05 RN31545EN30GLA0 Capacity Dimensioning

Course Content
WCDMA & HSPA fundamentals

Radio network planning fundamentals
Radio network planning process
Coverage dimensioning
Capacity dimensioning
Coverage & capacity planning
Coverage & capacity improvements
NSN radio network solution
Site Solutions & Site Planning
Initial Parameter Planning
1
Nokia Siemens Networks
CN31545EN30GLA0
Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:

Understand basic traffic modeling
Calculate air interface capacity & load
CN31545EN30GLA0
Air Interface Capacity Dimensioning

Traffic estimate & model
DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radio network
Air interface dimensioning
Topology
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Note:
- This Learning Element contains the Air Interface
dimensioning
- The dimensioning of Channel Elements (CE)
can be found in the proceeding Learning Element
- Iux & RNC dimensioning can be found in
RN3003 3G IP Transmission Planning & similar
courses
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning
Basic Traffic Model
Traffic estimation
The traffic estimation requires information related to the network topology, subscribers & traffic:
Cell Area from Coverage Dimensioning
Subscriber density from Marketing
Subscriber traffic profile from Marketing
Topology
Subscribers
Cell area
Basic Traffic Model
Subs density
+
Traffic / cell
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Traffic / site
Channel Card
Dimensioning
CN31545EN30GLA0
Iub
Dimensioning
Traffic / subscriber
Subscriber density
Operator subscriber density depends on:
Population density
Mobile phone penetration
Operator market share
The subscriber density can be considered quite stable in mature markets

Mobile phone penetration close to 100% for basic services
Major changes possible only when new operators come to the market or with aggressive marketing
campaigns
In developing markets fast changes in mobile phone penetration and operator market share
CN31545EN30GLA0
Traffic information
The subscriber density & Subscriber traffic profile are the main requirements for capacity
dimensioning
Traffic forecast should be done by analysing the offered Busy Hour traffic per subscriber for
different services in each rollout phase
Traffic data:
Voice :
Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Codec bit rate, Voice activity
Video call :
Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Service bit rates
NRT data :
Average throughput (kbps) per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Target bit rates
CN31545EN30GLA0
Example: Subscriber traffic profile / traffic estimation

Subscriber traffic profile - Marketing Forecast (Example)
(Average) traffic demand per subscriber in busy hour:
Speech telephony:
Video telephony:
SMS
Data services
20 25 mErl
2.5 3.0 mErl
0.3
~ 600 1000 bps (DL), ~ 75 - 100 bps (UL)
Traffic Estimation (Example)

Coverage Area (Site): 10 km2
Planning Area: 100 km2 & 10 000 subscribers 100 subs/km2
User profile
Speech traffic:
25 mErl/subs/BH
NRT data traffic: DL 750 bps/subs/BH, UL 75 bps/subs/BH
Site traffic: Speech - 25 Erl/cell/BH +

NRT data DL - 750 kbps/cell/BH,
NRT data UL - 75 kbps/cell/BH
CN31545EN30GLA0
1000 subs/Site
Traffic model: Erlang B

Traffic model is used to derive the required capacity from average traffic & service quality
requirement
RT traffic (speech, video call, video streaming) is commonly modelled with Erlang-B model
Average traffic (Erlangs) A
Blocking probability (%) B
required No. of traffic channels N
NRT traffic (web, email services) can
be modelled as average traffic with
defined overhead
N
= number of
Trunks
Traffic
carried
Traffic
Lost
B
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B = Blocking Probability
Erlang-B model
Erlang-B model is used for a
system without queuing
Assumes random call arrival
The Blocking probability B can
be calculated as
B( N , A)
AN
N!
i 0
Ai
i!
A = traffic in Erl
N = required number of traffic

channels
A = Average traffic [Erl]

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CN31545EN30GLA0
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Packet data modelling

Packet data traffic is a sum of multiple services with different traffic profiles and
service quality requirements
Accurate modelling of packet data traffic requires multiple assumptions and complex
simulations
Practical packet data traffic model utilises average bit rate with fixed overhead for
protocol and QoS
The overhead can assumed to be 27%
This figure includes the L2 re-transmission overhead of 10% and 15% of buffer
headroom to avoid overflow (peak to average load ratio headroom) (1+0.10) x
(1+0.15) = 1.265 26.5% overhead
Required bit rate = (1 + Overhead) * Average bit rate
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Example: Traffic models

Cell traffic: 25 Erl/cell/BH, 750 kbps/cell/BH
Speech: 25 Erl & 2% blocking 34 traffic channels
NRT data DL: 750 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 945 kbps
NRT data UL: 75 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 94.5 kbps
assumed overhead
for protocol & QoS
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CN31545EN30GLA0
10% L2 re-transmission overhead

15% buffer headroom to avoid overflow
(1+0.10) x (1+0.15) = 1.265 26.5% overhead

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radio network
Topology
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning
12
CN31545EN30GLA0
Basic Traffic Model
Load Calculation Introduction

Cell load calculation is needed in order to estimate the level of air interface
load in the cell
Load estimation
Traffic inputs
Load/cell
Link budget
Air interface load
Cell range
Air interface load depends on service mix, radio propagation conditions,

network topology and number of active connections as well as traffic inputs
or load estimation
Service type Bitrate, Eb/N0
Propagation conditions Eb/N0, Orthogonality
Network topology Little i (other cells Interference / own cell Interference
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Air interface capacity

WCDMA air interface capacity can be estimated with system simulations and/or
analytical load calculations
System simulations provide a complete system model and possibility to model system
specific parameters and network layout
Complex tools, not feasible to use for dimensioning
Dimensioning can be done with pre-analysed results Limited possibility to change
system parameters
Analytical models utilise system and environment specific input parameters and
simple models
Simple analysis can be done as part of dimensioning process
Parameters configurable flexible model
Results rely on realistic input parameter values
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Load Calculation: Uplink Load

Load Lj
of subscriber
with Service j
Lj
1
W / Rj
Processing Gain
Eb / N 0 j
Activity Factor
12
10
8
6
4
2
loading/%
Cell Load [%]

j: Activity factor; for Speech some 67% due to VAD/DTX; for Data: 1
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Load Calculation Formulas in analogy to

H. Holma WCDMA for UMTS
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
j 0
UL = 30 50 %
14
10
total
Cell Load
UL L j
16
loss/dB
UL
Interference Margin [dB]
18
Inter-Cell Interference: Little i

In the real environment we will never have separated cell. Therefore, in the load factor calculation the other cell
interferences should be taken into account.
This can be introduced by means of the Little i value, which describes how much two cells overlap (bigger
overlapping more inter-cell interferences)
Inter-Cell Interference Ratio
Little i
Iother
other cell interference

i
own cell interference
UL (1 i) L j (1 i)
j
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CN31545EN30GLA0
1
W / Rj
Eb / N 0 j
Uplink Load calculation

Simplified UL load equation UL DCH capacity
for 1 service type j only
W/Rj >> (Eb/No)j
UL (1 i) N j j
Nj: No. of Trunks
Nj x Rj = Cell Throughput = Capacity [kbps]
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CN31545EN30GLA0
( Eb / No) j
W / Rj
Downlink Load calculation

The DL capacity can be calculated in a similar manner as the UL capacity from the DL Load
The equations are similar to those of the UL, except two modifications:
Soft Handover Overhead SHO_OH: an Overhead has to be integrated into the calculation
due to Soft Handover; in this case two Node Bs require capacity to serve a single user
Orthogonality Factor : In the DL, the Intra-Cell Interference should
be theoretically Zero ( Orthogonality of Channelisation Codes);
due to a loss of Orthogonality caused by Multipath transmission,
Cell Type
the Orthogonality Factor has to be taken into account;

Macro Cell 0.4 0.9
j = [0 .. 1.0] propagation channel conditions
The DL orthogonality & i are different for each user and
Micro Cell
> 0.9
average values have to be used in DL load calculations
UL (1 SHO _ OH ) (1 j i)
j
typically 50 75 %
No. of Trunks Nj &

Cell Throughput Nj x Rj [kbps]
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CN31545EN30GLA0
1
W / Rj
Eb / N 0 j
Little i & SHO overhead

The level of interference received from
neighbouring cells depends strongly on
Network layout (site locations, antenna

directions & sectorisation)
Propagation environment (propagation slope)
SHO overhead is related to the cell

coverage overlap & other cell interference
level
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Interference received from neighbouring cells

simulated DL values
Sectorization
HBW
SHO
Overhead
i = Iother/Iown
1-sector
omni
23%
58%
3-sector
90
34%
88%
3-sector
65
27%
66%
3-sector
33
26%
70%
4-sector
90
42%
109%
4-sector
65
31%
76%
4-sector
33
33%
86%
6-sector
90
53%
146%
6-sector
65
42%
105%
6-sector
33
32%
90%
HBW: Half Beam-Width
Load Calculation Examples

Load factor for different services has to be calculated separately, total load is then the sum of
different services in the cell area
UL/DL single connection load examples are shown in the table below
For example 50 % UL load means on average 50 speech users or about 9 64 kbits/s users/cell
in a 3-sector (1+1+1) configuration
Services
12.2 kbit/s
64 kbits/s
128 kbits/s
384 kbits/s
Total Load
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CN31545EN30GLA0
UL Fractional Load
0,97%
4,80%
8,56%
22,89%
37,22%
DL Fractional Load
1,00%
6,21%
11,07%
29,59%
47,87%
Total WBTS DL power R99 traffic

Total DL base station transmit power can be a limiting factor in highly loaded cell
TOT
DL
N E
PCCCH
1
b N0 j
PN
j LSERV , j
1 DL
W Rj
1 DL
j 1
where,
Lserv is the pathloss of user j. The pathloss is defined as total loss from BTS
transmitter to the receiver
PCCCH is the total common control channel power
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Example - Total DL power & load

Total DL power increases exponentially towards 100% of load
Common control channels CCH consumes larger part of DL power
4 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 10.5 W
8 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 18.5 W
PtxTotal with different common channel power

40.0
35.9
33.1
35.0
30.4
30.0
26.3
23.1
PtxTotal
25.0
18.5
14.0
10.0
21.3
20.6
20.0
15.0
26.0
15.3
4W
17.9
16.7
8W
15.4
12.9
11.9
11.8
11.1
10.5
10.3
9.7
9.4
9.1
8.5
8.0 8.5
7.0 7.7
6.4
5.0 5.4 5.9
4.0 4.3 4.7
13.4
5.0
Downlink DCH load
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CN31545EN30GLA0
91%
86%
82%
77%
73%
68%
64%
59%
54%
50%
45%
41%
36%
32%
27%
23%
18%
14%
9%
5%
0%
0.0
Example: Load calculation

Is it possible to transmit 34 speech channels in one cell simultaneously with 945 kbps NRT DL data
and 94.5 kbps NRT UL data?
Speech: 34 traffic channels

NRT data: DL = 945 kbps, UL = 94.5 kbps
Fractional load of 12.2 AMR speech:
DL Load = 34 * 1.0% = 34%,
UL load = 34 * 0.97% = 33 %
Fractional load of NRT data (NRT 128 kbps):

DL Load = 750 kbps/128 kbps * 11.07% = 64.9 %,
UL Load = 75 kbps/128 kbps * 8.56% = 5.0 %
total DL load = 97.9%
total UL load = 38%

DL overload!
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CN31545EN30GLA0
Example: Capacity analysis

How much DL traffic (in kbps) is possible for a max. allowed DL load of 74%
simultaneously with 25 speech calls ?
Speech traffic of 25 Erlangs corresponds average of 25 calls in the cell

Average speech load: UL = 24%, DL = 25%
Max. cell power 20 W with 2 W pilot allows max. DL load of 74% in the example cell
In average 49% load margin available for NRT data in DL
49% / 11.07% * 128 kbps = 566 kbps
In average 566 kbps DL available for NRT data
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CN31545EN30GLA0

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radio network
Topology
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning
25
CN31545EN30GLA0
Basic Traffic Model
HSDPA Capacity Introduction / SINR

HSDPA dimensioning can be done based on:
Requirement to achieve min. HSDPA cell edge throughput
Determined from link budget analysis, SINR at cell edge
Requirement to achieve average HSDPA throughput across the cell

Determined by SINR distribution analysis
HSDPA capacity depends on:
Available power for HSDPA

Channel conditions
Cell range (pathloss)
Interference level over cell area
HSDPA features
& configuration
SINR: Key measure for

HSDPA Peak Data Rate /
Throughput
Transmitted
HS-PDSCH
power
Spreading
Factor
SINR SF16
PHS PDSCH
1
Ptot 1
G
Total Transmit
Power
Geometry
Factor
Orthogonality
factor
Geometry Factor G = own Cell Interference / (other Cell Interference + Noise)

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CN31545EN30GLA0
SINR: Signal-to-Interference+Noise Ratio
Notice that these results include the

effect of fast fading & dynamic HSDSCH link adaptation (and HARQ).
An average HS-DSCH SINR of 23 dB is
required to achieve the maximum data
rate of 3.6 Mbps with 5 HS-PDSCH
codes
Benefit from using more codes (10/15)
is only experienced for higher SINR
values >10 dB
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Average single-user throughput [Mbps]
The single-user HSDPA throughput

versus its average HS-DSCH SINR is
plotted.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h

Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
-10
-5
10
15
20
Average
SINR
(1 HS-PDSCH)
Average
SINR
[dB] [dB] [dB]
Average
HS-DSCH
SINR
Micro cell, LOS,
low interference
Cell Throughput [Mbps]
SINR & HSDPA Throughput
HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,

1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
Inside
macro
cell
Common cell
edge condition
25
30
HSDPA throughput Orthogonality

Close to the BTS the own cell interference
dominates (1/G i << 1); SINR depends
only on HSDPA power share of total cell
power and orthogonality:
1
0.9
0.8
P
SINR SF16 HS PDSCH
Ptot 1
Orthogonality
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Even in these optimal conditions high

throughput requires high orthogonality
Orthogonality > 0.9 can be achieved:
0.1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Throughput, kbps
in isolated environment
Micro- / Pico- / Femto- Cells
10% BTS pow er for HSDPA
for 1/G i << 1
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CN31545EN30GLA0
HSDPA Capacity: HSDPA power

Dynamic Resource Allocation feature: BTS can allocate all unused DL power to HSDPA
All the power available after DCH traffic, HSUPA control channels & common channels can be used for HSDPA
HSDPA power is shared dynamically between HS-SCCH & HS-PDSCH

Power
Time
PtxHSDPA = PWBTS_max PccH_tx - PDCH

PHS-PDSCHs = PtxHSDPA PHS-SCCH
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CN31545EN30GLA0
HSDPA Capacity G-Factor

The G Factor reflects the distance between the MS & BS antenna thus setting a value for G factor
means making assumptions on user location.
A typical range is from -5dB (Cell Edge) to 20dB
Typical G factor distributions (CDF) coming from NSN simulation tools as well as operator field
experience are represented in the following chart:
PHS PDSCH
SINR SF16
1
Ptot 1
G
90
Cumulative distribution function [%]
I own
G
I other Pnoise
100
80
70
Macrocell
(Wallu)
Veh- A/Ped-A
60
50
40
Microcell
(Vodafone)
Ped- A
Macrocell
(Vodafone)
Veh- A/Ped-A
30
20
10
0
-20
-10
10
G-factor [dB]
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CN31545EN30GLA0
20
30
40
Cell size & HSDPA cell throughput

Cell size has an effect on HSDPA cell throughput when cell edge pathloss is high (large cell or
indoor users)
Increase of BTS power has only limited effect on cell throughput
1400
5 codes
1200
HSDPA cell throughput
1000
DCH load 10%&20W
DCH load 30%&20W
800
DCH load 50%&20W

DCH load 10%&40W
600
DCH load 30%&40W

DCH load 50%&40W
400
200
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
Cell edge pathloss, dB
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145
150
155
160
HSDPA capacity & Code Multiplexing

HSDPA capacity is influenced by the capabilities of the network and the UE
Number of codes (5, 10, 15) Higher peak bit rate in good conditions Higher cell throughput
Code multiplexing: multiple 5 code UEs can utilise up to 15 codes Higher spectrum efficiency
no code-multiplexing (10/15 code UEs)
2.2 Mbps
code-multiplexing (5 code UEs)

2.0 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
1.7 Mbps
1.2 Mbps
5 Codes
10 Codes
Cell capability
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CN31545EN30GLA0
15 Codes
HSDPA Capacity: RU20 features

RU20 features improving the
HSDPA capacity:
64QAM
2x2 MIMO
DC-HSDPA
CS Voice over HSPA
64QAM
DC-HSDPA:
1) Improved Load Balancing
2) Frequency Selectivity
3) Reduction of Latency
4) Higher Peak Data Rates
5) Improved Cell Edge User Experienced
10 MHz
33
F1
F2
5 MHz
5 MHz
1 UE, using 2 RF
Channels:
Peak Rate =
2 x 21 Mbps =
42 Mbps
CN31545EN30GLA0
max. Peak Rate = 21 Mbps

good channel conditions required to take
benefit of 64QAM CQI 26 !
64QAM requires 6 dB higher SNR than 16QAM
average CQI typically 20 in the commercial networks

Single- or Dual-stream Operation
max. Peak Rate = 28 Mbps
Cell edge:
low SINR
Single-stream
MIMO
Mean Cell Throughput [Mbps]
Legacy HSDPA
High SINR
34
Dual-stream
MIMO
UE Throughput (PF) [kbps]
2x2 MIMO:
SISO: Single Input Single Output

RxDiv: Receive Diversity: 1 Tx-, 2 Rx- Antenna(s)
CLM1 2x2: Closed Loop Mode; Single-Stream with Rx- & Tx-Diversity
MIMO 2x2: Dual-Stream MIMO using Spatial Multiplexing
CN31545EN30GLA0
RR: Round Robin

PF: Proportional Fair
PF-RAD-DS: PF scheduling extended by Required
Activity Detection with Delay Sensitivity

Voice over HSPA
for Voice, SRB

& other services
Assumed IP
Header
Compression
[REF. WCDMA for UMTS HSPA Evolution and LTE, HH AT]
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CN31545EN30GLA0

HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radio network
Topology
Subscribers
+
Air Interface
Dimensioning
Channel Card
Dimensioning
Access network
Iub
Dimensioning
RNC
Dimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
Iur
Dimensioning
36
CN31545EN30GLA0
Basic Traffic Model
HSUPA Capacity HSUPA Cell Throughput

Principle:
Example ( Diagram)
max. Load for HSUPA higher than for Rel. 99 DCH*

1) UL load is shared between HSUPA & R99 DCH users
UL(HSUPA) = 80%
Rel. 99: 50% Load
HSUPA: 80% - 50% = 30% Load
2) UEs distribution inside the cell has impacts on possible C/I;

impacts on cell throughput
here: each UE is allocated an equal share of UL Load
Increase in Interference (dB)
UL Load generated by
R99 DCH
UL Load available
for HSUPA UE
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
Uplink Load (%)

37
LHSUPA_UE = 30% / 5 UE = 6%
CN31545EN30GLA0
80
100
Example Target
Uplink Load
* due to Fast Packet Scheduling

LHSUPA_UE: Load per UE
HSUPA Capacity HSUPA Cell Throughput

jN
UL
3) UL load is translated to UL C/I
j 1
using the UL load equation

C/I: Chip-Energy/Interference
= Eb/No Processing Gain*
1
1
1
(C / I ) j j
1 i
Example: i = 0.65; j(data) = 1

LHSUPA_UE = 6% = (1+ i) / ( 1 + 1 / C/I)
C/I = 1/((1+i)/LHSUPA_UE -1) = 0.051 = - 12.9 dB
4) C/I is translated to HSUPA bit rate

using the Eb/No look-up table
derived from link level simulations
Layer 1
Bit Rate
TTI
(ms)
Physical
Channel
Eb/No with
RxDiv
W/R
C/I
1920.0
10
2*SF2
0.5 dB
3 dB
-2.5 dB
1440.0
10
2*SF2
0.1 dB
4.26 dB
-4.16 dB
1024.0
10
2*SF2
0.2 dB
5.74 dB
-5.54 dB
512.0
10
2*SF4
0.6 dB
8.75 dB
-8.16 dB
384.0
10
1*SF4
0.9 dB
10 dB
-9.1 dB
256.0
10
1*SF4
1.1 dB
11.76 dB
-10.66 dB
128.0
10
1*SF8
1.9 dB
14.77 dB
-12.87 dB
30% HSUPA Load 5 x 128 kbps total

38
CN31545EN30GLA0
* both in dB; decimal: (Eb/No) / (W/R)
HSUPA Capacity: Example
HSUPA cell throughput [kbps]
HSUPA average cell throughput vs. Rel. 99 DCH load
Example:
HSUPA Load = 30%
HSUPA throughput = 5 x 128 kbps
39
CN31545EN30GLA0

Summary
The Air Interface Capacity dimensioning includes aspects:
Traffic estimation & modelling
Air Interface Load estimation
Rel. 99 / HSDPA / HSUPA Capacity
for each carrier (shared Rel. 99/HSPA or dedicated HSPA)
Capacity strongly depends on:
Interference: Inter-Cell Interference i, SINR
Orthogonality factor
Quality Requirements Eb/No
Power (total Power / HSPA Power)
40
CN31545EN30GLA0

05 RN31545EN30GLA0 Capacity Dimensioning

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Course Content

WCDMA & HSPA fundamentals

Nokia Siemens Networks

At the end of the module you will be able to:

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Air Interface Capacity Dimensioning

Air interface dimensioning

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Basic Traffic Model

Basic Traffic Model

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The subscriber density can be considered quite stable in mature markets

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Example: Subscriber traffic profile / traffic estimation

Traffic Estimation (Example)

Site traffic: Speech - 25 Erl/cell/BH +

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Traffic model: Erlang B

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N = required number of traffic

A = Average traffic [Erl]

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N = required No. of trunks

Packet data modelling

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Example: Traffic models

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10% L2 re-transmission overhead

Air Interface Capacity Dimensioning

Air interface dimensioning

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Basic Traffic Model

Load Calculation Introduction

Air interface load

Air interface load depends on service mix, radio propagation conditions,

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Air interface capacity

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Load Calculation: Uplink Load

Cell Load [%]

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Load Calculation Formulas in analogy to

Interference Margin [dB]

Inter-Cell Interference: Little i

Inter-Cell Interference Ratio

other cell interference

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Uplink Load calculation

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Downlink Load calculation

the Orthogonality Factor has to be taken into account;

No. of Trunks Nj &

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Little i & SHO overhead

Network layout (site locations, antenna

SHO overhead is related to the cell

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Interference received from neighbouring cells

HBW: Half Beam-Width

Load Calculation Examples

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Total WBTS DL power R99 traffic

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