1.

Definition
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current.
The resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms
(symbol: ).
If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes, the resistor is a thin pipe that reduces the
water flow.

2.History
The Resistance was discovered by the year 1827 from Georg Simon Ohm, a German electrician.
Ohm was born in Germany, in the city of Erlangen at 1787 and died at 1854.
Georg Simon Ohm noticed that different materials that are considered as electrically conductive,
will not allow the current to flow within their body with the same ease. The difficulty that each
material had, had to do with some parameters such as the type of the material and some external
factors such as the temperature or the humidity of the atmosphere.
G.S.Ohm described this behavior and gave the name "Resistance"

3. Ohm's law
The resistor's current I in amps (A) is equal to the resistor's voltage V in volts (V)
divided by the resistance R in ohms ():

The resistor's power consumption P in watts (W) is equal to the resistor's current I in amps (A)
times the resistor's voltage V in volts (V):
P=IV

The resistor's power consumption P in watts (W) is equal to the square value of the resistor's
current I in amps (A)
times the resistor's resistance R in ohms ():
P = I2 R

The resistor's power consumption P in watts (W) is equal to the square value of the resistor's
voltage V in volts (V)
divided by the resistor's resistance R in ohms ():
P = V2/ R

4. Resistors in parallel

The total equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel RTotal is given by:

So when you add resistors in parallel, the total resistance is decreased.

5. Resistors in series

The total equivalent resistance of resistors in series Rtotal is the sum of the resistance values:
Rtotal = R1+ R2+ R3+...

So when you add resistors in series, the total resistance is increased.

Dimensions and material affects

The resistance R in ohms () of a resistor is equal to the resistivity in ohm-meters (m) times
the resistor's length l in meters (m) divided by the resistor's cross sectional area A in square
meters (m2):

Resistor symbols
Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)
Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)
Variable Resistor / Rheostat
(IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat
(IEC)
Trimmer Resistor

Presest resistor

Thermistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance

when temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light
dependent resistor (LDR)

Changes resistance according to light

Resistor color code

The resistance of the resistor and its tolerance are marked on the resistor with color code bands
that denotes the resistance value.
There are 3 types of color codes:

4 bands: digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.

5 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance.

6 bands: digit, digit, digit , multiplier, tolerance, temperature coefficient.

Color codes table

1st
Digit

2nd
Digit

4band
s

5band
s

6band
s

Black
Brown

3rd
Digit

Multiplie
r

Tolerance

Temperature
Coefficient

100

101

1%

100 ppm/K

2%

50 ppm/K

Red

10

Orang
e

103

15 ppm/K

Yellow

104

25 ppm/K

10

0.5%

Green

Blue

10

0.25%

10 ppm/K

Violet

107

0.1%

5 ppm/K

0.05%

Grey

10

White

109

Silver

10-2

10%

Gold

10

5%

-1

None

Resistance calculation of 4 bands resistor

R = (10digit1+digit2)multiplier
Resistance calculation of 5 or 6 bands resistor
R = (100digit1+10digit2+digit3)multiplier

Resistor types

20%

Variable resistor Variable resistor has an adjustable resistance (2 terminals)

Potentiometer

Potentiometer has an adjustable resistance (3 terminals)

Photo-resistor

Reduces resistance when exposed to light

Power resistor

Power resistor is used for high power circuits and has large dimensions.

Surface mount
(SMT/SMD)
resistor
Resistor network

SMT/SMD resistors have small dimensions. The resistors are surface

mounted on the printed circuit board (PCB), this method is fast and
requires small board area.
Resistor network is a chip that contains several resistors with similar or
different values.

Carbon resistor
Chip resistor
Metal-oxide
resistor
Ceramic resistor

Pull-up resistor
In digital circuits, pull-up resistor is a regular resistor that is connected to the high voltage supply
(e.g +5V or +12V) and sets the input or output level of a device to '1'.
The pull-up resistor set the level to '1' when the input / output is disconnected. When the input /
output is connected, the level is determined by the device and overrides the pull-up resistor.
Pull-down resistor
In digital circuits, pull-down resistor is a regular resistor that is connected to the ground (0V) and
sets the input or output level of a device to ' 0 '.
The pull-down resistor set the level to ' 0 ' when the input / output is disconnected. When the
input / output is connected, the level is determined by the device and overrides the pull-down
resistor.

Variable resistor
mount resistor

Photo Resistor
Network

Potentiometer

Power resistor

Surface

Resistor

Carbon resistor
Ceramic resistor

Chip Resistor

Metal oxide resistor

RESISTOR

PEBI MUHAMMAD RIZKI

(061330310188)
CLASS : 1 LB

POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA

2013