]
Aroha then walks towards one end so that she is 1.0 m away from support B.
(c)
(d)
Support B exerts a force of 420 N on the bench. Assuming the bench is uniform;
calculate the mass of the bench. [E]
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Calculate the spring constant. Write a unit with your answer. [M,A]
(b)
Calculate the energy stored in the spring when a second toy of mass 300 g
is also hung along with the teddy bear on the spring. [M]
(c)
The 400 g teddy bear is now hung on a stiffer spring, which has double the
spring constant.
Discuss how this affects the extension and the elastic energy stored in the
spring. [E]
Q3):
The springs (A) used in Harrys car seats are different from the spring
(B) that Jill uses to hang a toy spider from the ceiling of her room. The
diagram shows two types of spring.
(a)
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11. couple
13. displacement
3. accurate
5. centripetal
acceleration
7. collisions
9. conserved
14. distance
16. force
18. friction
23. hertz
25. inelastic
27. joules
aa) two equal and opposite forces that act 28. kinematic
at perpendicular distance apart to cause
equations of
rotation
motion
cc) negative acceleration
30. linear
33. net
35. parallax error
26. instantaneous
velocity
37. power
38. precise
39. projectile
mm)
when measurements are closely
grouped together
40. proportional
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20. fundamental
t)
units
u) makes the measurement equally likely to 22. gravitational
v)
be more or less than the true value
potential energy
w) turning or twisting effect about a pivot
24. impulse
x)
21. gradient
47.
49.
51.
53. systematic
error
55. torque
57. variables
59. velocity
61. work
aaa)
produced when two surfaces come
in contact
ccc) when two qualities are related by a
constant ratio
eee)
property of object while in motion
54. tension
ggg)
where kinetic energy is not
conserved in collision
iii) push or pull in a particular direction
60. watt
26 | P a g e
56. uncertainty
58. vector
bbb)
force required to compress or
extend a spring one metre
ddd)
SI unit of rate of change of
work
fff) how a measurement could differ
from the true value
hhh)
stored in an extended or
compressed spring
jjj) introduced into calculations caused
by using partial previous answers