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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scenario of Indian agriculture
Indian agriculture has an extensive background which dates back to 10
thousand years. Although Agriculture is considered as the back bone of Indian
economy, it contributes only about 14% of Indias GDP (2011-12). In the new
millennium, the challenges in Indian agricultural sector are quite different from
those met in the previous decades. The enormous pressure to produce more food
from less land with shrinking natural resources is a tough task for the farmers as
well as agricultural research scientists. To keep up the momentum of growth, a
careful economic evaluation of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, irrigation sources etc.
are of considerable importance.
A country of huge size and population like India, agriculture is and will
continue to be the main stay in the years to come. No country can sustain its huge
population solely depending on other countries for food. If it happens it will be a
disaster for the nation. Hence, agriculture cant be ignored. It is necessary to
enhance our agricultural output to sustain our needs and to achieve the national
Goals. The way to achieve this Goal is to provide technologies that can be used by
the farming community to increase their income.
1.2. Agriculture in Goa
The State of Goa stretches over an area of 3,702 sq. km and with the Arabian
Sea on the west of its 100 km coastline. Goa is Indias smallest state by area, 4th
smallest by population but is richest with a GDP per capita 2.5 times that of the
state. Three of the leading sectors in Goa are namely tourism, mining and
agriculture. These have large economic implications for the state. Tourism is a
major income earner in the state and therefore tourism promotion has been a
priority of the Government of Goa. It is viewed as a major foreign exchange earner,
provider of employment and contributor to the creation of other industries. Mining
activity is often referred to as the backbone of the Goan economy as it provides
employment, generates income and contributes to foreign exchange income. Goa
is blessed with a unique climate of 18-350c, 2500-4000 mm annual rainfall with
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
77% humidity, is best suited for integrated farming system including Agriculture,
Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries. However due to the lucrative
tourism and mining industry, increased labour costs made agriculture and allied
activities into tertiary and quaternary fields.
Agriculture represents thus the third important activity in Goa providing
livelihood to 16% of the population. Goa faces problems for enough cultivable land
to feed its own population. The coastal areas are exposed to salinity and do not
qualify as good agriculture areas while inland areas are also not productive
enough. For daily requirement of agriculture produce like vegetables, Goa is
depending on neighboring states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. Paddy is the
principal crop in kharif season and other important crops apart from paddy are ragi,
maize, jowar, bajra and pulses. Kharif season is mainly dependent on South west
monsoon and the main sources of irrigation for winter crops are rivers, streams,
tanks, wells, canals.
Horticulture crops like coconut, cashew nut, areca nut, mango, jack fruit,
banana, and pineapple are also grown in abundance. Cashew is an important crop
in Goa and provides income through processed cashew nuts and the traditional
fenny for which Goa has got the geographical indication right. A variety of mangoes
are also grown in Goa and the very popular variety is Mankurad with excellent
taste and lack fiber content. Vegetables form an important component of
agriculture in Goa and mainly include brinjal, okra, raddish, cucumber, pumpkin,
bread fruit and different varieties of gourd. Sweet potato, chillies, onions are also
available. In Goa, there is an increasing emphasis on mixed farming where
watershed management is gaining importance. More than 80% holdings is less
than 1ha. About 18000 ha of Khajan land and 2000ha of mangroves need to be
preserved for ecological reasons as well as food production. The critical areas that
need to be addressed include development of integrated farming system models
for effective utilization of available homestead resources and holistic watershed
development, diversification through development of agro-ecotourism, effective
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
utilization of fallow land for profitable production of field and horticultural crops,
livestock rearing and strengthening of secondary agriculture in Goa.
1.3. Role of ICAR-Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
harvest management.
2. To disseminate improved technology developed.
3. To act as centre for training in updated technologies.
4. To collaborate with national and international institutes/agencies in developing
and transferring new technologies.
5. To generate nucleus planting materials.
6. To provide consultancy services.
7. To act as repository of information on Western Ghats agricultural system.
1.4. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), North Goa
KVK, established in 1983, is the grass root level vocational training center
in the State of Goa. The KVK is the light house of knowledge to the farming
community of the state. KVK is the extension wing of ICAR mandated to take up)
On- Farm Testing (OFT)- to identify the location specificity of agricultural
technologies under various farming systems ii) Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) to
establish its production potentials on farmers fields iii) Training of farmers to update
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Programmes.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
by
producers
with
respect
to
production
scenario,
problems,
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used
by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State
Department of Agriculture
3. Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers'
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement
7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems
and opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems
and preparing solution plan accordingly.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural
activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water
resources, land use, land pattern etc. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis,
adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimensions helps
in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural
values and ethics of the people of that locality. This FET report has been prepared
by multidisciplinary team of eight members from different disciplines namely
Agricultural Extension, Plant Breeding, Agronomy, Dairy microbiology, Textile
engineering, plant biochemistry, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology. The
information collected though different PRA tools for the selected Amona village of
Bicholim Taluk in North Goa district is presented in different sections of this report.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process, firmly anchored on the principles of seeing
by believing and learning by doing. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the
village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET co-ordinators, Dr. A.
R. Desai (Senior Scientist, Horticulture) and Dr. E.B. Chakurkar (Senior Scientist,
Animal Reproduction) and KVK, Old Goa.
PRA tools were conducted during the second phase of our FET programme.
We selected the village Amona in Bicholim Taluk of North Goa district located at a
distance of 16 Km from Bicholim Taluk, 20 Km from ICAR-Research complex and
29 Km from Panaji. KVK, North Goa has adopted Amona village in 2011 and
several technical interventions like introduction of Naveen paddy variety in the
village has been done thus making it easier for our team to collect information from
the villagers. In the selected Amona village, we identified the KIs, who is
knowledgeable, have experience in agriculture. During rapport building we
interacted with the progressive farmers and collected some of the basic information
about the village.
Our team walked along with the KIs, interacted with other villagers,
performed snow ball technique and closely observed the village life, cultivation
practices and other general aspects and noted the information. For each PRA
technique different KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the
semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per the checklists given. The
information given by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs, on the
spot analysis as well as with KVK staffs. The principles and methods of PRA were
applied for gathering information on 25 topics.
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various
stakeholders like the scientists from ICAR Research complex, KVK, SESA Goa
(Pig iron industry), Zonal agricultural officer, Agricultural Development Officer
(block), Goa Bagayatdar Sangh, Goa state co-operative milk producers union
limited and various progressive farmers. The interaction with the government
officials also helped to understand the agricultural problems and prospects in the
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
village and to prioritize the research problems for action. We shared our
experience with the villagers, discussed their problems and suggested some
solutions along with the technical support of ICAR and KVK by organizing village
seminar on 26-11-2011. The institute seminar was on 28-11-2011 for discussing
the conducted FET and to interact with the eminent scientists specialised in the
particular fields. We received feedback from the farmers as well as the scientists
on each and every topic of discussion and in light of which, action plan was
formulated.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE AMONA
1.
2.
Transect walk
3.
Agro-ecological map
4.
Social map
5.
Resource map
6.
7.
8.
Time line
9.
Time trend
10.
Technology table
11.
Matrix ranking
12.
Consequences diagram
13.
Bio-resource flow
14.
Wealth ranking
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
15.
Livelihood analysis
16.
Venn diagram
17.
Mobility map
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Action plan
6. FINDINGS
6.1. Basic Information
KIs: Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sirani
(farmer), Mr. Sadanand Parab (Veterinary officer)
Name of the Village
Amona
Village Panchayat
Amona
Taluka
Bicholim
District
North Goa
State
Goa
3000 mm/year
330C
200C
Relative Humidity
77 %
Latitude
1532'02.3"N
Longitude
07358'56.2"E
Altitude
15 Meters
Climatological Data
Geographical Coordinates
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Geographical Area
Total Area
734 Hectares
376 Hectares
369 Hectares
Irrigated Area
7 Hectares
Unirrigated Area
362 Hectares
Cultivate waste
71 Hectares
Not cultivated
294 Hectares
Residential Area
146 Hectares
Cropping Intensity
102 %
731
Total population
3452
No of Males
1992
No of Females
1530
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Literacy %
90 (Male: 94 %; Female: 85 %)
Community Categorisation
No of Hindu Families
700 households
2284
Harijan (SC)
48
Kharavi (OBC)
344
Bhandari (OBC)
420
Charvi (OBC)
256
Main Occupation
Service Sector
Source of income
Agricultural Scenario
A)
Land Distribution
Type of Farmers
No. of Families
90
230
315
70
Landless labourers
26
B) Crop Husbandry
Kharif season
: Paddy
Rabi season
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals: Buffalo, Cow, Bulls, Hens
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Population
Economic yield
Milk (litre/day)
Purpose
Buffalo
41
06
Milk
Cow (Indigenous)
25
05
Milk
20
15
Milk
Bulls
12
Farming
D) Water Bodies
Open well
:
Bore well
:
29
59
E) Agricultural implements
Tractor
: 1
Power Tiller
: 2
Rotavator, Cultivator, Disc Harrow, Land leveller, disc plough are brought on
subsidised rent basis through government agencies.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
streets, major crop fields, industrial area, hilly area and river side across all the
boundaries.
The village is surrounded by Mandovi River from three sides. The
residential area is located on the slope of the hill. The SESA GOA, a pig iron plant
is on upland area of this village. The topography of land undulated. The low land
near the river is mainly cultivated with paddy while upland is having cashew,
mango and coconut trees. Approximate number of tress of coconut, cashew nut
and mango are 500, 4000 and 300, respectively.
The residential area is divided into seven different wards. The water table at
high land is 80 feet and at low land is 10 feet. The main water source is bore well.
Most of the village houses have small cultivation of coconut trees. The house
structure is like Konkani house. Almost all the village houses are having pucca
building. The village in connected by two main tar roads. One is running from
southern part of the village to northern part. Another is from south to west,
somewhat parallel to national highway.
The irrigation practices are followed by hardy 15 farmers. The village is
having 88 wells. Out of that 29 are open wells and 59 are bore wells. The supply of
drinking water is through tabs and pipelines managed by PWD. Water tank is
situated in the southern side of the village, near SESA Goa plant. Supply point is
situated at four sides of the village and villagers used to collect drinking water once
in a day from this supply point.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Transect walk
The type of the soil is lateritic which sandy to sandy loam is with very less
water holding capacity. Some portion of the soil in village is deficient in
micronutrients like Zinc. Eighty percent of people in the village have land for
farming. However, very few farmers depend on agriculture because of other
economic opportunities like mining, service sector etc. Mainly agriculture is for
subsistence and they grow vegetables only for their home consumption. The main
agriculture crop is paddy and horticulture crop is cashew. 20 households are
having dairy farming and supplies milk to Goa dairy and getting an average of Rs.
20/- per litre of milk. Vegetables are grown in small scale and mainly for livelihood
only. Mainly chilli, onion and cowpea are found and cultivated in rabi season.
Among the fruits trees lemon, papaya, banana, jackfruit, Ramphal, mango and
custard apple are found widely distributed in different wards. No farmer in this
village is interested about cultivation of flower. Mangroves are present in the
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
coastal lines. The major weeds, pests, diseases, problems and opportunities are
described in Table.2.
Table 2. Details of Transect Walk
Sl.No.
Particulars
Low land
Upland
1.
Soil Type
2.
Major Crops
Paddy
Cashew
3.
Vegetables
Onion
Fruits
Trees
Coconut, Papaya,
Banana
Mango, Guava
Azhadiracta indica
Anacardium occidantale
Tamarindus,
6.
Weeds
Water
resources
ponds
8.
Live stock
9.
Insect pest
Paddy
Tick infestation in cattle
10.
Diseases
Kresek in Paddy
Dieback in cashew
cattle
11.
Problems
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Water salinity
cashew
field
No fodder cultivation
Opportunities
Mechanisation of
agricultural activities
feed
Integrated farming
Grass cultivation
system
IPM introduction
Construction of water
harvesting structures
(water conservation)
Use of vermi-compost to
maintain soil fertility
Timely vaccination of
livestock
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
area. Fauna includes birds like crow, eagle, sparrow, crane, duck and woodpecker
and animals like cow, buffalo, ox, bull are observed in the village. The soil quality
tests has been determined at KVK center, Goa
Table 3: The soil test result of Amona village
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulars
pH
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Nitrogen content (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Organic carbon
Value
4.5-5
0.26-0.57 dS/m
135-216 kg/ha
14.52-28.24 kg/ha
120-260 kg/ha
0.25-0.50 %
Amona village soil was of acidic nature. The electrical conductivity of soil is
normal (less than 1.5dS/m). The nitrogen content was very low as compared to
normal value of 280, which throwed light on the importance of green manuring in
this village. The phosphorus and potassium were in medium range. The organic
carbon has been found to be low which means, soil is not rich in micronutrients.
Lack of organic manuring resulted in depletion of carbon which result in C:N ratio
imbalance. Farmers are following monocropping pattern, only cultivating rice year
after year might have resulted the current situation.
Horticulture:
The main cash crop is cashew. Almost 90% area has been covered by local
cultivars and most of the trees are senile and productive life has over. The other
varieties grown in the area are Vengurla 4 and Vengurla 7. Local variety was found
more suitable for the conditions and the nut weight is high. The popular mango
variety grown was Mankurad. Horticulture area is mainly rainfed and some farmers
are adopted water harvesting and supplement irrigation to newly planted grafts.
The coconut was grown in nearby residential area and on both sides of the bands.
The Banawali coconut variety was grown and no management practices are
followed.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Agriculture
In Kharif season the major crops cultivated is paddy.
shiddi is grown here since ages. The speciality of the variety is that it is highly
resistant to saline water. Recently, KVK has launched a new variety called Naveen.
Apart from Shiddi, karjat, Jyothi and Jaya are the other varieties grown here.
During Rabi season the entire paddy field kept fallow. Vegetables are grown in
small scale, mainly for their livelihood. It includes chilli, onion and cowpea. Alsando
is the local variety which Goans prefer as it is nutritious.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
social
map
reflects
the
social
structure,
stratification,
infrastructure, systems, social evils, habits, literacy, occupation etc. Amona village
consist of 7 different wadas Ambeshi, Ambedkar, Kalam wada, Mesta wada,
Fadtewada, Bhagat wada, Bhandar wanda, ghadiwada and Sawant wada. The
total area of the village is 734 hectares. The main occupation of the village is
service sector followed by mining and agriculture. Some of the notable social
features are given below.
6.4.1. Social structure and stratification: Amona consist of 98% Hindus. But due
to the intervention of mining industry, migrants from other communities like North
Indians were temporarily settled in this village. The different groups like general,
Other Backward Class (OBC) and Scheduled Castes (SC) are also present here.
The different wards are divided on the basis of caste stratification. Various back
ward communities are Bandaris, Karvi and charis. Karvi community is settled in
Sawant wada, chari in mesta wada and Bhandaris in bhandarwada. Maratas, Less
than 100 SC, includes Mahar and chambhar, stays in ambedkar wada. General
category includes maratas and Brahmins and they settled in Fadtewada,
Bhandarwada, and Sawant wada. Maratas are the most dominated caste, which
takes major decisions regarding this village. There is good cooperation among the
various castes and no conflicts exist. Members of various communities are very
friendly; they interact and work together in Self Help Groups (SHGs), farmers club,
mahila mandals and youth club activities. Peoples are generally very cordial and
cooperative on agriculture activities (community farming), social problems,
marriage, festivals etc. their local language is konkini and Maratti.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
A vast diversity from kuchha houses to double storied are present in this
village. Most houses are bricks and tiled. About 40% double storied houses
indirectly show the economic status of the villagers. Along with basic needs,
luxurious gadgets like television, Fridge, DTH, air conditioners and computer also
present. Most of the families have their own land for cultivation. Still there are few
controversies on land owning titles. There are about 10% poor landless, 20% rich
and the rest includes middle class. The family structure is mainly of joint type. Only
13% are of nuclear type. Most families are having 6-7 members. 5 families even
have 20 members. Family possess patriarchal system. Most of the youth are not
interested in agriculture and engaged in service sectors, mining and tourism.
6.4.3. Social Norms and evils: the average age for marriage in this village is
25years. Arranged marriages are preferable to the guardians of the family but intercaste and inter-religious marriages are also common nowadays. These inter caste
and villagers do not support religious marriages and they expel them from their
parent community. Marriage is accompanied by dowry in the form of gold. As the
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
villagers are literate they do not follow any social taboos or rituals. Some religious
rituals they follow as part of their culture. They give great importance to thulsi in
houses and celebrate tulsi ki vivah with lights and decorations in November. Major
festivals
are
Ganesh
Chathurthi,
Diwali,
and
Gudipadawa
(New
Year
Celebration).The most interesting feature is that all festivals are celebrated by all
communities, irrespective of their creed and belief. Alcoholism is the major social
evil in the village. 13 bars are there in Amona village. 55% of the old and middle
age group of male population are consuming alcohol. There is no child labour in
Amona village and people are well aware about the importance of education.
6.4.4. Social institutions:
6.4.4.1. Educational institutions:
Amona is presently having 90% literacy. Educational institutions play major
role in this without any gender or caste biasness, education is provided to all here.
About 65% are graduates and few are professionally qualified like MBBS,
Engineering etc. Mr.Govind parab is a Phd in agriculture is an eminent personality
here.
6.4.4.1.1. Anganwadis:
This village is having 5 Anganwadis, among this 3 are govt undertaken and
rest 2 are private. First one was established in 1978 in Ambeshi which later shift to
vetal wada with help of an NGO, Mineral foundation in 2009. Second, one opened
in sawant wada in 2009. In kalam wada and fadte wada there are 2 private
Anganwadis.
6.4.4.1.2. Schools: There are 3 primary schools in this village. The Govt primary
school is upto 5th standard is situated in Vetal wada. It was established in Aug,
1962 presently having a strength of 126 students among which 55 are girls and 71
are boys. Ms Bharti Kolvalkar heads this English medium school. The Govt high
school situated in fourth ward is the only facility for high school studies within this
village. It was established in 1965 and is upto 10th standard. Mr Govind Naik heads
this English medium school with a total of 203 students, with 90 boys and 113 girls.
Along with English, Hindi, Marathi and Russian languages are also taught here.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Among the various clubs in school, the NCC eco club is very active and received
second prize for CV Raman science project competition. After SSC education
villagers depend on Junior colleges in nearby villages like Naveli, Marcel (Khandol)
and Saquelim. Farmers field school is also present here where discussion among
farmers occurs. Farmers club meeting, Training and workshops also carry out
here.
6.4.4.2. Finance institutions:
6.4.4.2.1. State Co-operative Bank: This was established in 1995. Presently they
possess more than 3000 savings accounts. Bank provides loans to SHGs of the
village. Ten times the deposited amount can be obtained as loan amount for any
SHGs for their activities. Along with branch manager is Ms Narvekar Mangala,
there are 5 other employees also.
6.4.4.2.2. Janvikas Nagari Sahakari Pat Saunstha Maryadit:
This is a private finance venture in amona village. It was established in 1995.They
provide personal, vehicle, household and gold loans. They also have a facility to
collect telephone bills, electricity bills and water bills from residences and paid
directly through their savings account. The work carried out by 4 staffs.
6.4.4.2.3. Government Welfare department: Amona village people are also
facilitated by some welfare schemes by government especially for old age people
(those above 60), about 200 are benefitted Rs.1200 per month.
6.4.4.3. Religious institution: It is a Hindu dominated village with 22 temples in
the village. Among this most important are Rudreshwar temple, Maha Lekshmi
temple, Saterri temple, Vetal temple, Dutta Mandir. Dutta Mandir is in sawant
wada. Sateri mandir in Kalam wada, Vetal mandir in vetal wada and rudreshwar
and mahalekshmi temple in Bhandar wada. Festivals of these temples are
celebrated in grand manner involving the surrounding villages including all the
castes.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
available which increase the connectivity between adjacent villages and town. Taxi
bikes, new concept for convenient transportation is also seen here.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Artificial
insemination was carried out with the help of KVK or nearby veterinary hospitals.
During the general transect through the village, the different resources found are
listed in Table 4:
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Articles
Auto rickshaw, Motor bike, Bicycle, Bus, Truck,
Van, boat, car, Taxi bikes.
Common facility
Communication facilities
agency
Educational institution
Hospital
Drinking water
Post office
Library
One
Agriculture implements
Livestock
Bar
Advisory facilities
information
Animal Reproduction
Artificial Insemination
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Selected farmers have a small back yard poultry and dairy in his farmhouse.
The main crops are Paddy only in Kharif season and onion, cowpea (Alsando),
chilli and cucurbits in Rabi season. The milk obtained from cow and buffalo is used
for self-conception, send to diary. The cowdung is used as manure, make cakes
and use for cooking. Cashew and coconuts are the major cash crops. Cashew
apple syrups are distilled to produce fenny. Coconut leaves are used for thatching
purposes also. The vegetables like cucurbits, okra, cowpea, cluster bean were sold
to Goa Bhagayatdar society and to local markets.
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
SESA Goa: Between the 2 factories within this village, SESA Goa supports
farming activities. They are trying to help in the organic certification and branding of
agricultural produce from Amona village. They also support by providing
mechanised supports when farmers need.
Goa Bagayatdar: Provide assistance to farmers with seeds, fertilizers etc. It also
procures products from farmers directly and provides a reasonable price also. They
also divide the profit among the members.
.
Goa
Bhagayatdar
State Agri
&
Horticulture Dept:
KVK
Co-op
bank
ICAR-RC
for Goa
Amona Village
FC,
SHGs
SESA GOA
Fig: 6: Venn diagram of agricultural activities Both farm crops & horticultural
crops (Farm crops and Horticulture crops) for Amona village
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
insemination etc also provided. Fat content and SNF testing facility is in village
itself and hence milk procurement is done only after analyzing fat and SNF.
KVK: Provides free livestock trainings and workshops, make villagers aware
about benefits of cross breeds. Special support on animal health care services is
also provided. Technical supports like artificial insemination is also provided by
veterinary professionals from KVK in support with ICAR scientists.
Cooperative Society: They provide financial support for milking machines etc
and also personal loans to buy vehicles, cattles etc
Farmers club: Support in procuring modern diary practices, raise voice for being
properly paid from dairy societies etc.
SHGs: Support live stock practices, helps to procure loans and other necessities.
Veterinary hospital: Though Amona doesnt possess any veterinary hospital,
support is obtained from nearby villages like Marcel and Virdi.
Co-op Bank:
ICAR
Goa
FC,
SHGs
KVK
Amona Village
Goa Diary
VH
36
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Sl.
Practice
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
No.
regions.
5.
6.
Bird repellent
7.
after harvest.
37
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
38
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
---
6.00 am
Wake Up
7.00 am
8.00 am
Female
Wake Up
-----------------
9.00 am
10.00 am
11.00 am
Farm activities
12.00 pm
--------------------------
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
Farm activities
------------------------
3.00 pm
--------------------------
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
--------------------------------
Fodder collection/Cattle
rearing
-----------------------------
39
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
8.00 pm
9.00 pm
10.00pm
Going to sleep
Going to sleep
Time
5.00 am
6.00 am
7.00 am
8.00 am
9.00 am
10.00 am
11.00 am
12.00 pm
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
3.00 pm
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
8.00 pm
9.00 pm
10.00pm
.............................
Female
Wake Up
Cooking/house work
.....................................
Cooking/lunch/house work
Take rest
.............................
......................
Cooking/Household work
Dinner/watching TV
Going to sleep
Dinner/watching TV
Going to sleep
40
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Kharif season rice is grown in khajan land area and most of the manual operations
are performed by female. Agricultural field is lacking mechanization due to small
land holding and inaccessibility of field to machineries. Labour shortage in
agriculture is a major problem in Goa states because the state has better
opportunities in other sectors like mining and tourism. Women perform cattle
rearing activities in combination with household work and farm activities. Animal
husbandry activities taken up by women include, giving fodder to cattle, watering,
cleaning, feeding, dung disposal etc. Daily activity table for women includes
collection of fodder for livestock, farm activities and fuel collection which assist with
economic benefits. Farm activities includes weeding, sowing of seeds, harvesting
etc. Daily routine of women include cleaning of livestock and their sheds, cleaning
of house, cooking food, preparing children for their school, watching television,
taking part in social activities etc. Winnowing activities in rice are done mostly by
women.
Diary is a main asset of this village. Men spend majority of time in dairy
related activities like milking, cleaning, feeding, and supplying to the dairy
cooperative society. A few hours are spent on farm activities like sowing, irrigation,
fertilizer and pesticide spraying, harvesting etc. Farmers use to hire daily paid
labour for farming activities at time of weeding and harvesting activities from
neighboring states like Maharashtra and Karnataka with wage of more than Rs.
300 per day. Mainly marketing of farm produce is done by men to nearby mandies
or Goa bagayatdar. They also use to go to market for purchasing seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides etc. They spend evenings in social gatherings by taking part in SHGs,
clubs etc. They also attend village training or demonstration programme given by
KVK and other NGOs.
41
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
(Shop Owner), Mr. Vishal Fadte (Landless labourer), Mr. Govind Amonkar
(Landless labourer), Mr. Prabhu Majik (Farmer)
The wealth ranking is an analytical exercise carried out to categorize the
villagers by local key informants based on their own criteria such as income,
assets, employment status. Major purposes of wealth ranking are.
To investigate perceptions of wealth differences and inequalities in community
To discover local indicators and criteria of wealth and well being
To establish the relative position of households in a community
For wealth ranking process three key informants were asked individually to
group the households into different wealth categories based on their own criteria.
Three key informants have divided the households into three different categories
as rich, medium and poor.
This classification will create understanding about the real life situation of the
economic strata of the villagers, which ultimately will help us to develop
economically feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the
farmers. Majority of the farmers engaged in both service and agricultural activities.
Due to these reasons there is problem of labour availability, so suitable
mechanized tools can be developed keeping in view these conditions.
Table 8. Categorization by key informant
Key Informant
Categories
42
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
KI 2
KI 3
Medium
2-5 acres
Poor
< 2 acres
<7000Rs
Truck
700020,000Rs
Car
Land
>7 acres
3-7 acres
Service
Salary
Vehicles
>20,000 Rs.
10,00020,000Rs
Car, Two
wheeler
<10,000Rs
Land
> 5acres
2-5acres
< 2 Acres
Service
Salary
Vehicles
>16000Rs
8000-16000
Rs
Car
<8000Rs
Service
Salary
Vehicles
Rich
> 5 acres
>20,000 Rs
Truck
Truck
Two
Wheeler
<3 acres
---------
Bike
The KIs grouped the households mostly on basis of agricultural, service and
type of vehicles.
Table 10. Categorization by key informants
Sl. No.
Category
Household
Numbers
(n=731)
1
Rich
210
Percentage
(%)
29
Medium
345
47
Poor
176
24
43
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
44
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 10. Income and expenditure pattern of rich family Amona village
45
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 11. Income and expenditure pattern of medium family Amona village
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 12. Income and expenditure pattern of poor family Amona village
46
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
47
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Bus/
Bike
5/-
Bicholim
16Km
Betchi 5km
Bus- 15/-
Panji
28km
Bike
Walking
Ponda 19 km
Panchayat
Boat
Virdi 3
Km
Hospital, Education
Amona
Naveli 5Km
Bus/motorcycle - 5/-
Bus - 18/-
Sanquelim
9 km,
Old Goa
18
km
18 km
Bus - 12/-
Bus- 8/-
Banastali
7 km
Mapusa
30 km
Marshel
4 km
Bike
Bus - 7/-
Bus - 25/-
Bike/taxi bike
Bus - 5/-
Table 11: Mobility table that shows mode, location, frequency, amount and purpose
Sl.No.
Place
Mode
Frequency
Bus/Bike/ Car
Sometimes
Bicholim
Distance
(km)
16
Panji
28
Bus/Car
Virdi
Naveli
Panchayat
Boat
Bus/Bike
Sanquelim
Bus
Often
Amount
(Rs.)
12
22
Sometimes
Sometimes
Often
Purpose
Taluk Work,
Agril.
Implement,
Administration
Work ZAO,
BDO
Jobs, Market,
Medical
Relatives
MLA house,
Education
Market,
Education
48
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Mapusa
30
Bus
Marcel
Bus/Bike/Taxi
bike/Car
Banastali
Old Goa
10
25
Very
Often
Bus/ Bike
Sometimes
18
Bus
Often
15
Sesa Goa
Ltd
By walk/ Bike
Daily
11
Ponda
19
Bus
Often
12
Betchi
Bike/ Bus
Sometimes
Market, agril
inputs
Market, Goa
Bagaitdar
society unit,
Agril inputs,
vet. Hospital
Rice mill and
processing
ICAR
Research
Complex,
KVK, Soil
Testing Lab
Mining
Industry,
Labour Work
Education,
Hospital
Nursery,
Health Centre
49
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
crop is taken only in few areas where good quality irrigation is available. For the
past several decades Shiddi, a high salinity tolerant indigenous rice variety is used
for cultivation in the village. In Shiddi broadcasting is practiced whereas
transplanting is done for Jaya and Jyothi varieties which are mainly cultivated in
uplands. In paddy cultural practices involve land preparation, broadcasting,
weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting. They are not adopting any plant
protection measures or chemical spray for the crop.
Cashew is the second major crop grown mainly in the upland region of the
village. 95% of the cashew plantation is occupied by local variety and 5% occupied
by Vengurla-4 and Vengurla-7 varieties. Both cashew apple and nuts are having
good market demand; they are selling fenny for Rs 2000/40 L can and 1 Kg raw
cashew nut for Rs.83. In cashew they are not following any cultural practices. The
flowering starts from November and it extends upto January. The fruits are ready
for harvest by March and will extend upto first week of June. Fruits along with nuts
are collected only when fully matured falls down and it is not plucked from the
trees. This ensures good nut quality and fully ripen apples for fenny preparation.
For getting higher price for fenny cashew apples are subjected to double
distillation, which increase the alcohol content.
Onion is raised as a Rabi crop in the village which is mainly grown for
consumption purpose and not for sale. Land preparation and sowing is done in
November and transplanting in the first week of December. It is harvested in April,
after that the produce is kept in a pit in the field for eight days for hardening. Chilli
and cowpea is also grown for consumption purpose and taken as Rabi crop. It is
cultivated in small patches where quality irrigation water is available. The cultural
operations carried out in chilli involves land preparation, sowing, transplanting,
weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting which were done in December,
January, February and March respectively. For cowpea they are not applying any
fertilizers and local grain type is the preferred cultivar. Its land preparation, sowing,
gap filling and harvesting were carried out in November, December, January and
march respectively.
50
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Table 12: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their practices in Amona village
Crops
Rice
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
T,
June
WI
Onion
Chilli
Sep
WD,F
WD
H(TP)
Oct
H(BC)
TP
WD
LP
Aug
BC/
LP
Cashew
July
TP
WD
LP
TP
WD,F
GF
DI
Cowpea
LP
LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, HHarvesting, T-Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, GF-Gap filling
Table 13: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their problems in Amona village.
Crops
Nov
Rice
Cashew
TMB
Cowpea
Chilli
Dec
Jan
TMB
Feb
Mar
FD
TH,L
MB,L
DF
LC
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
K,L
RLF,
YSB,
BPH,L
DB
K-Kresek, RLF-Rice Leaf Roller, BPH- Brown Plant Hopper, YSB- Yellow Stem Borer, TMB-Tea
Mosquito Bug, FD-Fruit drop, TH-Thrips, MB-Mealybug, Damping off
Labour availability is the major problem faced by the agriculture sector of the
village. In paddy kresek is the prominent disease which occurs in the early stage of
growth. Rice Leaf Roller, Brown Plant Hopper and Yellow Stem Borer are the pest
prevailing in the paddy. In cashew, Tea Mosquito Bug is the major pest which
mainly attacks the inflorescence. Immature fruit drop and heavy rain at the time of
51
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
flowering are other factors affecting the fruit set in cashew. In cowpea sucking
pests like thrips and mealy bug are found and in chilli damping off and leaf curl
disease. In chilli they are cultivating local variety and loss occurs if it is retained in
the field beyond April due to pest attack.
Table.14:Seasonal Calendar of livestock management practices in Amona village.
Livestock
Nov
Dec
Jan
Cattle
HS
AI
BS
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
ET
NS
vac
Oct
CS
vac
Milk production
HS
Buffalo
NS
NS
vac
ET
HS
vac
vac
Nov
Dec
Jan
Cattle
Buffalo
Feb
Mar
April
HS
HS
HS
May
June
July
FMD
TI
FMD
TI
Aug
Sept
Oct
M-Mastitis, HS- Haemorrhagic Septicemia, FMD- Foot and Mouth Disease, TI-Tick Infestation
52
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
T(M),
Rice
July
BC(M),
WD,
TP(W)
F(M)
H(M)
DI(M)
FP(M)
WI(M)
Cashew
Onion
June
WD(W)
LP(M)
TP(W)
F(M/W)
LP(M)
TP(W)
H(M)
H(M)
H(W)
WD(W)
H(M)
Aug
Sept
Oct
WD(W)
H(W)
H(W)
WD(W),
Chilli
H(W)
F(M)
Cowpea
LP(M)
S(M)
GF(W)
H(W)
. LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, HHarvesting, T- Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, S-Sowing, M-Men, WWomen.
According to the information generated through the KIs, men are mostly
involved in farm and animal management, Women although take part in both the
activities their mainly focus on house hold activities. Women are involved in
transplanting, weeding and harvesting type of agricultural activities. Land
preparation,
broadcasting,
fertilizer
application,
harvesting,
threshing
and
Livestock
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
Cleaning
Milking
Women
Men/women
Fodder
Collection
Men
Feeding
Disease
Management
Marketing
June
July
Aug
Sept
Men/ Women
Men
Men/Women
53
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Oct
In the livestock management, both men and women take part in activities like
milking, feeding and marketing. Activity such as cleaning is done by women and
fodder collection and disease management are undertaken by men.
Time Line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the major historical
milestones in the community and their significance. It indicates the causal link
between past and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of
changes in the demographic, socio-economic condition, communication, social
relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc. Time line of the
Amona village was conducted with the help of elderly persons. Following are the
major events in the village in the chronological order.
Table 18: Time Line for Technology and Service
Sl. No.
Events
Year
1686
Primary School
1962
1964
Bicycle
1964
Sewing Machine
1965
Bus Service
1965
Electricity
1965
Radio
1973
High School
1975
10
Anganwadi
1978
11
Post Office
1975
12
Landline
1981
13
Television
1988
54
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
14
SESA Industry
1990
15
Youth club
1992
16
Fridge
1993
17
Gas
1995
18
1995
19
1995
20
2000
21
Dish TV
2005
Events
Year
1.
1972
2.
Fertilizer
1975
3.
1980
4.
Pesticide
1980
5.
Diesel pump
1980
6.
Tractor
1995
7.
Tiller
2005
8.
Farmers Club
2009
9.
2011
Livestock
1.
1968
2.
2008
3.
Milking machine
2009
55
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
56
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
57
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
58
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
towards
technology
adoption.
These
may
be
adoption,
59
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
60
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Sl. No.
1. Rice
Crop
Technolog
y
Shiddi
Statu
s
A
Reason
Jyothi
Karjat-4
High yield,
61
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Jaya
High yield,
Karangut
Spiny
owns,
waterlogging
Satti
Damgo
Nermar
Vali
Naveen
Sl.
No.
Crop
susceptible
to
A: Adopted; D: Discontinued
Technology
Status
Reason
1.
cowpea
(grain
purpose)
Alsando
2.
Chili
Local
Home consumption
3.
Cashew
Local
Vengurla-4
High yield,
4.
Onion
Local
Home
consumption,
lack
awareness about new verities
5.
Coconut
Banawali
Calangutee
Mankurad
6.
Mango
62
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
of
Sl. No.
Technology
Status
Reason
1.
Adopted
2.
Tractor
Adopted
3.
Reversible plough
Adopted
4.
Disc plough
Adopted
5.
Cultivator
Adopted
6.
Land leveler
Adopted
To level field
7.
Bullock cart
8.
Knapsack sprayer
Disenchantment
discontinuance
Adopted
9.
Adopted
10.
Seed drill
Not adopted
farm
2.
Application of FYM
Adopted
3.
Vermi-composting
Not adopted
63
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
4.
Drip irrigation
Not adopted
5.
Soil testing
Adopted
Table 22: Technology table for farm implements, agricultural practices and livestock
1.
2.
HF and Jersey
3.
HF and Jersey
(cross breed)
4.
Adopted
5.
Machine milking
Adopted
6.
Artificial
insemination
Adopted
7.
Not adopted
Lack of awareness
64
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
The results of the matrix ranking for different varieties of rice depict that the
variety Shiddi was the highest preferred one when compared to the remaining
adopted varieties, viz., Jaya, Jyothi and Karjat. It was clearly understood that the
farmers had been mainly concerned with water logging -salinity resistance, sugar
recovery and resistance to diseases and pests while ordering their preference.
Among the two adopted varieties of cashew, namely, Local and Vengurla,
the Local was given higher preference over Vengurla-4 for its good quality cashew
apple, low management cost and less water requirement. As far as the cattle
breeds are concerned, farmers give equal preference to both local and cross bred
(local with jersey, local and HF).
Table 23: Matrix ranking of rice varieties
Indicator
KI
Rice varieties
Shiddi
1.Grain
yield
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Jyothi
Rank
Scor
e
2
Scor
e
3
16
10
10
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
3. Fodder
Karjat
Rank
Total score
2. Fodder
yield
Jaya
16
12
KI-1
KI-2
D
D
1
1
C
C
2
2
B
B
3
3
A
A
4
4
KI-3
65
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Quality
KI-4
Total score
4.Resistan
ce to
diseases
and pests
12
4
16
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
16
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
6. Maturity
Total score
5.Waterlo
gging and
salinity
resistance
16
12
12
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
66
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Total score
7. Price
16
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
16
12
12
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
Overall
score and
final rank
12
KI-1
Total score
8.Cooking
quality and
preference
16
A
104
10
D
69
8
C
12
82
Indicator
KI
Score
Vengurla-4
Rank
Score
67
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
84
1. Yield
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
2. Water requirement
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
8
5. Resistance to pests and
diseases
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
68
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Total score
36
24
KI
Indicator
Cattle breeds
HF and Jersey
Rank
1.
adaptability
Climatic
Rank
Score
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
2. Milk yield
Score
Local
KI1
KI2
KI3
69
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
KI4
Total score
3. Fat percentage in
milk
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
4. Maintenance cost
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
Overall score
final rank
and
24
8
A
24
70
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
+Ve
Shiddi
Long duration
-Ve
71
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
+Ve
Local
Less milk yield
-Ve
+Ve
Local
Low yield
-Ve
72
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Mr. Ulhas Parab (farmer), Mr. Govind Parab (farmer), Mr. Sadanand Parab
(farmer)
In order to study the prevalent problems and their intensity w.r.t agriculture
and allied activities, problem identification technique was used to identify and
prioritize the same with some feasible solutions for the agricultural sector in the
village. For this purpose, 30 farmers were identified from the village representing
the various sections of the village using snowball technique. From the three key
informants (Ulhas Parab, Govind Parab and Sadanand Parab), 8 major problems
in different crops/ animal husbandry/ fisheries sectors were selected based upon
perception of the majority of 30 farmers. The selected 30 farmers were asked to
rank the problems based upon the severity and percentage of loss they are
personally facing as well as based on the ill effects of the problem in the near
future. Since selected farmers represented all the sectors varying from rich farmers
to landless farmers, ranking pattern were also diverse. Landless farmers did not
ranked crop problems and only ranked animal husbandry related problems. The
extents of damage (per acreage) to affected crops due to particular problem in the
village were determined by the farmers and also triangulated the same by the
Zonal Agriculture Department in Goa and KVK, Old Goa. The average monetary
losses for the village were also calculated for each problem. Frequencies of each
rank for a problem were calculated and tabulated (Table. 26) in rank frequency
table. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then
calculated using following formulae.
1.Rank Based Quotient
RBQ =
f1(n+1-i)x100
NXn
Where,
Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute
N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification
n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.
i = Rank of the attributes
73
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Sl.No
Problems Identified
Ranks
13
4 1 1
Total
farmers
(30)
26
Labour scarcity
10 1 3 1
22
5 6 2 1 1
20
3 2 3 4
15
1 2 4 -
4 7 3
16
20
1 1 4 3 2 2
17
6 5 1 2
17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7 3
74
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Sl.
No.
1
VBI
Rank
91.52
%
loss
25
1737592
88.65
76.50
15
45
516796
II
4
5
6
Labour scarcity
Decline in milk production in cross
bred cows
Pest and Disease in vegetables
Low yield of cashew trees
Reduction in coconut yield
46.01
67.50
42.50
3
22
5
13351
471680
8400
IV
III
V
7
8
56.48
70.59
2
3
Problems Identified
RBQ
75
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
76
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
77
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78
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79
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
South West monsoon, broadcasting of shiddi seeds are done. But the predominant
problem faced in the lowlands is the salinity due to sea water intrusion owing to
improper management of bunds. This salinity problem overcomes due to the heavy
rainfall level which readily reduces the effects of salinity on the paddy crop. As the
paddy crop will be attaining maturity towards mid November, it exactly coincides
with NE monsoon. Thus the farmers have to bear severe yield loss due to the
rainfall. While in uplands, transplanting is done for the paddy varieties like Jaya,
Karjat etc. Another problem that aggravates this situation is the unavailability of
timely labour for harvest, threshing, winnowing and transporting the paddy bags
from the field to the nearest roads. Loss in paddy is 25% where an additional yield
loss of 15% occurs due to labour scarcity. Wild boar attack in the upland area as
well as grazing by stray animals in the lowland area is another problem faced by
majority of the farmers due to lack of proper fencing facilities around their farm
fields. Some of the farmers also complained about the lack of proper irrigation
facilities of good irrigation water, irrigation pumps, and farm bunds in order to
implement mechanization. Pests and disease incidence is considerably less in
shiddi variety and some of them are Rice Case Worm, Brown Plant Hopper, Yellow
Stem Borer, blast etc.
6.21.2. Labour scarcity
Another major problem identified in Amona village is the labour scarcity. With
the advent of industries offering better working environment and livelihood means, a
shift in the occupation status in the residents of the village was observed. Most of
them are employed in either public or private sector and thus the villagers are
presently dependant on either family labour or labour from neighboring states like
Maharashtra and Karnataka.
6.21.3. Decline in milk production in cross bred cows
Dairy including cattle and buffalo is another enterprise in the Amona village.
There are about 45 cows (20 cross bred + 20 local) and 20 buffaloes and the
farmers collectively supply the milk to the Goa Cooperative society of the Goa Dairy.
The farmers get a better price of Rs.23 per litre of milk and the society also makes
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
available feed also for the farmers. But recently the cattle population was found to
decrease due to the labour cost involved, unavailability of green fodder, dispute
among the neighbours and lack of interest and the milk yield also drastically
reducing due to the stock of local breeds and susceptibility to diseases.
6.21.4. Pest and Disease in vegetables
Vegetables includes chilli, onion, cowpea (grain type), Amaranthus etc are
cultivated in the uplands in their backyards for mainly home consumption. Few
sucking pests like aphids, mites and few viral diseases occur in certain pockets. The
vegetable cultivation is strictly restricted to sweet water belts both in Kharif and Rabi
season. No plant protection measures are adopted by the farmers.
6.21.5. Low yield of cashew trees
The major reason for low cashew yields even though cashew is the major
cash crop of Amona village are the senile and years old trees of local variety and
zero management practices. The farmers have completely neglected the cashew
orchards and hence records very low yield. Some of the minor occurrence of pest
and diseases like tea mosquito bug, stem borer, anthracnose etc for which they are
not taking up any plant protection measures.
6.21.6. Reduction in coconut yield
Coconut trees are mainly found in the lowland area along the bunds. The
palms are poorly managed w.r.t nutrient management, plant protection and scientific
agronomic practices which contribute to the low nut yield. Another problem
especially for the newly planted palm is from the wild boar attack which completely
uproots the trees and cause damage.
6.21.7. Declining fish catch
Fish farming is a major occupation of Sawanth vada sector in Amona village.
Owing to the recent ill effects of mining, silting and pollution of water bodies by the
industrial effluents, a decline in the fish population has been observed. Water
pollution mainly as scum over the stagnant water deprives dissolved oxygen to the
aquatic organisms and also the wounds on the fishes which is indicative of the
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heavy metal toxicity. Hence only a narrow range of fish species are found at present
in the water bodies of Amona village like shrimps, crabs etc.
Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as
follows:
6.21.9. General observations
1. Lack of proper road facilities in the village
2. Lack of proper electricity and irrigation facilities especially in the lowlands
3. Adverse effect of mining and industrial effluents as a threat to the sustenance of
the village
4. Lack of interest in agriculture and allied activities
5. Zero management practices followed in cashew orchards
6. Organically cultivated paddy fields
7. Less use of FYM and green manure crops like glyricidia, Sesbania sp. Cowpea,
etc
6.21.10 Extension Gap
1. Awareness about high yielding cashew grafts
2. Awareness about availability of improved crop varieties (paddy and vegetables)
3. Silage and hay making, vermi-composting, biogas unit
4. Knowledge about product diversification in cashew
5. Knowledge about sound animal husbandry practices: hygienic practises, milking
interval
6. Concept of integrated farming(backyard poultry, dairy animals)
7. Importance of INM, IPM
8. Mushroom cultivation
6.21.11 Research Gap
1. How to generate income using backyard poultry farming
2. Lack of suitable cross bred cattle and buffalo with higher milk yield
3. Location specific late maturing and saline tolerant paddy variety with preferred
grain quality
4. Suitable high yielding cashew grafts which requires less management practices
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Who
What
When
Where
Screening of novel
2012-
Division of Plant
Pes
Agricultural
2016
Pathology,
Pla
Entomology
Division of
mol
Entomology,
Screening of germplasms
Soil chemistry
2012-
ICAR Research
Tes
2014
sam
IIHR, Bangalore
Intr
---
Scr
per
cashew
Agricultural Extension
2012-
2014
ICAR Research
eva
FSR
Sys
ICAR Research
FSR
Sys
2014
Veterinarian /
Veterinary
2012-
IVRI, Izatnagar
2016
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
Mic
microbiologist/ Live
2012-
sele
Management
Amona village
2012
vari
NDRI, Karnal
Scr
Studies on infectious,
Inte
fact
Breeding
Improved agronomic
2012-
Soi
2013
ICAR Research
paddy yield
Bre
2012-
2019
resistance.
Plant pathologist and
Agriculture Extension
Standardization of
2015
ICAR Research
Sel
stan
popularization
Standardization and
popularization of Termitomyces
sp.cultivation
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7. SEMINARS
7.1. Village seminar
A Farmers workshop was organized at Amona village of Bicholim taluk on
th
26 Nov. 2011 by the eight trainee scientists, who came from NAARM Hyderabad.
The scientists studied the village as a part of their FET.
inaugurated by Dr. N. P. Singh, Director, ICAR Reseach Complex for Goa. In the
key note address, he explained about agricultural scenario and its prospects in Goa
state and in particular Amona village. Besides that, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
programme coordinator Dr. Rajnarayan addressed the farmers. He told about
activities carried out by KVK since the adoption of the village in May 2011 and their
future plans for agriculture development. Farmers shared their experience about
Naveen variety of paddy, introduced by ICAR and KVK in last Kharif season. Dr.
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The important problems such as low paddy yield, labour scarcity, reduction
in milk production, low cashew yield and decline in fish catchments were discussed.
Low paddy yield because of grazing by cattle in low land and wild boar in upland
discussed thoroughly. To control these problems fencing of farm field was
suggested by trainee scientists. Mr. Chablo Parab and Mr. Suresh Parab asked
about fencing schemes available with Department of Agriculture. The representative
of agriculture department Mr. Pramod Joshi made aware the farmers about various
schemes available for farmers like wire fencing, solar fencing and cement fencing
on subsidy basis. The subsidy level was even more than 90%. The farmers were
very happy with the discussion. Labour scarcity was one of the important problems
identified under low paddy yield. Assistant Agricultural officer and trainee scientists
suggested for purchase of small scale machineries like purchase of power tiller,
harvester etc on subsidy basis to address the labour problem. For Shiddi variety of
paddy which is grown organically without any fertilizer in the Khajan land (salty soil)
organic certification and GI was recommended to receive more prices in the market.
Mr. Suresh Parab said Naveen variety of paddy given by KVK yielded 2 quintal per
450 square meter and was recommended against existing low yielding paddy
variety.
In milk production particularly to curb diseases like mastitis, FMD,
Enterotoximia etc, which causes huge economic losses, vaccination and
management of hygienic practices, were suggested by Dr. Chakurkar. For low
cashew yield, old trees (more than 40 years old), poor yielding local variety and
pest/diseases were identified as problems. These could be overcome by
rejuvenation, controlling pest/diseases and using new high yielding matured grafts.
Decline in fish production was addressed to silting, sea water intrusion and
lack of scientific practices. Experts and trainee suggested periodical desilting of
water bodies, use of salt tolerant fish species and adopting scientific practices to
maintain fishes in water bodies.
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8. INDUSTRIAL VISITS
8.1. Goa Bagayatdar Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Saunstha Maryadit
With the intention of protecting welfare of farmers, Goa Bagayatdar society
was established on July 1989 as the largest co-operative society under the
Societies Act and was registered on 31st July 1964 in the name of Central Supari
S.K.V. Society Ltd., at Ponda Goa with the initial capital of Rs.10,500/contributed by 116 members. The Society was started with the principal objective to
secure better price for the Arecanut produced by the members registered under the
society. The Society registered a nominal Profit of around Rs.800/- in the first year
of its operation. This was small but successful beginning for the Society. During
1975, as a result of revolutionary change, Govt. decided to merge Goa Coconut
Producers Co-op. Marketing and Processing Society at Margao with Supari Society
and hence the name of Society was changed to Goa Bagayatdar S.K.V.Society
Ltd., Further in the year due to increase in the paid up capital, the name of the
Society was changed to Goa Bagayatdar Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Saunstha Maryadit.
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The Society is known for the disciplined working with the objective as under:
(i) Members are given maximum rates for their horticultural produce.
(ii)The Consumers are supplied with quality goods at reasonable rates.
(iii) Ready market place is made available for the goods produced by small scale
and Home Industries, which generates employment and economic prosperity.
(iv)The Employees of the Society are offered best terms and conditions.
(v) General public distribution system under one roof so that all the commodities are
made available and keep price stabilization and control on the market
8.1.1. Commercial/business activities of the society include activities like:
1. Buying and selling of Agriculture produce like Arecanut (Supari), Cashew
nut, Coconut, Black Pepper, Otum Sol, Kokum Sol etc.
2. Cashew Processing
3. Selling of Agricultural inputs i.e. fertilizers, seeds etc.
4. Selling of Cattle feed
5. Selling of Agricultural Equipments and Irrigation System.
6. Selling of Grocery and Consumable items
7. Selling of cloths, Stationery and footwear.
8. Selling of Plastic and Steel items.
9. Disbursement of loan through Credit Counter.
This is the only village based Co-operative Society of the Horticulturists from
all over Goa. Because of societys unparalleled dedication and commitment towards
work and people, the society has succeeded in offering farmers and other cooperative society members the maximum remuneration for their horticultural
produce while also supplying the consumers quality goods at very competitive
rates. The Society does the community service by timely providing the general
public all the essential commodities under one roof at low rates. The farmers are
imparted training from time to time in Co-ordination with Agricultural Dept. and ICAR
on the related subject, under various State and Central Govt. Schemes and
projects. The Society plays the role of controlling the market prices during the
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recess time i.e. during trade strikes, scarcities of commodities etc. and also
encourages excellence by giving awards annually to the children of members and
employees.
8.2. Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited
GOA also known as Gomanchal the name itself suggests its a land of
cows. Cow rearing and agriculture was the predominant profession in Goa. In order
to meet the local demand of good quality milk Government of Goa started a dairy
unit in 1967 with a capacity of procuring about 1000 Liter per Day (LPD).
In 1984, Goa government handed over the activities of the Dairy in a phased
manner to Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited that marked the
real beginning of Dairy activity in Goa. The finance provided by NDDB as soft loan
under perspective plan, contributed to the greatly to the success, farmers were
benefited by getting better price and consumers by getting regular supply of good
milk. This support ensured the progress of the Milk Union and put the Union on a
sound footing.
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At present 171 dairy societies are registered under the society act, which
aims to collect quality milk every day morning and evening from the farmer member
(every society has an average of 75-80 farmers as member) and transport it to the
dairy plant. To avoid spoilage of milk during transportation from long distance the
dairy has established two chilling centers. Dairy plant has also distributed 29 bulk
coolers to different co-operative dairy societies to store and maintain cold chain
supply of milk (4C). Milk from the society/chilling center is sent to the dairy plant by
insulated tankers that help to maintain further cold chain. Milk from nearby area is
received in cans from the farmers. At the milk reception point of dairy plant, the
platform tests (organoleptic, chemical and adulteration tests) are performed to judge
the quality of incoming raw milk. The pricing of milk is made on fat and solid not fat
(SNF) content of milk. The payment is given to the farmer member periodically
(within 15 days) by co-operative society, while dairy plant gives payment to the
society in the same manner for quantity of milk received. Every year the profit of the
dairy industry is shared to the registered farmer members.
The dairy plant handles 80000 to 140000 liters of milk per day which varies
from lean to flush season respectively. However, the demand of milk is more than
doubled (3.5 lakhs LPD) that dairy handles presently. Remaining demand is fulfilled
by other private and cooperative dairies of neighboring states. Low land holding by
each farmer (0.5 to 1 ha) , decreased milk yield per animal, poor breeds, nonavailability of green fodder, cost of fodder (accounts for 72% of milk procured, for
example if farmer get 1 Rs from milk 72ps requires for feeding animal) are the
limiting factors for high milk production in Goa state. Therefore dairy aims to
increase milk production through awareness program, breeding program, genetic
improvement and nutrient management programs. The dairy has made combined
impact to make dairying a viable business for the milk producing community in the
state through; rearing of calf to cow, pregnancy ratio scheme, breed upgradation of
non-descript milch animals, modernization of present cattle feed plant, fodder seed
bank for CO3 and CO4 variety, mass scale green fodder cultivation like hydroponic
technology for green fodder production
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Table 29. Milk and milk products produced by Goa state co-operative Dairy
Sl.
Milk
and
milk
Quantity produced/day
Price
No.
products
*Toned milk
4200-4400
5%
26 Rs/liter
*Standardized milk
68000-70000
80%
36 Rs/liter
12000-13000
15%
40 Rs/liter
Lassi
1000 Liter
100%
12 Rs/200 ml
White Butter
200 kg/week
100%
Used
Sell
for
ghee
making
6
Ghee
As per demand
100%
Paneer
100
45 Rs/ 200 gm
in Goa dairy
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PIP is situated in Amona village and many people from Amona are
employed here. As SESA Goa is an industry it certainly has impact on the natural
ecosystem in and around Amona village. To restore the environmental balance the
organization
has
establish
separate
division-
CORPORATE
SOCIAL
Mid Day Meal Scheme to help students coming from far away
places
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Programmes
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A day at the Sahakari spice farm begins at the entrance where visitors are
welcomed with traditional Aarti, Kumkum and Garlands/ flowers. The visitors are
then seated in the restaurant and a welcome drink such as Tender Coconut
/Kokum/Raw Mango juice (Panneh)/lemon grass tea was given to each of us. Also a
round of snacks is offered to each one which includes cheese biscuits / wafers /
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Cashew-nuts. After a refreshing drink, the guide takes the group round the
plantation for a visit and explains each spice that they come across and tells them
the importance of the spices and where they can be suitably used. The growing
procedures for some of the spices are also briefly described to enlighten the visitors.
The farm is used to dissipate knowledge about the different spices and their
medicinal values to the foreign as well as local visitors who since time immemorial
are visiting India in search of spices and trading with Indians in different varieties of
spices.
The visitors are given both theoretical as well as practical information about
the different uses of spices both in normal diet as well as in the treatment of
common diseases. After this highly enlightening tour around the spice farm, the
guests are treated to a cold water shower which is welcomed by the guests since it
helps to keep cool during their meals. After entering the restaurant, the guests are
seated and the lunch is served in the form of a buffet, with a large variety of
delicious Goan dishes comprising of Fish, Chicken and Vegetables, all cooked in
typical village style. A place for relaxation under the dense forest cover, an aroma of
a variety of genuine spices coming from the trees grown around the farm, lots of
knowledge, guidance on the species and treatment for various diseases, sumptuous
lunch in traditional Goan style, and other modes of entertainment, all this and more
to add to a cherishable day at Sahakari Spice Farm. At the end of an educational,
yet relaxing day at the farm, a memento is presented to each and every guest at the
farm to relish their memories for ever.
9.2. Pascoal Organic Spice Village
Pascoal Organic Spice Village, another agro-ecotourism venture is located
just seven Kms from Ponda on National Highway (NH4A) towards Belgaum. The
village is primarily surrounded by a forest and is situated on the banks of river
Khandepar that originates from the famous Dudhsagar falls. The farm covers an
area of 20 hectares, supporting the three major cash crops of coconut, cashew and
areca nuts, inter-planted with spices, which thrive in the dappled shade. The spices
includes Nutmeg, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Black pepper, Cloves, Turmeric, Vanilla,
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Ginger, Hing, Curry leaves, Black Cardamom, Mango ginger and the list goes on
and on...
Pascol Organic Spice Village also has the accreditation for organic
cultivation by the Government of Goa. The visit around the farm along with the guide
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was an informative session and could conceive the concept of agro-ecotourism to its
fullest extent.
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successfully developed cross breed from local pig and Yorkshire, which has got
more demand in the market. He also consulted Dr. Chakurkar about practical
difficulty in maintaining pure Yorkshire and local pigs. The good qualities of local pig
is that it does not require much attention, feed, moreover gestation period is only
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FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
140 days and are better mother, where piglet loss is very less but pure local pork
has least demand in the market. Compared to the local breed, Yorkshire requires
more attention, feed, piglet loss is very high but weight is very good.
The best
characters of both (50:50), are transferred to the cross breed. Cross breed has less
fat which receives more demand in the market. Moreover cross breeds are easy to
maintain. Mr maculm told about the feed he gives to pigs mainly maize. In winter
and rainy season they grow well. In one of research conducted at ICAR by Dr.
chakurkar indicated, in Goa condition, the growth rate and feed conversion
efficiency of the large white Yorkshire X local 50% cross piglets are better than the
pure large white York shire and pure local piglets. Mr. Malcum had five York shire
(3 male + 2 female), five local pig (3 male + 2 female), two hybrid and around 30
piglets. With his experience he has shared very key information, when coconut trees
are in pig farm it creates low temperature that suitable for pig rearing. Mr. Malcum
plans to purchase Bandsaw machine for cutting pigs, making sausages and
distribute it in a package which will increase his income.
11.
Conclusion
Using the PRA tools, Amona village was thus studied and we could realise
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subsidies. In the village, Mondovi River and its tributaries form the main source of
irrigation are the major source of irrigation for agriculture. Hence, there are also
salinity problems through saline water intrusion due to the poor maintenance of
sluice gate.
The situation in the field seems to be healthy from far but the closer we get
(as we did through the FET exercise) we can see that the reality is grim. The
prolonged exploitation of natural resources specially the soil resources and water
resources which leads to effect the soil health condition (soil nutrient deficiencies,
soil erosion, water logging) and depletion of the water resources as a result of which
cropping system will be effected. Especially, the paddy soils were low in organic
carbon content and nitrogen as a result of no manuring. Inertia is inherent in any
system and it is natural for farmers to continue doing what they have been practising
for years. Farmers think more in terms of their immediate needs and situations. The
long term view is not the topmost priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientists
obligation to create awareness among farmers of the long term effects of different
cropping systems and how they should be more dynamic to keep pace with changes
in the system. Creating awareness is also not an easy task and needs to be
approached sensitively and sensibly with good planning. This FET and PRA
exercise has made us more aware of the ground reality and has given us a better
understanding of how to approach farmers and empower them to face the days
ahead.
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ANNEXURE - I
Attendance List Village Work Shop
1. Dr. N.P Singh
2. Dr. Rajanarayan
3. Dr. Chakurkar
4. Dr. Desai
5. Mr. Promod Joshi
6. Mrs. Sunetra
7. Mr. Prabhu Desai
8. Mr. Govind Naik
9. Mr. Jayawant Parab
10. Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gauns
11. Mrs. Anushka Gauns
12. Mr. Narayan Majik
13. Mr. Bharati kolvalkar
14. Mr. Sadanand Parab
15. Mr. Suresh Parab
16. Mr. Ulhas Parab
17. Mr. Sahadev Pandit
18. Mrs. Prabhavati Rajaram Sinari
19. Mrs. Satyawati Manohar Parwar
20. Mrs. Urmila Uttam Fadte
21. Mrs. Rukmini Naik
22. Mr. Pandulik Gauns
23. Mr. Lahu Naik
24. Mr. Vittal Gauns
25. Mr. Atmaram Babul Ghadi
26. Mr. Mahananda Yelekar
27. Mrs. Samitha Gauns
28. Ms. Ranjitha
29. Mr. Guru
30. Mr. Anwar
31. Mr. Susheela Gauns
32. Mrs. Mandovi Gauns
33. Mr. Ullas Yelekar
34. Mrs. Sanjana Govekar
35. Mrs. Sulakshana Pandit
36. Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh
37. Mrs. Urmila Gauns
38. Mr. Vishaal Parab
39. Kum. Ashwini Parab
40. Kum. Samitha Gauns
41. Kum. Sulabha Sinari
42. Mrs. Sanjay Parab
43. Mrs. Maheshwari Yelekar
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Calotropis leaves boiled with water and steam applied in oedema situation in cattles
& humans.
For increasing shelf life of onion, it is kept in pits for 1 week & it hardens.
Pig excreta is a good manure for plants especially cash crops like coconut & cashew
Tribhala & neem leaves used to put along with rice while storage to increase shelf
life.
Traditional Tulsi Vrindavan, part of culture in front of each & every house will also
help as mosquito repellent.
Lemon grass oil mixed with water is applied to back (spine), gives soothing effect.
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