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Unit2Statesofmatter
Matter: It is something that occupies space possessing certain mass. Hence all the Substances
presentinthisuniversearematters.
Classificationofmatteronthebasisoftheirphysicalstate:
Onthebasisofphysicalstate,mattercanbeclassifiedassolid,liquid,gasandplasma.
Solid: Matter which possesses definite mass , volume and shape are called solids.In this state
particlesareheldveryclosetoeachother.Theseparticleshavenofreedomofmovement.
Ex:Wood,stone,copperetc.
Liquid:Matterwhichpossessesdefinitemassandvolumebutindefiniteshapearecalledliquid.
Inthisstateparticlesareclosetoeachotherandtheycanmovewithintheirvolume.
Ex:water,Benzene,carbontetrachloride,kerosene.
Gas: Matterwhichpossessdefinitemassbutindefinitevolumeandshapearecalledgases.In
gasesparticlesarefarapartascomparedtosolidandliquid.Theparticlescanmovefreelyfrom
onepointtoanother.Ex:Nitrogen,Oxygen,Carbondioxideetc.
Plasma:Itisahighlyionizedgas,madeupofalmostequalnumberofpositiveionsandnegative
electrons. It is formed only at a extremely high temperature of the order of 50000C. It is
describedasthefourthstateofamatter.Plasmaisbelievedtobethemainconstituentofstars
includingsun.
Note:ThefifthstateofmatteriscalledBoseEinsteincondensate(BEC).Thisstateoccuratthe
endofthetemperaturescaleatastepaboveabsolutezeroKelvin.
Classificationofmatteronthebasisofcomposition:
Onthebasisofthechemicalcompositionmattercanbeclassifiedasfallows.
1. Heterogeneousmatter
2. Homogeneousmatter
1)Heterogeneousmatter:Asubstanceisheterogeneousifitexhibitsdifferentpropertiesatits
differentposition.Differenttypesofheterogeneousmatterare
a)suspension b)colloid
c)heteromixture
Matter
Heterogeneousmatter
______________________
Homogeneousmatter
____________________
Suspension colloidHetero.mixture
HomogeneousmixturePuresubstance
Element
______________________
MetalNonmetalmetalloid
_________________
Compound
a)Suspension:Itisaheterogeneousmixtureinwhichthesoluteparticlesdonotdissolvebut
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.These particles can be seen by the
nakedeye.Thesoluteparticlessettledownwhenthesuspensionisleftundisturbed.Thesecan
beseparatedfromthemixturebytheprocessoffiltration.
Ex:dirtparticlesinwater,soarmilk.
b)Colloid:Colloidsaretheheterogeneousmixtureoftwocomponentswiththesizeofthe
particleis1nmto100nm(or10A0to1000A0).Theseparticlesofcolloidareuniformlyspread
throughoutthesolution.Duetorelativelysmallersizeoftheparticlesascomparedtothe
mixtures,Itappearstobehomogeneous,butactuallycolloidsareheterogeneous.Theseare
possessingtwophases.(Dispersedphaseanddispersionmedium)
c)Heteromixture:Itisobtainedbymixingtwoormoresubstanceinanyratio.Theseare
possessing the mixed properties of the combined substance.These can be separated by
physicalmethod.
Ex:Amixtureofsandandcommonsalt.
b)Puresubstances
a)Homogeneousmixture:Amixtureoftwocomponentsthatappearsinasinglephaseis
calledhomogeneousmixtures.Thesearecalledassolutions.
Ahomogeneousmixtureofsoluteandsolventarecalledsolutions.Thesesolutionsare
alsocalledastruesolutionsorcrystalloids
Ex:Ahomogeneousmixtureofsugarandwatergivestruesolutions.
b) Pure substance: These are made of only one type of particles such as atoms or
molecules.Furthertheseareclassifiedaselementsandcompounds.
Element: Simple forms of matter which cannot be decomposed into further simple
substancesarecalledelements.118elementsarediscoveredtilltoday,outofwhich92are
naturallyoccurringelementsandremainingareartificiallypreparedelements.
Ex:Hydrogen,mercury,gold,ironetc.
Elementsarefurtherclassifiedasmetals,nonmetalsandmetalloids
Metal:Theelementswiththeelectropositivenatureoflosingoneormoreelectronsreadily
togivepositivelychargedcationsarecalledmetals.
M M++e
Ex:Copper,Zinc,Iron
Nonmetal: The electronegative elements which have a tendency to gain one or more
electronsarecallednonmetals.Aftergettingtheelectronsnegativeionsformedarecalled
anions.AisanonmetalandAisanion.
A+e A
Ex:Chlorine,Bromine,sulphuretc
.
Figure1Magnesiummetal
Figure2Sodiummetal
Metalloids:Elementspossessingpropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetalsarecalled
metalloids.
Ex:Antimony,arsenic,Germiniumetc.
Compounds:Thesubstancesmadeoftwoormorethantwoelementscombinedwitheach
otherinadefiniteratiobymassarecalledcompounds.Thesecanbedecomposedintoits
elementsbychemicalorelectrochemicalreactions.
Ex:1.Inwater(H2O)numberofhydrogenandoxygenatomsareintheratio2:1orit
containshydrogenandoxygencombinedwitheachotherintheratioof1:8bytheirmass.
i.e.2gofhydrogencombineswith16gofoxygen.
2.Sulphuricacid(H2SO4):InthiscompoundtheratioofnumberofatomsofH:S:Ocombinedis
2:1:4.TheratiobymassofH:S:Ois1:16:32.Inthiscompound2gofhydrogen32gofsulpher64
gramsofoxygencombinewitheachothertoform98gofH2SO4.
Solution:Ahomogeneousmixturesofsoluteandsolventarecalledsolutions.Inasolution,
asubstancewhichisinalessquantityissoluteandotherwhichisinmorequantityis
solvent.Inaqueoussolutionofsugar,waterissolventandsugarissolute.
Concentrationofsolution.Theamountofasolutepresentinaunitvolumeofthesolution
iscalledconcentrationofthesolution.
Concentrationofthesolutioncanbeexpressedintermssuchaspercentagebymassor
byvolume,molarity,molality,normality,molefraction,ppm.Outofthesetermsthemost
familiartermstoexpresstheconcentrationofthesolutionarepercentagebymassor
volume,molarityandnormality.
Percentagebymass:Itisthemassofthesolutepresentin100gofthesolution.
Percentagebymass=
Percentagebyvolume:Itisthemassofthesolutepresentin100cm3ofthesolution.
Percentagebyvolume=
Problem:50gofglucoseisdissolvedin400gofwater,thencalculate%bymassofthe
solute.
Ans:Totalmassofthesolution=massofglucose+massofwater
=50+400=450g
Percentagebymass=
=
=11.11
Hence%bymassofglucoseinthesolutionis11.11
Problem:300cm3ofsolutioncontains20gofNaCldissolvedwithwater,thencalculate%
byvolumeofthesolution.
Ans:
Percentagebyvolume=
=
=6.67
Hence%byvolumeofNaClinthesolutionis6.67
Molarity:Molaritycanbedefinedasthenumberofgrammolecularmassofsolutedissolvedin
onedm3ofthesolution.ItisdenotedbyM
Molarity=
Molarity=
or
Wherem=massofthesolute
M=Molecularmassofthesolute
V=volumeofthesolution
MolarityofNaOHsolutionis0.5Mmeans0.5mole(or0.5grammolecularmass)ofNaOH
isdissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution.
Problem.:Calculatethemolarityofthesolutionobtainedbydissolving6gofoxalicacidin
200cm3ofsolution.Mol.massofoxalicacidis126.
Solution.Giventhingsm=6gM=126V=200cm3
Molarity=
=0.238M
Normality:Normalitycanbedefinedasthenumberofgramequivalentmassofsolute
dissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution.ItisrepresentedbyN
Normality=
ORNormality=
Wherem=massofthesolute
E=Equivalentmassofthesolute
V=volumeofthesolution
NormalityofH2SO4solutionis0.5N,Itmeansthat0.5gramequivalentmassofH2SO4is
dissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution
Problem:Calculatethenormalityofthesolutioncontaining4gofsodiumhydroxidein500
cm3ofthesolution.(Equ.massofNaOHis40)
Normality=
=0.2N
HencethenormalityofNaOHsolutionis0.2N
Questions
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Definematter
Mentionthedifferenttypesofmatteronthebasisoftheirphysicalstate.
Whatisasolid?Giveanexample.
Whatisaliquid?Giveanexample
Whatisagas?Giveanexample
Writetheclassificationofmatteronthebasisoftheirchemicalcomposition.
Whatisaheterogeneousmatter?
Whatisahomogeneousmatter?
Mentionthedifferenttypesofheterogeneousmatter.
Whatisasuspension?Giveanexample.
Whatisacolloid?Giveanexample.
Mentionthedifferenttypesofhomogeneousmatter.
Definesolution.
Giveanexampleforsolution.Mentionthesoluteandsolventpresentinit.
Whatisanelement?Giveexample.
Whataremetals?Giveanexample.
Whatarenonmetals?Giveanexample.
Whataremetalloids?Giveanexample.
Whatarecompounds?Giveanexample.
MentiontheratiobymassofhydrogenandchlorinepresentinHCl.
Definetheconcentrationofasolution.Mentionthedifferenttermsusedtoexpressthe
concentrationofthesolution.
22 Whatis%bymassofthesoluteinsolution?Expressitintheformofequation.
23 Whatispercentagebyvolumeofthesolution?Expressitintheformofequation.
24 Definemolarityofasolution.Expressitintheformofequation.