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Contents

Contributors ..................................................................................

ix

Preface to Second Edition ............................................................

xiii

Preface to First Edition .................................................................

xv

General References .....................................................................

xvii

About the Authors .........................................................................

xix

Part A. System Considerations ................................................. 1.1.1

Section 1. System Fundamentals ............................................................

1.1.3

1.1

Conceptual and Preliminary Design .................................... 1.1.5

1.1.1
Introduction ............................................................... 1.1.5
1.1.2
Concept Phase ......................................................... 1.1.6
1.1.3
Preliminary Design Phase ........................................ 1.1.14
1.1.4
References ............................................................... 1.1.18
1.1.5
Bibliography .............................................................. 1.1.18

1.2

Heating and Cooling Load Calculations .............................. 1.2.1

1.2.1
Introduction ............................................................... 1.2.1
1.2.2
Heating and Cooling Loads ...................................... 1.2.1
1.2.3
Trane Programs ........................................................ 1.2.4
1.2.4
Carrier Programs ...................................................... 1.2.11
1.2.5
References ............................................................... 1.2.13

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vii

viii

Contents

Section 2. Design Considerations ............................................................

Applications of HVAC Systems ........................................... 2.1.3

2.1.1
General Considerations ............................................ 2.1.3
2.1.2
Occupancies ............................................................. 2.1.11
2.1.3
Exhaust Systems ...................................................... 2.1.18
2.1.4
References ............................................................... 2.1.25

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2.1

2.1.1

2.2

HVAC Applications for Cogeneration Systems .................... 2.2.1

2.2.1
Introduction ............................................................... 2.2.1
2.2.2
HVAC Applications for Thermal Energy .................... 2.2.1
2.2.3
Operational Criteria ................................................... 2.2.8
2.2.4
Fuel ........................................................................... 2.2.9
2.2.5
Prime Movers ............................................................ 2.2.10

2.3

Condensate Control ............................................................

2.3.1
Condensate Carryover and Drips .............................
2.3.2
Condensate Drain Pan .............................................
2.3.3
Humidity and Temperature in Air Supply
System ......................................................................
2.3.4
Position of Fan in Air Handler ...................................
2.3.5
Seal on the Condensate Drain Line (DrawThrough Systems) ....................................................
2.3.6
Condensate Drain Lines ...........................................
2.3.7
References ...............................................................

2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.5

2.3.11
2.3.15

2.3.18
2.3.28
2.3.30

Part B. Systems and Components ............................................ 3.1.1

Section 3. Components for Heating and Cooling ....................................
3.1

Piping ..................................................................................

3.1.3

3.1.5

Part 1: Water and Steam Piping ............................................... 3.1.5

3.1.1
Introduction ............................................................... 3.1.5
3.1.2
Hydronic Systems ..................................................... 3.1.5
3.1.3
Steam Systems ......................................................... 3.1.8
3.1.4
Refrigerant Systems ................................................. 3.1.10
References ............................................................................. 3.1.11

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Contents
and Gas Piping ..........................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Qil Piping ..................................................................
Gas Piping ................................................................

3.1.12
3.1.12
3.1.12
3.1.21

3.2

Duct Sizing ..........................................................................

3.2.1
Introduction ...............................................................
3.2.2
Manual Method .........................................................
3.2.3
Computer Method .....................................................
3.2.4
References ...............................................................
3.2.5
Bibliography ..............................................................

3.2.1
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.4

3.3

Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems ...................................

3.3.1
System Design ..........................................................
3.3.2
Typical System Designs ...........................................
3.3.3
Fan Modulation Methods ..........................................
3.3.4
Fan Deviation from Catalog Ratings .........................
3.3.5
Fan Control Sensor Location ....................................
3.3.6
Fan Selection ............................................................
3.3.7
Return-Air Fans ........................................................
3.3.8
Design Check List for Good Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ) .........................................................................
3.3.9
Reference .................................................................

3.3.1
3.3.1
3.3.8
3.3.23
3.3.27
3.3.31
3.3.35
3.3.37

3.4

Fans and Blowers ...............................................................

3.4.1
Fan Requirements ....................................................
3.4.2
Fan Types .................................................................
3.4.3
Fan Systems .............................................................
3.4.4
Fan Laws ..................................................................
3.4.5
Fan Noise .................................................................
3.4.6
Fan Construction ......................................................
3.4.7
Fan Selection ............................................................
References .............................................................................

3.4.1
3.4.1
3.4.3
3.4.9
3.4.20
3.4.22
3.4.25
3.4.31
3.4.40

3.5

Pumps for Heating and Cooling ..........................................

3.5.1
Introduction ...............................................................
3.5.2
Centrifugal Pumps ....................................................

3.5.1
3.5.1
3.5.2

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Part 2: Oil
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7

ix

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3.3.40
3.3.41

Contents
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
3.5.8
3.5.9
3.5.10
3.5.11

Positive-Displacement Pumps ..................................

HVAC System Designs .............................................
Heating Systems .......................................................
Closed System Design .............................................
Refrigeration Systems ..............................................
Selection ...................................................................
Variable Speed Energy Conservation .......................
Installation and Operation .........................................
Reference .................................................................

3.5.17
3.5.21
3.5.22
3.5.25
3.5.37
3.5.39
3.5.40
3.5.40
3.5.42

3.6

Valves
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4

................................................................................. 3.6.1
Introduction ............................................................... 3.6.1
Valve Sealing ............................................................ 3.6.1
Isolation Valves and Balancing Valves ..................... 3.6.19
Reference ................................................................. 3.6.23

3.7

Valance Units ......................................................................

3.7.1
Description ................................................................
3.7.2
Features ....................................................................
3.7.3
Construction ..............................................................
3.7.4
Operation ..................................................................
3.7.5
Design of the Valance ...............................................

3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.5

Section 4. Heat Generation Equipment ...................................................

4.1.1

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4.1

Boilers
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.1.10

.................................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Boiler Types ..............................................................
Operating Pressure ...................................................
Boiler Design Classifications ....................................
Selecting a Packaged Boiler .....................................
General Design Criteria ............................................
Water-Tube Boilers ...................................................
Fire-Tube Boilers ......................................................
Cast-Iron Boilers .......................................................
Specific Design Criteria ............................................

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4.1.3
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.7
4.1.9
4.1.12
4.1.19
4.1.21
4.1.23

Contents
Systems and Selections ...........................................
High Temperature Water Systems ...........................
Heat-Recovery Boilers ..............................................
Solid-Fuel Boilers ......................................................
Unfired Boilers ..........................................................
Operation and Maintenance .....................................
Electric Boilers ..........................................................

4.1.25
4.1.29
4.1.38
4.1.43
4.1.48
4.1.49
4.1.50

4.2

Burners and Fuels ...............................................................

4.2.1
Introduction ...............................................................
4.2.2
Fuels .........................................................................

4.2.1
4.2.1
4.2.6

4.3

Burner
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5

4.4

Factory-Built Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and

Stacks .................................................................................
4.4.1
Introduction ...............................................................
4.4.2
Listed Factory-Built Chimneys and Vents .................
4.4.3
Steel Stacks ..............................................................
4.4.4
Precast Reinforced-Concrete Chimneys ..................
4.4.5
Chimneys for Incinerators .........................................
4.4.6
Design ......................................................................
4.4.7
References ...............................................................

4.4.1
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.32
4.4.37
4.4.46
4.4.63
4.4.87

Section 5. Heat Distribution Systems ......................................................

5.1.1

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4.1.11
4.1.12
4.1.13
4.1.14
4.1.15
4.1.16
4.1.17

xi

5.1

Steam
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

Systems .................................................................. 4.3.1

Introduction ............................................................... 4.3.1
Gas Burners .............................................................. 4.3.1
Oil Burners ................................................................ 4.3.3
Solid-Fuel Burners .................................................... 4.3.7
Controls .................................................................... 4.3.13

.................................................................................
Introduction to Steam ................................................
Introduction to Steam Heating Systems ...................
General System Design ............................................
Pressure Conditions .................................................
Piping Arrangements ................................................

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5.1.3
5.1.3
5.1.6
5.1.6
5.1.6
5.1.7

Contents
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.10
5.1.11

Condensate Return ...................................................

Pipe-Sizing Criteria ...................................................
Determining Equivalent Length .................................
Basic Tables for Steam Pipe Sizing ..........................
Tables for Low-Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing ............
Tables for Sizing Medium- and High-Pressure
Pipe Systems ............................................................
Air Vents ...................................................................
Steam Traps .............................................................
Steam Trap Types ....................................................
Balanced-Pressure Steam Traps ..............................
Bimetallic Thermostatic Steam Traps .......................
Liquid-Expansion Steam Traps .................................
Bucket Steam Traps .................................................
Float-and-Thermostatic Steam Traps .......................
Thermodynamic Steam Traps ..................................
Steam Trap Location ................................................
Steam Trap Sizing ....................................................
Steam Trap Selection ...............................................
Determining Condensate Load for a System ............
Water Damage ..........................................................
Water Conditioning ...................................................
Freeze Protection .....................................................
Piping Supports ........................................................
Strainers ...................................................................
Pressure-Reducing Valves .......................................
Flash Tanks ..............................................................
Steam Separators .....................................................

5.1.7
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.8
5.1.10

5.1.11
5.1.15
5.1.16
5.1.17
5.1.18
5.1.19
5.1.20
5.1.20
5.1.21
5.1.22
5.1.23
5.1.23
5.1.25
5.1.25
5.1.25
5.1.26
5.1.26
5.1.26
5.1.27
5.1.28
5.1.28
5.1.28

Hot-Water Systems .............................................................

5.2.1
Introduction ...............................................................
5.2.2
Classes of Hot-Water Systems .................................
5.2.3
Design of Hot-Water Systems ..................................
5.2.4
Piping Layout ............................................................

5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3

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xii

5.1.12
5.1.13
5.1.14
5.1.15
5.1.16
5.1.17
5.1.18
5.1.19
5.1.20
5.1.21
5.1.22
5.1.23
5.1.24
5.1.25
5.1.26
5.1.27
5.1.28
5.1.29
5.1.30
5.1.31
5.1.32

5.2

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Contents

xiii

Pressure Drop and Pumping Requirements ............. 5.2.6

Pipe Sizing ................................................................ 5.2.9
Venting and Expansion Tanks .................................. 5.2.10
Mechanical and Control Equipment .......................... 5.2.12

5.3

Infrared
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5

Heating ..................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Types of Heaters and Applications ...........................
Physiology of Infrared Heating ..................................
Spacing and Arrangement of Electric Heaters ..........
Gas Infrared Radiant Heating ...................................

5.4

Electric
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
5.4.7
5.4.8
5.4.9
5.4.10
5.4.11
5.4.12
5.4.13
5.4.14
5.4.15
5.4.16

Heating ................................................................... 5.4.1

Introduction ............................................................... 5.4.1
System Selection ...................................................... 5.4.1
Central Hot-Water Systems ...................................... 5.4.4
Warm-Air Systems .................................................... 5.4.4
Convector with Metallic Heating Element ................. 5.4.6
Unit Ventilators ......................................................... 5.4.6
Unit Heaters .............................................................. 5.4.6
Baseboard Heaters ................................................... 5.4.6
Infrared Heaters ........................................................ 5.4.7
Valance, Cornice, or Cove Heaters .......................... 5.4.7
Radiant Convector Wall Panels ................................ 5.4.7
Integrated Heat Recovery ......................................... 5.4.8
Heat Pumps (See Also Chap. 6.3) ............................ 5.4.8
Specifying Electric Heating Systems ........................ 5.4.10
Electric Circuit Design ............................................... 5.4.10
Heat Pump Types ..................................................... 5.4.11

5.5

Solar Space Heating ...........................................................

5.5.1
Introduction ...............................................................
5.5.2
Types of Distribution Systems ..................................
5.5.3
General Design .........................................................
5.5.4
Heat-Transfer Media .................................................
5.5.5
Water Drainback Systems ........................................

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5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8

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5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.5

5.5.1
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.4
5.5.6
5.5.7

xiv

Contents
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8

Pumping Considerations ...........................................

Additional Fluid System Considerations ...................
Materials and Equipment ..........................................

5.5.7
6.5.8
5.5.9

Snow-Melting Systems ........................................................

5.6.1
Introduction ...............................................................
5.6.2
Determination of the Snow-Melting Load ..................
5.6.3
Piping Layout ............................................................
5.6.4
Determine the Gallons/Minute (Liters/Second)
Requirement and Specify a Heat Exchanger ............
5.6.5
Select Specialties .....................................................
5.6.6
Electrical Snow Melting .............................................
5.6.7
Electric Heat Output ..................................................
5.6.8
Infrared (Radiant) Snow Melting ...............................
5.6.9
System Controls .......................................................

5.6.1
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.4

5.7

Heat Tracing .......................................................................

5.7.1
Introduction ...............................................................
5.7.2
Basic Design Considerations ....................................
5.7.3
Electric Heat-Tracing Design ....................................
5.7.4
Accessory and Control Equipment ...........................

5.7.1
5.7.1
5.7.1
5.7.4
5.7.7

5.8

Unit Heaters ........................................................................

5.8.1
Introduction ...............................................................
5.8.2
Unit Heating System Differences ..............................
5.8.3
Classification of Unit Heaters ....................................
5.8.4
Typical Unit Heater Connections ..............................
5.8.5
Calculating Heat Loss for a Building .........................
5.8.6
Selecting Unit Heaters ..............................................
5.8.7
When Quietness is a Factor .....................................
5.8.8
Controls for Unit Heater Operation ...........................
5.8.9
Locating Unit Heaters ...............................................
5.8.10 Seven Good Reasons for Replacing Rather
Than Repairing Unit Heaters ....................................
5.8.11 References ...............................................................

5.8.1
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.4
5.8.7
5.8.8
5.8.10
5.8.15
5.8.20
5.8.21

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5.6

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5.6.4
5.6.5
5.6.6
5.6.6
5.6.7
5.6.8

5.8.23
5.8.25

Contents

Hydronic Cabinet Heaters ................................................... 5.9.1

5.9.1
Cabinet Unit HeatersHeating Only .......................... 5.9.1
5.9.2
Fan-Coil UnitsHeating and Cooling ........................ 5.9.3
5.9.3
Unit VentilatorsHeating, Cooling, and
Ventilating ................................................................. 5.9.5
5.9.4
Selection ................................................................... 5.9.5
5.9.5
Applications .............................................................. 5.9.17
5.9.6
References ............................................................... 5.9.21

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5.9

xv

5.10 Heat Exchangers ................................................................

5.10.1 Introduction ...............................................................
5.10.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers .............................
5.10.3 Nonremovable (Fixed-Tubesheet) Tube
Bundles .....................................................................
5.10.4 U-Tube Removable Tube Bundles ...........................
5.10.5 Packed Floating Tub Sheet Removable
Bundles .....................................................................
5.10.6 Internal Floating Head Removable Bundles .............
5.10.7 Tubes for Shell-and-Tube Design .............................
5.10.8 Tube Joints ...............................................................
5.10.9 Headers for Shell-and-Tube Design .........................
5.10.10 Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers ..........................
5.10.11 Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers .................................
5.10.12 Coils ..........................................................................
5.10.13 Maintenance of Heat Exchangers .............................
5.10.14 References ...............................................................
5.10.15 Bibliography ..............................................................

5.10.5
5.10.6
5.10.6
5.10.9
5.10.9
5.10.10
5.10.14
5.10.15
5.10.18
5.10.19
5.10.19

5.11 Radiators for Steam and Hot Water Heating .......................

5.11.1 Introduction ...............................................................
5.11.2 Heating Elements .....................................................
5.11.3 Enclosures ................................................................
5.11.4 Architectural Enclosures ...........................................
5.11.5 Ratings ......................................................................
5.11.6 Selection ...................................................................

5.11.1
5.11.1
5.11.2
5.11.4
5.11.6
5.11.8
5.11.9

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5.10.1
5.10.1
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.10.4

xvi

Contents
Application ................................................................
Piping Arrangements ................................................
Automatic Control .....................................................
References ...............................................................

5.11.10
5.11.12
5.11.13
5.11.15

5.12 Door Heating .......................................................................

5.12.1 Introduction ...............................................................
5.12.2 Characteristics of Door Heating Loads .....................
5.12.3. Types of Door Heating Equipment Available ............
5.12.4 Controls and Control Systems ..................................
5.12.5 Selection of Door Heaters .........................................
5.12.6 Alternatives to Door Heating .....................................
5.12.7 Door Heater Installation ............................................
5.12.8 Door Heating WorksheetExplanation ......................
5.12.9 Door Heating WorksheetSample Form for
Use ...........................................................................

5.12.1
5.12.1
5.12.1
5.12.2
5.12.6
5.12.8
5.12.11
5.12.11
5.12.12

5.13 Radiant Panel Heating ........................................................

5.13.1 Introduction ...............................................................
5.13.2 Definitions and Terms ...............................................
5.13.3 History and Applications ...........................................
5.13.4 Design Considerations ..............................................
5.13.5 System Components ................................................
5.13.6 System Design ..........................................................
5.13.7 Installation Methods ..................................................
5.13.8 Summary ..................................................................
5.13.9 References ...............................................................

5.13.1
5.13.1
5.13.1
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.12
5.13.28
5.13.44
5.13.54
5.13.54

Section 6. Refrigeration Systems for HVAC ............................................

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5.11.7
5.11.8
5.11.9
5.11.10

6.1

5.12.15

Refrigerants ........................................................................ 6.1.3

6.1.1
Introduction ............................................................... 6.1.3
6.1.2
Selection Criteria ...................................................... 6.1.3
6.1.3
Refrigerant Types ..................................................... 6.1.7
6.1.4
Refrigeration Systems .............................................. 6.1.11
6.1.5
Materials Compatibility .............................................. 6.1.13

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Contents
6.1.6

References ............................................................... 6.1.14

Positive Displacement Compressors/Chillers and

Condensers ........................................................................ 6.2.1
6.2.1
Introduction ............................................................... 6.2.1
6.2.2
Reciprocating Compressors ..................................... 6.2.1
6.2.3
Screw Compressors ................................................. 6.2.7
6.2.4
Scroll Compressors .................................................. 6.2.8
6.2.5
Positive Displacement Liquid Chiller Systems .......... 6.2.9
6.2.6
Condensers .............................................................. 6.2.18

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xvii

6.3

Centrifugal Chillers ..............................................................

6.3.1
Introduction ...............................................................
6.3.2
Refrigeration Cycles .................................................
6.3.3
Components .............................................................
6.3.4
Capacity Control .......................................................
6.3.5
Power Consumption .................................................
6.3.6
Ratings ......................................................................
6.3.7
Controls ....................................................................
6.3.8
Installation .................................................................
6.3.9
Operation ..................................................................
6.3.10 Maintenance .............................................................
6.3.11 References ...............................................................

6.4

Screw Compressors ............................................................ 6.4.1

6.4.1
Introduction ............................................................... 6.4.1
6.4.2
Twin-Screw Compressors ......................................... 6.4.1
6.4.3
Single-Screw Compressors ...................................... 6.4.22
6.4.4
Semihermetic Screw Compressors .......................... 6.4.26

6.5

Absorption Chillers ..............................................................

6.5.1
Introduction ...............................................................
6.5.2
Description of the Cycle ............................................
6.5.3
Equipment .................................................................
6.5.4
Applications ..............................................................
6.5.5
Energy Analysis ........................................................
6.5.6
Unit Selection ............................................................
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6.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.4
6.3.7
6.3.8
6.3.12
6.3.14
6.3.16
6.3.17
6.3.18
6.3.18

6.5.1
6.5.1
6.5.1
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.4
6.5.8

xviii

Contents
Location ....................................................................
Installation .................................................................
Insulation ..................................................................
Operation and Controls .............................................
Operation and Maintenance .....................................
References ...............................................................

6.5.11
6.5.13
6.5.13
6.5.13
6.5.16
6.5.19

Heat Pumps ........................................................................

6.6.1
Air-Source Heat Pump Basics ..................................
6.6.2
Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps ............

6.6.1
6.6.1
6.6.6

Section 7. Cooling Distribution Systems and Equipment ........................

7.1.1

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6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.5.11
6.5.12

6.6

7.1

Chilled Water and Brine ......................................................

7.1.1
Introduction ...............................................................
7.1.2
System Description ...................................................
7.1.3
Where Used ..............................................................
7.1.4
System Arrangement ................................................
7.1.5
Distribution Systems .................................................
7.1.6
Design Considerations ..............................................
7.1.7
Installation Considerations ........................................
7.1.8
System Monitoring ....................................................
7.1.9
Brine .........................................................................
7.1.10 Stratified Chilled-Water Storage System ..................
7.1.11 References ...............................................................

7.2

All-Air Systems ................................................................... 7.2.1

7.2.1
Single-Zone Constant Volume System ..................... 7.2.1
7.2.2
Single-Zone Constant-Volume System with
Reheat ...................................................................... 7.2.3
7.2.3
Multizone System ..................................................... 7.2.4
7.2.4
Induction Unit System ............................................... 7.2.7
7.2.5
Variable-Air-Volume System ..................................... 7.2.8
7.2.6
Dual-Duct System ..................................................... 7.2.11
7.2.7
Bibliography .............................................................. 7.2.13

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7.1.3
7.1.3
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.4
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.1.8
7.1.10
7.1.10
7.1.13
7.1.18

Contents

Direct Expansion Systems .................................................. 7.3.1

7.3.1
System Description ................................................... 7.3.1
7.3.2
Equipment ................................................................. 7.3.3
7.3.3
Applications .............................................................. 7.3.9
7.3.4
Design Considerations .............................................. 7.3.10
7.3.5
References ............................................................... 7.3.12

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7.3

xix

7.4

Cooling
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
7.4.9

Towers ...................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Tower Types and Configurations ..............................
Heat Exchange Calculations .....................................
Cooling Tower Fill .....................................................
External Influences on Performance .........................
Choosing the Design Wet-Bulb Temperature ...........
Typical Components .................................................
Materials of Construction ..........................................
Energy Management and Temperature
Control ......................................................................
7.4.10 Wintertime Operation ................................................

7.4.1
7.4.1
7.4.1
7.4.6
7.4.13
7.4.17
7.4.19
7.4.19
7.4.24
7.4.25
7.4.31

7.5

Coils .................................................................................... 7.5.1

7.5.1
Introduction ............................................................... 7.5.1
7.5.2
Coil Construction and Arrangement .......................... 7.5.1
7.5.3
Coil Types ................................................................. 7.5.2
7.5.4
Coil Applications ....................................................... 7.5.7
7.5.5
Coil Selection ............................................................ 7.5.10
7.5.6
Heat-Transfer Calculations ....................................... 7.5.11
7.5.7
Metal Resistance of External Fins and Tube
Wall ........................................................................... 7.5.13
7.5.8
Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Inside Surface .............. 7.5.13
7.5.9
Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Outside Surface ........... 7.5.14
7.5.10 Dehumidifying Cooling Coils ..................................... 7.5.14
7.5.11 References ............................................................... 7.5.15

7.6

Air Filtration and Air Pollution Control Equipment ................

7.6.1
Gas Purification Equipment Categories ....................
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7.6.1
7.6.1

Contents
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
7.6.7
7.6.8

Particulate Contaminants ..........................................

Contaminant Effects .................................................
Air Quality .................................................................
Particulate Air Filters .................................................
Gaseous Contaminant Air Filters ..............................
Particulate Air Pollution Control Equipment ..............
Gaseous Contaminant Air Pollution Control
Equipment .................................................................
Gas Purification Equipment Performance
Testing ......................................................................
References ...............................................................
Bibliography ..............................................................

7.6.2
7.6.13
7.6.21
7.6.24
7.6.32
7.6.41

7.7

Air Makeup (Replacement Air or Makeup Air) .....................

7.7.1
Introduction ...............................................................
7.7.2
Types of Makeup Air (Replacement Air) Units ..........
7.7.3
Heat Sources ............................................................
7.7.4
Heat-Recycled and Unheated Air .............................
7.7.5
Cooling Systems .......................................................
7.7.6
Types of Units by Air Moving Devices ......................
7.7.7
ApplicationGeneral ................................................
7.7.8
ApplicationPositive-Pressure Heating ...................
7.7.9
Summary ..................................................................

7.7.1
7.7.1
7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.8
7.7.9
7.7.12
7.7.15
7.7.18
7.7.19

7.8

Desiccant Dehumidifiers .....................................................

7.8.1
Introduction ...............................................................
7.8.2
Psychometrics of Air Conditioning Loads .................
7.8.3
Behavior of Desiccant Materials ...............................
7.8.4
Desiccant Dehumidifiers ...........................................
7.8.5
Applications for Desiccant Systems ..........................
7.8.6
Evaluating Applications for Desiccant Systems ........
7.8.7
Controls for Desiccant Systems ................................
7.8.8
Controlling Liquid Desiccant Systems ......................
7.8.9
Commercial Desiccant Systems ...............................
7.8.10 Summary ..................................................................

7.8.1
7.8.1
7.8.2
7.8.5
7.8.8
7.8.10
7.8.12
7.8.20
7.8.26
7.8.26
7.8.31

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xx

7.6.9

7.6.10
7.6.11

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7.6.50

7.6.52
7.6.56
7.6.58

Contents
7.8.11
7.8.12

xxi

References ............................................................... 7.8.31

Bibliography .............................................................. 7.8.32

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Part C. General Considerations ................................................ 8.1.1

8.1 Automatic Temperature, Pressure, Flow Control Systems ..............

8.1.3

8.1.1

Control
8.1.1.1
8.1.1.2
8.1.1.3

Basics ...............................................................
Control Systems .................................................
Modes of Feedback Control ...............................
Flow-Control Characteristics ..............................

8.1.3
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.7

8.1.2

Control
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5

Equipment Types ..............................................

Sensors ..............................................................
Controllers ..........................................................
Final-Control Elements .......................................
Auxiliary Equipment ............................................
Pneumatic, Electric, Electronic
Comparisons ......................................................

8.1.11
8.1.11
8.1.15
8.1.16
8.1.17

Applications .......................................................
Boiler Control ......................................................
Control of Excess Air ..........................................
HVAC Fan Systems ...........................................
Refrigeration Control ..........................................
Central Heating and Cooling Plants ...................
Water-Distribution Control ..................................

8.1.19
8.1.19
8.1.21
8.1.23
8.1.37
8.1.40
8.1.47

8.1.17

8.1.3

Control
8.1.3.1
8.1.3.2
8.1.3.3
8.1.3.4
8.1.3.5
8.1.3.6

8.1.4

Building Management Systems ...................................... 8.1.52

8.1.4.1 Building Management System Types ................. 8.1.52
8.1.4.2 Management System Applications ..................... 8.1.56

8.1.5

Selection ........................................................................ 8.1.62

8.1.6

Total Building Function ..................................................

8.1.6.1 Type of Building and System Zoning ..................
8.1.6.2 Types of Occupancy and Use ............................
8.1.6.3 Accuracy Requirements .....................................
8.1.6.4 Economic Justification ........................................

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8.1.62
8.1.63
8.1.63
8.1.63
8.1.63

xxii

Contents

8.2 Noise Control ....................................................................................

8.2.1

Introduction ....................................................................

8.2.1

8.2.2

The Nature of Sound .....................................................

8.2.2.1 Displacement Amplitude and Particle
Velocity ...............................................................
8.2.2.2 Frequency ..........................................................
8.2.2.3 Wavelength ........................................................
8.2.2.4 Sound Level .......................................................

8.2.1

8.2.3

The Speed of Sound in Air .............................................

8.2.4

8.2.4

The Speed of Sound in Solids .......................................

8.2.5

8.2.5

The Decibel ...................................................................

8.2.5.1 Sound Power Level ............................................
8.2.5.2 Sound Pressure Level ........................................

8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.8

8.2.6

Determination of Sound Power Levels ...........................

8.2.9

8.2.7

Calculating Changes in Sound Power and Sound

Pressure Levels ............................................................. 8.2.10
8.2.7.1 Sound Power Level ............................................ 8.2.10
8.2.7.2 Sound Pressure Level ........................................ 8.2.10

8.2.8

Propagation of Sound Outdoors ..................................... 8.2.12

8.2.9

The Inverse-Square Law ................................................ 8.2.14

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8.2.1

8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.4

8.2.10 Partial Barriers ............................................................... 8.2.15

8.2.11 Propagation of Sound Indoors .......................................
8.2.11.1 Direct Sound Path ..............................................
8.2.11.2 Reverberant Sound Path ....................................
8.2.11.3 Effects of Direct and Reverberant Sound ...........

8.2.17
8.2.17
8.2.17
8.2.18

8.2.12 Sound Transmission Loss ..............................................

8.2.12.1 The Mass Law ....................................................
8.2.12.1 The Effect of Openings on Partition TL ..............
8.2.12.3 Single-Number TL Ratings: STC Ratings ...........

8.2.18
8.2.20
8.2.21
8.2.21

8.2.13 Noise Reduction and Insertion Loss .............................. 8.2.22

8.2.14 The Effects of Sound Absorption on ReceivingRoom NR Characteristics .............................................. 8.2.23
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Contents

xxiii

8.2.15 Fan Noise ...................................................................... 8.2.24

8.2.16 Cooling Tower Noise ..................................................... 8.2.28
8.2.17 Duct SilencersTerminology and Types ......................... 8.2.28

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8.2.18 Effects of Forward and Reverse Flow on Silencer

SN and DIL .................................................................... 8.2.31
8.2.18.1 Brief Theory of the Effects of Air-Flow
Direction on Silencer Performance ..................... 8.2.35
8.2.19 Combining Active and Dissipative Silencers .................. 8.2.36
8.2.20 Sound Transmission Through Duct WallsDuct
Break-out and Break-in Noise ........................................ 8.2.38
8.2.21 Noise Criteria .................................................................
8.2.21.1 dBA Criteria ........................................................
8.2.21.2 Community and Workplace Noise
Regulations ........................................................
8.2.21.3 Noise Criteria (NC) Curves .................................
8.2.21.4 Speech Interference Levels ................................
8.2.21.5 Ambient Noise Levels as Criteria .......................

8.2.22 Enclosure and Noise Partition Design

Considerations ...............................................................
8.2.22.1 Actual Versus Predicted Sound
Transmission Losses ..........................................
8.2.22.2 Joints ..................................................................
8.2.22.3 Windows and Seals ............................................
8.2.22.4 Doors and Seals .................................................
8.2.22.5 Transmission Loss of Composite
Structures ...........................................................
8.2.22.6 Flanking Paths ....................................................
8.2.22.7 Room Performance ............................................

8.2.41
8.2.41
8.2.49
8.2.51
8.2.57
8.2.58

8.2.59
8.2.59
8.2.60
8.2.65
8.2.66
8.2.69
8.2.71
8.2.72

8.2.23 Sound Absorption in Rooms .......................................... 8.2.72

8.2.24 Silencer Application ....................................................... 8.2.77
8.2.24.1 Specific Effects of Flow Velocity on Silencer
Attenuation ......................................................... 8.2.77
8.2.24.2 Interaction of DIL with Self-Noise ....................... 8.2.78
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xxiv

Contents
8.2.79
8.2.82
8.2.84

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8.2.24.3 Pressure Drop ....................................................

8.2.24.4 Energy Consumption ..........................................
8.2.24.5 Effects of Silencer Length and Cross
Section ...............................................................
8.2.24.6 Impact on Silencer p of Proximity to Other
Elements in an HVAC Duct System ...................
8.2.24.7 Duct Rumble and Silencer Location ...................
8.2.24.8 Effect of Silencer Location on Residual
Noise Levels .......................................................

8.2.25 Systemic Noise Analysis Procedure for Ducted

Systems .........................................................................
8.2.25.1 Procedure ...........................................................
8.2.25.2 Silencer Selection ...............................................
8.2.25.3 Calculating the Attenuation Effects of Lined
Ducts ..................................................................

8.2.85
8.2.86
8.2.87

8.2.88
8.2.91
8.2.103
8.2.104

8.2.26 Acoustic Louvers ........................................................... 8.2.105

8.2.27 HVAC Silencing Applications ......................................... 8.2.107
8.2.28 Self-Noise of Room Terminal Units ................................ 8.2.113
8.2.29 The Use of Individual Air-Handling Units in HighRise Buildings ................................................................ 8.2.119
8.2.30 Built-Up Acoustic Plenums ............................................. 8.2.119
8.2.31 Fiberglass and Noise ControlIs It Safe? ....................... 8.2.120
8.2.32 References .................................................................... 8.2.130

8.3 Vibration Control ...............................................................................

8.3.1

8.3.1

Introduction ....................................................................

8.3.1

8.3.2

Theory ...........................................................................

8.3.1

8.3.3

Application .....................................................................
8.3.3.1 Basic Considerations ..........................................
8.3.3.2 Isolation Materials ..............................................

8.3.4
8.3.4
8.3.9

8.3.4

Selection ........................................................................ 8.3.19

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Contents

Seismic Protection of Resiliently Mounted

Equipment ..................................................................... 8.3.33
8.3.5.1 Theory ................................................................ 8.3.33
8.3.5.2 Seismic Specifications ........................................ 8.3.39

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8.3.5

xxv

8.3.6

Acoustical Isolation by Means of Vibration-Isolated

Floating Floors ............................................................... 8.3.43
8.3.6.1 Theory and Methods .......................................... 8.3.43
8.3.6.2 Specification ....................................................... 8.3.44

8.4 Energy Conservation Practice ..........................................................

8.4.1

8.4.1

Introduction ....................................................................

8.4.1

8.4.2

General ..........................................................................

8.4.2

8.4.3

Design Parameters ........................................................

8.4.3.1 Energy Audit .......................................................
8.4.3.2 Design ................................................................
8.4.3.3 Types of Systems ...............................................
8.4.3.4 Chillers ...............................................................
8.4.3.5 Boilers ................................................................
8.4.3.6 Waste Heat and Heat Recovery .........................
8.4.3.7 Automatic Temperature Controls (See Also
Chapter 8.1) .......................................................

8.4.3
8.4.3
8.4.12
8.4.22
8.4.25
8.4.28
8.4.29

8.4.4

Life-Cycle Costing ..........................................................

8.4.4.1 General ...............................................................
8.4.4.2 Discounting, Taxes, and Inflation .......................
8.4.4.3 Related Methods of Evaluation ..........................

8.4.44
8.4.44
8.4.45
8.4.49

8.4.5

Energy Management Systems .......................................

8.4.5.1 Components .......................................................
8.4.5.2 Software Programs .............................................
8.4.5.3 Functions ............................................................
8.4.5.4 Optional Security and Fire Alarm System ..........
8.4.5.5 Selecting an EMS ...............................................

8.4.50
8.4.52
8.4.53
8.4.54
8.4.55
8.4.55

8.4.6

References .................................................................... 8.4.56

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8.4.38

xxvi

Contents

8.5 Water Conditioning ...........................................................................

8.5.1

Introduction ....................................................................

8.5.1

8.5.2

Why Water Treatment? ..................................................

8.5.2.1 Cost of Corrosion ...............................................
8.5.2.2 Cost of Scale and Deposits ................................

8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3

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8.5.1

8.5.3

Water Chemistry ............................................................ 8.5.5

8.5.3.1 Hydrologic Cycle ................................................ 8.5.5
8.5.3.2 Water Impurities ................................................. 8.5.6
8.5.3.3 Dissolved Gases ................................................ 8.5.7
8.5.3.4 Dissolved Minerals ............................................. 8.5.13

8.5.4

Corrosion .......................................................................
8.5.4.1 General Corrosion ..............................................
8.5.4.2 Oxygen Pitting ....................................................
8.5.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion .............................................
8.5.4.4 Concentration Cell Corrosion .............................
8.5.4.5 Stress Corrosion .................................................
8.5.4.6 Erosion-Corrosion ..............................................
8.5.4.7 Condensate Grooving ........................................
8.5.4.8 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
(MIC) ..................................................................

8.5.14
8.5.14
8.5.16
8.5.17
8.5.20
8.5.21
8.5.22
8.5.22

8.5.5

Scale and Sludge Deposits ............................................

8.5.5.1 Mineral Scale and Pipe Scale ............................
8.5.5.2 Langelier Index ...................................................
8.5.5.3 Ryznar Index ......................................................
8.5.5.4 Boiler Scale ........................................................
8.5.5.5 Condensate Scale ..............................................

8.5.23
8.5.24
8.5.25
8.5.26
8.5.29
8.5.29

8.5.6

Foulants .........................................................................
8.5.6.1 Mud, Dirt, and Clay .............................................
8.5.6.2 Black Mud and Mill Scale ...................................
8.5.6.3 Boiler Foulants ...................................................
8.5.6.4 Construction Debris ............................................
8.5.6.5 Organic Growths ................................................

8.5.30
8.5.30
8.5.31
8.5.31
8.5.32
8.5.32

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8.5.22

Contents
8.5.6.6
8.5.6.7
8.5.6.8

xxvii

Algae .................................................................. 8.5.32

Fungi .................................................................. 8.5.33
Bacteria .............................................................. 8.5.33

Pretreatment Equipment ................................................

8.5.7.1 Water Softeners .................................................
8.5.7.2 Dealkalizer ..........................................................
8.5.7.3 Deaerators ..........................................................
8.5.7.4 Abrasive Separators ...........................................
8.5.7.5 Strainers and Filters ...........................................
8.5.7.6 Free Cooling .......................................................
8.5.7.7 Gadgets ..............................................................

8.5.33
8.5.33
8.5.35
8.5.36
8.5.38
8.5.39
8.5.39
8.5.40

8.5.8

Treatment of Systems ....................................................

8.5.8.1 General ...............................................................
8.5.8.2 Boiler Water Systems .........................................
8.5.8.3 Treatment for Open Recirculating Water
Systems ..............................................................
8.5.8.4 Treatment of Closed Recirculating Water
Systems ..............................................................

8.5.41
8.5.41
8.5.41

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8.5.7

8.5.9

8.5.54
8.5.70

References .................................................................... 8.5.75

8.5.10 Bibliography ................................................................... 8.5.76

Appendices .................................................................................

A.1

Appendix A. Engineering Guide for Altitude Corrections ........................

A.1

A.1 Introduction ...........................................................................

A.1

A.2 Adjustment Data for Various Kinds of Air-Conditioning

Equipment ............................................................................

A.2

A.3 Load Calculation ...................................................................

A.24

A.4 System Pressure Loss ..........................................................

A.25

Bibliography .................................................................................

A.26

Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors ..................................................

B.1

Index ............................................................................................

I.1

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