2.

1 Cell theory Study Sheet

Zacharias Jansen (1590) invents compound microscope

Robert Hooke (1665) studied many microscopic organisms using a strong simple microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670) while studying cork, he was the first to use the term "cell
Matthias Schleiden (1838) stated that all plants are composed of cells
Theodor Schwann (1838) stated that all animals are composed of cells
Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1840) Names cell content protoplasm
Rudolf Virchow (1858) stated that all new cells come from other living cells

2.1.1 Outline the cell theory.

2.1.2 Discuss the evidence for the cell

theory.

Living organisms are composed of cells. (Organism may

be unicellular or multicellular)
Cells are the smallest unit of life. (Without cells it is not
living)
Cells come from pre-existing cells. Old cells give rise to
new cells (cell replication)
Skeletal muscle made up of large fibers with 100s of
nuclei
Fungi consist of hyphae with many nuclei
Organism like amoeba have one region where all the
different functions are carried out

2.1.3 State that unicellular organisms

carry
out all the functions of life.

Metabolism: Convert fuel (sugars) into usable energy

Response: Detect and respond to the environmental stimuli
Homeostasis : Control/manage internal environment
Growth: Undergo cellular replication
Reproduction: Formation of offspring (sexual /asexual
reproduction))
Nutrition: get or make food.)

2.1.4 Compare the relative sizes of

molecules, cell membrane thickness,
viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells,
using the appropriate SI unit.

(millimeter) 1 mm = 10-3 m (meters)

(micrometer) 1 m = 10-3 mm (millimeters)
(nanometer) 1 nm = 10-3 m (micrometers)
Molecule = 1 nm
Thickness of cell membrane = 10 nm
Viruses = 100 nm
Bacteria = 1m
Organelles = up to 10 m
Eukaryotic cells = up to 100 m

2.1.5 Calculate the linear magnification

of drawings and the actual size
of specimens in images of known
magnification.

Magnification = Length of Image

Length of Actual specimen
= Objective lens x Eyepiece lens
how much bigger a sample appears to be under the
microscope than it is in real life

2.1.6 Explain the importance of the

surface
area to volume ratio as a factor
limiting cell size.

Resolution = distinguish between two points on an image

(separate points/greater details/clarity)

Big cell Large SA & V Small SA/V Ratio

substances wont be able to enter the cell fast
cannot fuel the reactions
waste products will accumulate within the cell (theyre
produced faster than they can be excreted)
not be able to lose heat fast overheat.

2.1.7 State that multicellular

organisms
show emergent properties.

Emergent properties arise from the interaction of component

parts: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Cells tissues organs organ systems multicellular
organisms.

organism can achieve more than the sum of what each

cell could achieve individually.
Cells each perform specific functions in multi-cellular
organisms. Meaning that they each contribute in a
specific way to the greater good of the organism

e.g. Your lungs are made of many cells. However, the cells by
themselves arent much use. It is the many cells working as a
unit that allow the lungs to perform their function.
2.1.8 Explain that cells in multicellular
organisms differentiate to carry out
specialized functions by expressing
some of their genes but not others.

2.1.9 State that stem cells retain the

capacity to divide and have the
ability to differentiate along
different
pathways.

Cells carry out

specialized
functions by not
expressing all their
genes at once.

Some genes are

turned on while
others turned off.

Different cell types

develop differently
and perform
different
(specialized) jobs
by having specific
genes turned on or
off.

Stem cells (e.g embryonic, umbilical, adults bone marrow)

Unspecialized cells all (or most) their genes can still be

expressed can become any type of cell (totipotent).

Self-sustaining divide and replicate for long periods of

time
e.g.
Zygote Stem cell Division
Totipotent stem cells (can become any type of cell)
Puripotent stem cells (develop into more than one cell type)
Blastocyst
Multipotent stem cells (become a limited number of
particular types of cells) Hematogenous cells
Dedicated cells (perform a specific function) Blood cells

2.1.10 Outline one therapeutic use of

stem
cells.

Therapeutic Use: Spinal

Cord Injuries

Injury to the spinal paralysis occurs

Use embryonic cells to

make myelin sheath
help with connection of
axon

Stimulation of axon
regrowth reestablish
the broken connection t
repair a damaged
spinal cord