Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
It was
then employed to convert uranium into the volatile hexafluoride, UF 6, on of the
few compounds that can be used for the separation of the uranium isotopes by
gaseous diffusion. There are many useful compounds of fluorine that might be
made from the element, but most of them can be prepared more easily and
safely by using other fluorine compounds.
Chlorine is the most extensively used of all the halogens. Its first use was in
bleaching, introduced by berthollet in 1785. Bleaching powder or chlorinated
lime, CaCl (OCl), made by the action of chlorine on calcium oxide (lime), has
been supplanted by liquid chlorine in the bleaching process. Natural fibers of
cotton or linen, wood pulp, certain dyes, and other materials are bleached by
chlorine in water solution. The action is an oxidation of the colored material to a
colorless compound, and the active agent is really hypoclorous acid, formed by
the hydrolysis of the element.
As a germicide, chlorine is used in the sterilization of drinking water and in
swimming pools. A concentration of from 0.3 to 2 parts per million is fatal to
microorganisms without injuring higher forms of life. Chlorine was the first
substance to be used in World War I as a poison gas. The liquid, escaping from
many cylinders, was allowed to evaporate on the ground, and the gas was
supposed to be propelled toward the enemy by a favorable wind. Chlorine is so
easily absorbed by makeshift gas masks, that it was ineffective in gas warfare
once the element of surprise was lacking. Many of the liquids used in gas
warfare were compounds of chlorine. These included choking gases, such as
phosgene, COCl2 ; vesicants or blister gases, such as mustard gas, S(C 2H4) Cl2,
and lewisite, CHClCH AsCl2. These compounds are really liquids of low vapor
pressure which could be placed in hollowed-out spaces in a projectile, along with
a small bursting charge of explosive. When the shell exploded on the target area,
the liquid was scattered over a wide area and, because of its slow rate of
evaporation, its was effective for several days. These substances may be largely
replaced by newer war gases, if such warfare is ever warged in the future. One
chlorine compound, chloracetophenone, C 6H5COCH2Cl, is used by the police in
tear gas bombs.
About 75 percent of the chlorine now made in the United States is converted into
compounds, often by manufacturer himself. Various chlorinated organic
compounds, vinyl resins, chlorinated rubber (Pliofilm), carbon tetrachloride, and
a multitude of other useful product are made by the direct action of chlorine on
some compound.
Bromine is used in the manufacture of many compounds, including certain dyes.
It is used in making the tear gas (a liquid) known as brombenzyl cyanide,
C5H5CHBrCN. The greatest demand for bromine arose with the advent the ethyl
gasoline. The compound ethylene dibromide, made by the action of bromine on
ethylene, is mixed with the antiknock material, tetraethyl lead, to insure that no
lead deposit is left in the engine cylinder (Sec, 18.6). lead bromide is volatile,
escapes in the exhaust of the engine, and condenses in the muffler. Little
escapes into the air.
Iodine has few uses outside of the chemical laboratory. Its brown solution in
alcohol, tincture of iodine, is used as an antiseptic. A definite relation seems to
exist between deficiency in iodine absorption in the body and the prevalence of
simple goiter. This disease is a regional one and, in places where it prevails, it is
the custom to add small quantities of an iodide to the table salt. Sea food and
drinking water obtained from supplies near the ocean seem to furnish enough
iodine to prevent goiter. Radioactive iodine has been used to treat cancer of the
thyroid gland.
Fluor adalah yang tidak penting secara komersial hingga tahun perang dunia II. Hal itu
kemudian digunakan untuk mengubah uranium menjadi heksafluorida volatile, UF6, pada
satu beberapa senyawa yang dapat digunakan untuk pemisahan isotop uranium oleh difusi
gas. Banyak senyawa yang berguna fluor yang mungkin bisa dibuat dari unsur ini, tapi
sebagian besar dapat dibuat dengan lebih mudah dan aman dengan menggunakan senyawa
fluor lainnya.