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X = x1
E1 + x 2 E2 + L + x n En
f (t) = f ( s) s (t)
sS
the important
Theorem If V is a finite dimensional vector space,
then there is a finite set B of vectors in V that
(1) spans V (that is, V = L(B) ), and (2) is linearly
independent. //
Any set of linearly independent vectors in a vector
space which span the space is called a basis for V.
Thus, the examples above all describe bases for
their respective vector spaces. Note that B is not
uniquely determined; there are in general many
different bases for the same vector space.
(*)
Sk = a1 X 1 + a 2 X 2 + L + a n X n .
T2 = {Sk 1 , Sk , X 1 , X 2 ,, X n 1 } .
Arguing as above, we know that Sk 1
L(Sk , X1, X2,, Xn1), so we can find a linear
relation of the form
(**) Sk 1 = rk Sk + a1 X 1 + a 2 X 2 + L + a n 1 X n 1
for appropriately chosen scalars. Again, at least
one of the as must be nonzero, otherwise there is a
linear relation amongst vectors of S in violation of
the assumption that S is a linearly independent set.
So by renumbering the Xs, we may assume now
that an 1 0 . We can then solve for Xn1 in (**).
This implies that any vector in U =
L( Sk , X1, X2,, Xn1) is also a vector in
L( Sk 1 , Sk , X 1 , X 2 ,, X n 2 ); since the converse is
also true, then U = L( Sk 1 , Sk , X 1 , X 2 ,, X n 2 ).
(x1 x 1 )A 1 + (x 2 x 2 )A 2 + L + (x n xn )A n = 0
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Examples:
B = {(1,1,0), (0,1,1), (1, 0,1)} is a basis for R 3
different from the canonical basis {E1, E2 ,E3 }.
Every vector in R 3 is expressible uniquely in
coordinates relative to B, as follows:
to write
X = (x
1, x2, x3 ) = a1(1,1,0) + a2 (0,1,1) + a3 (1,0,1)
we expand to the system of equations
x1 = a1
+ a3
x2 = a1 + a2
x3 =
a2 + a3
1
a3 = 2 (x1 x 2 + x3 ).
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a2 + a 3
p2 =
a3
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r1S1 + r2S 2 + L + rm Sm + a1 X 1 = 0,
then we must have a1 = 0 (else we can solve for X1
and
show that X1 L(S), a contradiction), which
then gives a linear relation amongst the linearly
independent
vectors in S, another contradiction. If
V = L( T1
), then B = T1 is a basis for V. If not,
there is some vector X2 V which is not in L( T1 ).
So T2 = {S1 , S 2 ,, Sm , X 1 , X 2 } is a linearly
independentset (why?). If V = L( T2 ), then B = T2
is a basis for V. Otherwise, we can continue
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