Thechecktras

Invisible Waves
Unit Learning Objectives

Content
Students learn to:
1. Identify waves as carriers of energy.
2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves, medium, compression, rarefaction.
3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of transverse and longitudinal waves.
4. Define mechanical waves (including sound waves) as needing a medium to travel through.
5. Identify that the speed of sound varies in different substances.
6. Recall that an echo is a reflection of sound waves.
7. Relate the law of reflection, normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection in describing sound waves.
8. Describe uses of sonar, echolocation and ultrasound.
9. Define acoustics and reverberation. (Optional)
10. Define decibels and describe the decibel range of a variety of objects.
11. Explain the Doppler effect.
12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and
uses.
13. Identify that EM waves do not need a medium for propagation. Identify that EM waves are made up of electric and
magnetic forces. (Optional)
14. Describe the use of radio waves to transmit AM and FM radio.
15. Recall common prefixes for units including nano, micro, milli, centi, deci, kilo, mega and giga.
16. Describe how a TV (cathode ray tube) works. (Optional)
17. Describe different methods of electronic communication.
18. Describe the use of total internal reflection in optical fibres.
19. Describe the operation of mobile phone networks.
20. Explain the term electromagnetic pollution.
21. Debate whether bandwidth should be purchased or free for all or discuss the advantages and disadvantages of file
sharing in terms of economical scientific and legal arguments.
2
Unit Learning Objectives

Skills:
Students learn to:
1. Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate waves as carriers of energy not matter.
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and sound waves (where c
= speed of wave (ms-1), = wavelength of wave (m) and v = frequency of wave (s-1).
3. Determine the frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of a wave.
4. Investigate the relationship between amplitude/volume and pitch/frequency using a CRO
and audio amplifier. Produce sounds using a microphone or use a simulation on the
computer.
5. Plan and perform an investigation to determine the speed of sound using repeated trials.
6. Perform a first-hand investigation to investigate the reflection of sound.
7. Draw a timeline using scales of the history of understanding on sound including the input
of different cultures.
8. Observe the Doppler effect in real time and using a computer simulation. (Optional)
9. Write a compare and contrast paragraph on properties of sound and EM waves.
10. Research the existence of radio and visible light windows in the atmosphere. Explain
why these windows exist. Discuss the problems with ground-based observatories and how
we obtain data from the universe outside the visible and radio windows.
3
15. Recall common prefixes for units including nano, micro, milli, centi,
deci, kilo, mega and giga.
Prefixes
Larger or smaller units are derived by multiplying by powers of 10. Prefixes added to the
base unit indicate whether the base unit has been increased or decreased:
15. Recall common prefixes for units including nano, micro, milli, centi, deci, kilo, mega and giga.
Define state meaning and identify essential qualities.
Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values of
a physical quantity, often power or intensity.
One of these quantities is often a reference value, and in this case the decibel can be
used to express the absolute level of the physical quantity. A common use of the
decibel unit is to measure sound pressure.

Identify recognise and name.
Wave properties
Waves are vibrations that transfer energy from place to place without matter (solid, liquid
or gas) being transferred.
Think of a Mexican wave in a football crowd: the wave moves around the stadium, while
each spectator stays in their seat only moving up then down when it's their turn.
Movement of cork y direction
Direction of energy x direction

Direction of wave
Wave properties
Waves carry energy from one place to another. Think about the energy released when
waves break onto a beach or the immense energy carried along by a tidal wave or
tsunami.
These waves make the material in which they are travelling vibrate as they pass through
it. Experiments with the slinky spring and the water tank will have shown you that
vibrations make waves. The individual particles of the material do not move along, they
simply vibrate as the wave energy is passed to them.
Kinetic energy to ruler
Oscillating up and
down
Direction of energy
Direction of particles
10
2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves,

medium, compression, rarefaction.
11
Transverse waves
A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium are displaced in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of energy transport.
A transverse wave can be created in a rope if the rope is stretched out horizontally and
the end is vibrated back-and-forth in a vertical direction.
Movement
of hand
Direction of energy
Movement of
particles in the rope
Movement of
particles in the rope
12
Longitudinal (compression) waves

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium are displaced in a
direction parallel to the direction of energy transport.
A longitudinal wave can be created in a slinky if the slinky is stretched out
horizontally and the end coil is vibrated back-and-forth in a horizontal direction.
Movement
of hand
Direction of energy
Movement of
particles in slinky
13
Compressions and Rarefactions

A vibrating tuning fork is capable of creating such a longitudinal wave. As the tines of the
fork vibrate back and forth, they push on neighbouring air particles. The forward motion
of a tine pushes air molecules horizontally to the right and the backward retraction of the
tine creates a low-pressure area allowing the air particles to move back to the left.
Because of the longitudinal motion of the air particles, there are regions in the air where
the air particles are compressed together and other regions where the air particles are
spread apart. These regions are known as compressions and rarefactions respectively.
The compressions are regions of high air pressure while the rarefactions are regions of
low air pressure. The diagram below depicts a sound wave created by a tuning fork and
propagated through the air in an open tube. The compressions and rarefactions are
labelled.
14
3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of

transverse and longitudinal waves.
15
General properties of waves

Amplitude
As waves travel, they set up patterns of disturbance. The amplitude of a wave is its
maximum disturbance from its undisturbed position. Take care: the amplitude is not the
distance between the top and bottom of a wave.
Wavelength
The wavelength of a wave is
the distance between a point
on one wave and the same
point on the next wave.
16

Frequency
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves produced by a source each second. It is also the
number of waves that pass a certain point each second.
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is common for kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and
gigahertz (GHz) to be used when waves have very high frequencies.
The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound. A high pitch sound
corresponds to a high frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low
frequency sound wave.
High frequency
Low frequency
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/wave-on-a-string/wave-on-a-string_en.html
17

Drawing waves
18
4. Define mechanical waves (including sound waves) as needing a

medium to travel through.
19
Mechanical waves
A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a
vacuum.
Mechanical waves require a medium in order to transport their energy from one location
to another. A sound wave is an example of a mechanical wave. Sound waves are
incapable of traveling through a vacuum.
20
4. Define mechanical waves (including sound waves) as needing a medium to travel through.
13. Identify that EM waves do not need a medium for propagation.

Identify that EM waves are made up of electric and magnetic forces.
(Optional)
21
1. Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate waves as carriers of

energy not matter.
22
Moving energy without matter

Equipment
deep tray
small cork
eye dropper ribbon

slinky
Half-fill the tray with water and place a small cork on the water surface. Use the eye
dropper to release drops of water near the cork. Observe the motion of the
cork and the motion of the waves made by the drops.
1. Describe the motion of the cork.

2. Is there evidence to suggest that any water moves in the same direction as the
waves?
23

Tie a ribbon around a coil near the centre of the slinky. Firmly hold one end of the slinky
while your partner, holding the other end, stretches it so it is taut but not overstretched.
Make a wave by rapidly flicking one end of the slinky to one side. Observe the
ribbon as the wave passes.
3. Describe the motion of the ribbon as the wave moves along the slinky.
24

Make a different type of wave by pulling about ten coils of the slinky together at one
end and then releasing this compressed section. Observe the ribbon as the wave passes.
4. Describe the motion of the ribbon as the wave moves along the slinky.
5. How is the motion of the ribbon different from that for the previous type of wave?
6. In each of the slinky waves produced in this experiment, energy is transferred from
one and of the slinky to the other.
(a) Where is the ribbon after the wave has passed in each case?
(b) Has any particle on the spring moved from one end to the other?
25
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and

sound waves (where c = speed of wave (ms-1), = wavelength of wave
(m) and v = frequency of wave (s-1).
26
The Wave Equation

The wave equation is a very important equation that is often used to help us describe
waves in more detail.
Wave Speed = Frequency x Wavelength
v=fx
Where:
Wave speed is in metres per seconds (m/s or ms-1)
Frequency is in Hertz (Hz).
Wavelength is in metres (m).
NB:
It should be noted that some particular waves have their own specific speeds.
The speed of light and all of the EM spectrum is 300,000,000 m/s or 3x108 m/s.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
The speed of light and sound in materials will alter
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and sound waves (where c = speed of wave (ms -1), 27
=
-1
wavelength of wave (m) and v = frequency of wave (s ).
The Wave Equation

What is the speed of a water wave that has a frequency of 0.5Hz and a wavelength of
3m?
What is the wavelength of a radio wave transmitting at 98.3 MHz?
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and sound waves (where c = speed of wave (ms -1), 28
=
-1
wavelength of wave (m) and v = frequency of wave (s ).
29

30
The Speed of Sound

A sound wave is a pressure disturbance that travels through a medium by means of
particle-to-particle interaction. As one particle becomes disturbed, it exerts a force on
the next adjacent particle, thus disturbing that particle from rest and transporting the
energy through the medium.
Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel.

31
The Speed of Sound

The closer the molecules are to each other and the tighter their bonds, the less time it
takes for them to pass the sound to each other and the faster sound can travel.
It is easier for sound waves to go through solids than through liquids because the
molecules are closer together and more tightly bonded in solids. Similarly, it is harder
for sound to pass through gases than through liquids, because gaseous molecules are
farther apart. The speed of sound is faster in solid materials and slower in liquids or
gases.
32
4. Investigate the relationship between amplitude/volume and

pitch/frequency using a CRO and audio amplifier. Produce sounds using
a microphone or use a simulation on the computer.
33
Pitch and volume

Vibrations
When an object or substance vibrates, it produces sound:
the greater the amplitude, the louder the sound
the greater the frequency, the higher the pitch.
4. Investigate the relationship between amplitude/volume and pitch/frequency using a CRO and audio amplifier. Produce
34
sounds using a microphone or use a simulation on the computer.
7. Relate the law of reflection, normal, angle of incidence and angle of

reflection in describing sound waves.
35
The law of reflection

When rays or beams of light hit smooth shiny surfaces they bounce off them. This
is called reflection. The law of reflection says that the reflected rays always leave
the mirror at the same angle that they hit.
The two angles have special names the angle of incidence is the angle at which
the rays hit the mirror and the angle of reflection is the angle at which the rays
leave the mirror.
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7. Relate the law of reflection, normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection in describing sound waves.
37
Reflection of Sound
The reflection of sound follows the law "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection",
sometimes called the law of reflection. The same behaviour is observed with light and
other waves
Like all waves, sound waves can be reflected. Sound waves suffer reflection from the
large obstacles. As a result of reflection of sound wave from a large obstacle, the sound
is heard which is named as an echo. Ordinarily echo is not heard as the reflected sound
gets merged with the original sound. Certain conditions have to be satisfied to hear an
echo distinctly (as a separate sound).
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Describe provide characteristics and features.
39
Sonar
(sound navigation and ranging).
Sonar is a similar technique to radar but instead uses sound waves to travel through
water to locate submerged objects. There are 2 types of sonar used, active and passive.
Active sonar emits pulses of sound waves, often called a "ping", that travel through the
water, reflect off the target and return to the ship.
By knowing the speed of sound in water and the time for the sound wave to travel to
the target and back, the computers can quickly calculate distance between the emitter
and the target. Passive sonar involves listening to sounds generated by the target.
40
Echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of
animals.
Toothed whales (including dolphins) have developed a remarkable sensory ability used for
locating food and for navigation underwater called echolocation. Toothed whales produce
a variety of sounds by moving air between air-spaces or sinuses in the head. Sounds are
reflected or echoed back from objects, and these are thought to be received by an oil filled
channel in the lower jaw and conducted to the middle ear of the animal.
When swimming normally, the sounds emitted are generally low frequency; the echoes
from these sounds provide information about the seafloor, the shorelines, underwater
obstacles, water depth, and the presence of other animals underwater.
A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by

a bat, and the echo from a nearby object.
41
Ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging (sonography) uses high-frequency sound waves to view soft tissues
such as muscles and internal organs.
3-D ultrasound scan of a human foetus
In an ultrasound exam, a hand-held transducer is placed against the skin. The

transducer sends out high frequency sound waves that reflect off of body structures.
The returning sound waves, or echoes, are displayed as an image on a monitor. The
image is based on the frequency and strength (amplitude) of the sound signal and the
time it takes to return from the patient to the transducer.
42
6. Perform a first-hand investigation to investigate the reflection of

sound.
43
Investigate the reflection of sound.

Equipment
2 cardboard tubes
smooth wall
ticking watch or a clock table
Place the table along the wall.

Place the cardboard tubes and the
watch as shown in the diagram on
the right.
Place your ear at the end of the
tube furthest from the watch and
move the end facing the wall until
you hear the watch ticking loudest.
Once you have this point, measure
the angle of both tubes to the
normal.
Change the angle of the tube and
repeat the test.
6. Perform a first-hand investigation to investigate the reflection of sound.
1. Compare the results of both tests.

What did you notice about the angles
to the normal when you could
hear the watch ticking loudest?
2. Explain how the sound travels from
the watch to your ear.
44
45
Acoustics and reverberation

Acoustics, the science concerned with the production, control, transmission, reception, and
effects of sound. The term is derived from the Greek akoustos, meaning hearing.
Reverberation is the collection of reflected sounds from the surfaces in an enclosure like
an auditorium.
It is a desirable property of auditoriums to the extent that it helps to overcome the inverse
square law drop off of sound intensity in the enclosure. However, if it is excessive, it
makes the sounds run together with loss of articulation - the sound becomes muddy,
garbled.
Reverberant sound is the

collection of all the reflected
sounds in an auditorium.
46

8. Observe the Doppler effect in real time and using a computer
simulation. (Optional)
Explain relate cause and effect; make the
relationships between things evident.
47
Doppler effect
The Doppler effect is observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to
an observer.
The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of waves
in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the
source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from
whom the source is receding. It is important to note that the effect does not result
because of an actual change in the frequency of the source.

48
Doppler effect
You hear the high pitch of the siren of the approaching ambulance, and notice that its
pitch drops suddenly as the ambulance passes you. That is called the Doppler effect.

49
12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their

properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and uses.
50
Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is the general name given to the known range of
electromagnetic radiation. Wavelengths increase from approximately 10-18 m to 100 km,
and this corresponds to frequencies decreasing from 3 1026 Hz to 3 103 Hz.
51
12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and uses.
Uses of electromagnetic radiation

White light can be split up into a spectrum of many different colours and visible light is just
part of a continuous spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Different types of
electromagnetic radiation have different hazards and uses.
52
Electromagnetic spectrum
Hazards of electromagnetic radiation
Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful. The higher
the frequency of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the body:
microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues

infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin burns
X-rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death
gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell
death.
53

54
Radio waves
Radio waves are emitted naturally by stars. They can also be produced artificially when
electrons in a metal rod are made to vibrate rapidly.
This metal rod is called a transmitting antenna or transmitter. These vibrations
cause radio waves to travel through the air (at about 300 000 kilometres per second).
The radio waves can be detected by a receiving antenna, which is a metal rod just like
the transmitter.
The radio waves cause electrons in the receiving antenna to vibrate rapidly, producing an
electrical signal.
55
AM and FM radio
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the
atmosphere or free space.
Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some

property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width.
When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an
alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and
transformed back into its original form.
56
AM and FM radio
Each AM radio station has a particular frequency of radio waves on which it
transmits sound signals. The sound signal must firstly be changed to an electrical
signal called an audio signal.
The waves on which messages are sent are called carrier waves. The audio signal is
superimposed on the carrier wave, producing a modulated wave
Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works

by varying the strength of the transmitted signal
in proportion to the information being sent. For
example, changes in the signal strength can be
used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a
speaker, or to specify the light intensity of
television pixels. It was the method used for the
first audio radio transmissions, and remains in
use today.
57
AM and FM radio
Like AM radio stations, each FM radio station has its own carrier wave frequency.
Instead of adding the audio signal to the
carrier wave (which changes the
amplitude of the wave), the audio signal
changes the frequency of the carrier
wave.
FM stands for Frequency Modulation.
FM radio waves are affected less by electrical interference than AM radio waves and
therefore provide a higher quality transmission of sound. However, they have a shorter
range than AM waves and are less able to travel around obstacles such as hills and large
buildings.
58

59
Electronic communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information in the form of messages,

symbols, thoughts, signs, and opinions.
60

61
Total internal reflection in optical fibres

Waves going from a dense medium to a less dense medium speed up at the boundary.
This causes light rays to bend when they pass from glass to air at an angle other than
90. This is refraction.
Beyond a certain angle, called the critical angle, all the waves reflect back into the
glass. We say that they are totally internally reflected.
62
Total internal reflection in optical fibres

An optical fibre is a thin rod of high-quality glass. Very little light is absorbed by the
glass. Light getting in at one end undergoes repeated total internal reflection, even
when the fibre is bent, and emerges at the other end.
Optical fibres
Optical fibres are used in endoscopes that
allow surgeons to see inside their patients.
Optical fibres can also carry enormous amounts
of information as pulses of light.
63

64
Mobile phone networks

A mobile communications network is made up of a patchwork of cells, each relying on
its own base station. Each base station provides coverage to a small local area, or
"cell". When you make a call, your mobile phone will always "talk" to the nearest base
station antennas to you. As you move around, the phone will "talk" to different base
stations, which ever is the closest, or the least congested.
65
Mobile phone networks

Each base station can only
handle a finite number of calls
at any one time - typically
fewer than 100 simultaneous
calls. When a base station is
congested with calls, a mobile
phone will try to communicate
with the surrounding base
stations if they are close
enough to maintain a signal.
This is referred to as network
capacity.
66

67
Electromagnetic pollution
Radiofrequency in the Environment
Mobile network base stations emit
radiofrequency electromagnetic energy
(EME) as "radio waves". Other radio
wave signals transmitted by
communications facilities include TV
signals, AM and FM radio signals, taxi
service signals, paging network signals,
emergency service communications,
police two-way radio and cordless
phones.
Radiofrequency EME is something we've
been living with for generations - literally
since the invention of "the wireless".
68
9. Write a compare and contrast paragraph on properties of sound and

EM waves.
69
Scaffold for compare

Compare show how things are similar or different.
Issue to be compared:
Similarities
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Compare and contrast paragraph on properties

of sound and EM waves.
Points to note:
Identify the things to be compared from the
question.
Preview each point you will raise.
Topic sentence at the beginning of each
point followed by explanation and relevant
examples to illustrate point.
Point:
Point:
Use linking words between each point such

as: also, in addition similarly, another
similarity is.
Differences
Point:
Point:
For instance, This can be seen in, An

example of this is and for example can be
used to start sentences that provide
examples for your points.
Point:
Conclusion and judgement:
Must make a judgement related to the

similarities and differences in the topic.
70
10. Research the existence of radio and visible light windows in the
atmosphere. Explain why these windows exist. Discuss the problems
with ground-based observatories and how we obtain data from the
universe outside the visible and radio windows.
Discuss identify issues and

provide points for and / or against.
71
Space telescopes have the advantage of being above the blurring effects of the Earth's atmosphere. In addition, there are
many wavelengths from the electromagnetic spectrum that do not reach Earth because they are absorbed or reflected by
the Earth's atmosphere. In fact, as you can see from the diagram below, it is only the wavelengths of visible light, a
small portion of infrared, and a part of the radio wavelengths that reach Earth at all. To observe ultraviolet, x-rays,
gamma rays or infrared, astronomers have had to put telescopes outside of Earth's atmosphere -normally in orbit around
72
the Earth.
21. Debate whether bandwidth should be purchased or free for all or

discuss the advantages and disadvantages of file sharing in terms of
economical scientific and legal arguments.
73
7. Draw a timeline using scales of the history of understanding on sound

including the input of different cultures.
74
75
5. Plan and perform an investigation to determine the speed of sound

using repeated trials.
76

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Invisible Waves

Unit Learning Objectives

Unit Learning Objectives

Define state meaning and identify essential qualities.

1. Identify waves as carriers of energy.

Movement of cork y direction

Direction of energy x direction

1. Identify waves as carriers of energy.

2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves,

2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves, medium, compression, rarefaction.

Longitudinal (compression) waves

2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves, medium, compression, rarefaction.

Compressions and Rarefactions

2. Define transverse waves, longitudinal (compression) waves, medium, compression, rarefaction.

3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of

General properties of waves

General properties of waves

General properties of waves

4. Define mechanical waves (including sound waves) as needing a

13. Identify that EM waves do not need a medium for propagation.

1. Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate waves as carriers of

Moving energy without matter

eye dropper ribbon

1. Describe the motion of the cork.

Moving energy without matter

1. Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate waves as carriers of energy not matter.

Moving energy without matter

2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and

The Wave Equation

The Wave Equation

What is the wavelength of a radio wave transmitting at 98.3 MHz?

5. Identify that the speed of sound varies in different substances.

The Speed of Sound

Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel.

5. Identify that the speed of sound varies in different substances.

The Speed of Sound

5. Identify that the speed of sound varies in different substances.

4. Investigate the relationship between amplitude/volume and

Pitch and volume

7. Relate the law of reflection, normal, angle of incidence and angle of

The law of reflection

6. Recall that an echo is a reflection of sound waves.

6. Recall that an echo is a reflection of sound waves.

8. Describe uses of sonar, echolocation and ultrasound.

(sound navigation and ranging).

8. Describe uses of sonar, echolocation and ultrasound.

A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by

8. Describe uses of sonar, echolocation and ultrasound.

3-D ultrasound scan of a human foetus

In an ultrasound exam, a hand-held transducer is placed against the skin. The

8. Describe uses of sonar, echolocation and ultrasound.

6. Perform a first-hand investigation to investigate the reflection of

Investigate the reflection of sound.

Place the table along the wall.

6. Perform a first-hand investigation to investigate the reflection of sound.

1. Compare the results of both tests.

9. Define acoustics and reverberation. (Optional)

Define state meaning and identify essential qualities.

Acoustics and reverberation

Reverberant sound is the

9. Define acoustics and reverberation. (Optional)

11. Explain the Doppler effect.

11. Explain the Doppler effect.