Aihole

Aihoe (Kannada
) is a village having a historic
temple complex in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka,
India and located 510 km from Bangalore. It is known
for Chalukyan architecture, with about 125 stone temples dating from 5th century CE, and is a popular tourist
spot in north Karnataka. It lies to the east of Pattadakal,
along the Malaprabha River, while Badami is to the west
of both. With its collection of architectural structures,
Aihoe has the potential to be included as a UNESCO
World heritage site.[1]

History

An important 8th century inscription in Old-Kannada language

and script at the Lad Khan temple, records a grant to Brahmins

Main articles: Chalukya dynasty, Badami Chalukya

Architecture, Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu and
tecture).[4]
Aihole inscriptions
Pulakesi I, one of the greatest rulers of this dynasty,
Aihoe was earlier known as Ayyavoe and Aryapura in its moved the capital to Badami nearby. Badami was then
inscriptions.[2] It was established in 450 CE as rst cap- known as Vatapi. It is from these temples that the
ital of Chalukya kings and has about 125 stone temples, Chalukyas gained their experience and went on to build
some which were constructed as experimental structures the great temples of Pattadakal. The rst phase of temple
by artisans of Chalukyan period.[3] A place known by the building in Aihole dates back to the 6th century CE, the
name Morera Angadigalu near the Meguti hillocks has a second phase up to the 12th century CE.
large number of cists of pre-historic period. The place
was an agraharam. Aihoe has been described as one of
the cradles of temple architecture. Some brick structures 2 Important temples at Aihole
of pre-Chalukyan times have also been excavated in this
village.
1. Durga temple complex
2. Lad Khan Temple
3. Ambigera Gudi complex
4. Mallikarjuna temple complex
5. Chikki temple
6. Rachi temple
7. Eniyar temples complex
8. Hucchimalli temple complex
9. Ravanaphadi rock-cut temple
Poetry on stone at the Meguti temple (Aihole inscription) dated
634 CE, in Sanskrit language and old Kannada script

10. Jain temple, Meguti temple

11. Hucchappayya Math Complex

According to mythology Aihole is the place where

Parashurama washed his axe after killing the Kshatriyas.
Aihole has historical signicance and is called as cradle of Hindu rock architecture (Cradle of Indian archi-

12. Kunti temples complex

13. Charantimath complex
1

14. Tryambakesvara group

15. Gauri temple

EARLY CHALUKYA STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE

5 Early Chalukya style of architecture

16. Jaina temples in the village

17. Rock-cut Jain Basadi
18. Ramlingesvara Temple Complex
19. Galaganatha Temple Complex

History

Aihole inscription

Main article: Aihole inscriptions

The famous Badami Chalukyas King Pulakeshi II (610

A pillar relief at the Durga temple in Aihoe

Chalukya Territories during Pulakeshi II c. 640 C.E.

642 A.D.) was a follower of Vaishnavism. The inscription of Ravikirti, his court poet, is a eulogy of the Pulakeshi II and is available at the Meguti temple. It is
dated 634 CE and is written in Sanskrit language and
old Kannada script. The Aihole inscription describes
the achievements of Pulakeshi II and his victory against
King Harshavardhana.[5] Aihole inscription of Pulakesin
II mentioned as akrantatma-balonnatim Pallavanam patim, that means the Pallavas had attempted to nip in
the bud the rise of the Badami Chalukyas. The conict of the two powers before the campaign of Pulakesin
II against the Pallavas. Inscription which prepared by
Pulakeshi II (634 AD) found in the Jain Temple at Aihole, that all the scholars have relied on this inscription
related to Mahabharata War and Kaliyuga.[6] . In the
Aihole inscription referred that Mangalesha's (Paramabhagavat) victory over the Kalachuris and the conquest of Revatidvipa. According to the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II, a civil war between Mangalesha
and Pulakeshin II, due to Mangalesas attempt to secure
the succession for his own son, which was the end of
Mangaleshas reign.[7] In inscription of Amoghavarsha I
found at Aihole, mentioned about his new administration
(navarajyam geyye).[8]

Mantapa (hall) in the famous Ravana Phadi cave temple at Aihoe. The cave temple is usually dated to the 6th century

Aihole, was the cradle of ancient Hindu temple architecture.[9] It has more than 70 temples. The experimentation
with dierent styles was undertaken by the artisans. The
artisans worked on the rocks to create the earliest rock
cut shrines.[10] The artisans graduated to the full-edged
Chalukya style of architecture.
The early Chalukyas inherited architectural styles largely
from their neighbors to the north and south of their

3
kingdom.[11] Usage of curved towers decorated with
blind arches came from northern India. Plastered walls
with panel inserts are a southern Indian style. The usage
of Deccan style is in their balcony seating, angled eaves
and sloping roofs, and elaborately carved columns and
ceilings (George Michell,1997). In short, they artistically
brought together the prevailing styles in their neighbourhood to create the Chalukya style.
Typical features unique to Badami Chalukyas architecture include mortarless assembly, an emphasis on length
rather than width or height, at roofs, richly carved ceilings, and, sculpturally, an emphasis on relatively few major gures, which tend to be isolated from each other Lad Khan Temple, Aihole
rather than arranged in crowded groups. The aesthetic
sensibility of sculpture from this period also seems to retain a certain classical quality whose impulse does not
carry over into later periods of Indian art (Susan Huntington, 1985).

The Temples

Ravana Phadi cave, Aihole

Durga temple, Aihole

Konti Gudi (lit Konti temple), Aihole

A group of three temples is referred to as the Kontigudi

group of temples. One of these is the Lad Khan temple
(The oldest temple at Aihole is the Lad khan temple dating back to the fth century[9] ), named after a mendicant
that lived in this temple in the 19th century, another the
Huchiappayyagudi temple and the Huchiappayya math.
Durga temple Front View, Aihole

The prominent temple groups at Aihole are the Kontigudi

group and the Galaganatha group of temples, although
historians have divided all the temples into 22 groups.

Durga temple or fortress temple is the best known

of the Aihole temples and is very photogenic. It is
apsidal in plan, along the lines of a Buddhist chaitya,
a high moulded adisthana and a tower curvilinear

6 THE TEMPLES

Inside the Ravana Phadi cave temple, Aihole

Hucchimalli Gudi (lit Mad Mallis temple), Aihole

Mallikarjuna temple complex, Aihole

Galaganatha group of monuments

Two-story Buddhist Chaitya (lit Buddhist hall)

shikhara. A pillared corridor runs around the temple, enveloping the shrine, the mukhamantapa and
the sabhamantapa. All through the temple, there
are beautiful carvings. The temple appears to be of
the late 7th or early 8th century.
Main article: Durga temple, Aihole
Lad Khan Temple[12] consists of a shrine with two

Basavanna temple at Aihole

mantapas in front of it. The shrine bears a Shiva

lingam. The mukha mantapa in front of the sanctum has a set of 12 carved pillars. The sabhamantapa in front of the mukha mantapa has pillars arranged in such a manner as to form two concentric
squares. There are also stone grids on the wall carrying oral designs. The temple is built in a Panchayat
hall style, indicating a very early experiment in temple construction. The windows are lled with lat-

5
tice style which is a north Indian style. The temple
was built by the Chalukya kings in the 5th century.
Ladkhan Temple is to the south of the Durga temple
are the temples of this group. The Ladkhan temple,
so named, as a general of the name had lived here,
consists of a square mantapa, a mukha mantapa and
the sanctum, built against the backwall. The west,
south and north walls have beautifully carved stone
lattices. On the lintel of the sanctum is a garuda
image and in the shrine a Shivalinga. The central
square has a at roof. In the centre Nandi is installed, and just above Nandi, there is a damaged nagara shikhara, appearing to be a later addition. The
period of this structure is about 450 A.D.
Main article: Lad Khan Temple

Ravana Phadi cave is one of the oldest rock cut temples in Aihole, is located south east of Hucchimalli
temple. This temple dates back to the 6th century,
with a rectangular shrine, with two mantapas. There
is a Shivalinga in the inner room or sanctum sanctorum. This is a Shaivite cave temple with a sanctum
larger than that of the Badami Cave Temples. The
sanctum has a vestibule with a triple entrance and
has carved pillars. The walls and sides of the temple are covered with large gures including dancing
Shiva. Ravalphadi Vedic rock-cut shrine is the most
famous of the three rock-cut shrines at Aihole, located to the south-east of Huchimalli group of temples, dedicated to Shiva. Assigned to the sixth century, this rock-cut shrine has a ne gure of Nataraja
dancing, surrounded by Saptamatrikas, all engraved
in bold relief and in elegant styles. The
Jyothirlinga Group, at a short distance to the southwest of Ravalaphadi is the group of temples called
Jothirlinga group. Two small temples here are at
roofed and in front of them are Nandimantapas. The
remaining temples have a sanctum, shukanasa and a
front hall in each of the temples. Two of the temples
have Kadambanagara towers. Two of the temples
have inscriptions of the Kalyana Chalukya period.
The rest of the temples now dilapidated are of about
the 8th to 10th centuries.
Meguti Jain temple stands on a hillock. It is the only
dated monument built in 634. The temple sits on
a raised platform, and a ight of steps leads one to
the mukhamantapa. The pillared mukhamantapa is
a large one. A ight of stairs leads to another shrine
on the roof, directly above the main shrine. From
the roof, one can have a panoramic view of the plain
with a hundred temples or so. The temple which was
possibly never completed gives important evidence
of early development in dravidian style of architecture. The dated inscription found on the outer wall

of the temple records the construction of the temple by Ravikeerthi, a scholar in the court of emperor Pulakeshi II. Meganagudi group of temples,
there are several ancient temples on Megutigudda,
a small hillock to the south-east of the village. A
two-storeyed structure here has a natural cavern inside. The rst oor includes a pillared hall, and at
the wall behind it are three cells. The central room
is the shrine cell, the second oor similarly has a
verandah and a square cell behind. This is an ordinary structure and is assigned to the 5th century.
The Meguti or the Meganagudi is a Jinalaya in the
Dravidian style enclosed by a stone wall. It has a
pillared hall in front, and antarala and the sanctum
behind, with pradakshinapatha. On one of the outer
walls is found the famous Aihole inscription dated
634 A.D. recording the construction of the Jinendra
temple by Ravikeerti, who was a commander and
minister of Pulikeshi II. The record makes a mention of Kalidasa and Bharavi and is composed in
an ornate style in Samskrita by Ravikirti himself.
To the south-east of Meguti is a small Jaina cave,
which has a porch, a wall behind and a sanctum in
the back which houses a ve-foot tall-Bahubali gure and other Tirthankaras are also engraved in other
parts against walls.
Enrute to Meguti temple on same hill top there is
6th century two storied Buddhist Cave temple which
partly rock-cut structure. .
Scattered in the pre historic period meghalithic site
behind the Meguti temple are many dolmens, numbering about 45 and more are destroyed by treasure
hunters. Local people call it as Morera mane (Morera tatte) or Desaira Mane. Each dolmen has three
sides upright square slabs and large at slab on top
forms roof, front side upright slab had circular hole.
Galaganatha group temples is one of nearly thirty
temples on the bank of the Malaprabha River. The
main shrine of the Galaganatha temple enshrining
Shiva Galaganatha has a curvilinear shikhara, and
has images of Ganga and Yamuna at the entrance
to this shrine. Galaganatha group of temples, further south of Huchappaiah temple is this group of
about 38 small shrines in which the shrine of Galaganatha is intact, and most of the others are in ruins.
The Galaganatha shrine has a hall, interior passage
and sanctum. Its tower is rekhanagara. The temple
has been assigned to the 8th century. There is another 10th century trikutachala temple found in this
group.
Suryanarayana temple has a 0.6 m high statue of
Surya along with his consorts Usha and Sandhya being drawn by horses. The temple dates from the 7th
or 8th century, has a four pillared inner sanctum and

6 THE TEMPLES
a nagara style tower over it. Suryanarayana Gudi is
located to the north-east of Ladkhan temple. It has a
four pillared inner hall and in the sanctum, two feet
tall idol of Surya. Over the sanctum is a rekhanagara tower. This has been assigned to the 7th 8th
centuries.

on high molded base. An outer wall contains 16 pillars. Between them, stone slabs are xed to serve as
walls. An 8th-century inscription here refers to this
as Bhagavati temple. To the north of the Jaina temples is the Gowri temple. It is in Kalyana Chalukya
style assignable to the 12th century.

Chakra Gudi is a little further to the south from Ladkhan group with a hall and sanctum. Its tower is in
rekhanagara style. Its period is about the 9th century.

Rachi gudi, lies to the west of the village. It is a

trikutachala Shiva temple constructed in about 11th
century. It stands on a high plinth, faces west and
the three cells face three directions. On the external
walls of the temple are small niches with Ganapathi,
Nataraja and Vishnu images.

Badigera gudi is to the west of Chakragudi which

was originally a Surya temple, which has a porch,
hall and a cell shrine and over it a rekhanagara tower.
The temple belongs to the 9th century.
Triyambakeshvara Group, it is close to the Charantimatha, towards north-east two of which are trikutachalas, assigned to the 12th century. Nearby is
Maddinagudi. There is an idol of nataraja in the
mantapa and this is an 11th-century AD temple.
Group of Jainagudis: To the north of Triyambakeshvara lie some jaina basadis called as Jainanarayana
or Yoginarayana of the Kalyana Chalukya style
trikutachala structures (11th century). The Parshvanatha idol in the central shrine remains. There are
three other shrines here.
Ambigera Gudi Group is situated to the west of the
Durga temple outside the fort, there are three temples of this group. The biggest among them has a
rekhanagara tower. It is supposed to be 10th century structure.
Chikkigudi Group is at a short distance to the north
of the Ambigeragudi are a group of temples among
which Chikkigudi is the biggest with a front hall, a
mantapa and a cell shrine. This is supposed to be a
7th-century structure.
Huchimalli (gudi) temple at Aihole, built in the 7th
century shows an evolution in the temple plan, as
it shows an ardhamantapa or an ante-chamber annexed to the main shrine. Huchimalli Group Of
Temples, to the north of the village behind the travelers bungalow is this beautiful temple. The sanctum here has a pradakshinapatha and its external
walls contain lattices. The sanctum has a northern
style rekhanagara tower. It is in this temple the
shukanasa or the vestibule was introduced for the
rst time. A little away in front is another dilapidated temple. Another small temple to the north of
Huchimalligudi is assigned to the 11th century.
Gaudara gudi, very close to the Ladkhan temple,
built on the lines of Ladkhan temple. It is standing

Huchappayya Matha is towards west of the village

is this matha, and closely is a temple. This temple
includes a hall, and a sanctum. On the ceiling are
the trimurti gures. Here is an inscription of 1067
A.D.
Halabasappana Gudi is to the west of the village. It
is a small structure with a sanctum and a hall. At the
entrance, on the door frame are engraved the idols
of Ganga and Yamuna.
Kontigudi group of temples, situated in about the
middle of the bazaar are four temples. The rst
among them has the Trimurthy idols on the ceiling
of the mantapa. These temples are assignable to the
7th century with various adjuncts being added during later centuries. Only one among them is dilapidated, and is of about the 10th century.
Charanthimatha Group of temples, very close to the
Kontigudi group, to the north east is group of Jaina
temples. In course of time they came under the
control of one Charantimatha and hence the present
name. The chief among these is trikutachala, and
a hall connects the three shrines with a portico in
front. It is about 11th 12th century A.D., built in
the Kalyana Chalukya style. There is a twin basadi
with one porch serving both, with each housing 12
Tirthankars. An inscription here records the date of
construction as 1120 A.D.
Huchappayya (gudi) temple has a curvilinear tower
(shikhara) over the sanctum (unlike the Lad Khan
temple). The interior of the temple has beautiful
carvings. The Huchappayana Temple Located to the
south of Aihole fort, on the way to the Malaprabha
river, this Shiva temple has a mukhamantapa, a
hall and the sanctum, adored with a Rekhanagara
shikhara. There are several big square pillars in
the porch and hall. Pillars of the porch have nely
carved gures of couples, and on the ceiling a ne
Nataraja image. Exterior walls of the sanctum have
three niches with Narasimha. This temple was constructed in about 8th century A.D.

7
Group of Yeniar Shrines, a little further away to the
south, along the river bank are this group of eight
temples, usually with a porch, hall and a cella, all of
about 12th century
Ramalinga group of temples, group lies to the south
of Yeniar shrines. Chief shrine among this group
is Ramalinga. In this trikutachala shrine two cells
have Shivalinga and the third, the image of Parvati. Period of this trikutachala is about the 11th
century A.D. Facing westward, the shrine has two
Kadambanagara towers. The place has a small
mosque. (Source: Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983)
Jain cave temple at the entrance of the Aihole (from
Pattadakal/Badami) on the banks of Mallaprabha
river it is similar to Ravana Phadi cave, there are
inscriptions on rock in old Kannada near the cave.
The Museum and Art Gallery is a sculpture gallery
maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India in
the Durga Temple complex which opens from Saturday to Thurday.

Gallery

See also

References

[1] Relocation move sparks concern. The Hindu (Chennai,

India). 20 February 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
[2] Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1 By Gag
Rm Garg page 251
[3] Raghavan, Vikram K (13 May 2010). Surviving the test
of time. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
[4] Aiholes stories in stone. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
[5] Message with Long Life: Indian Inscriptions. Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
[6] The Scientic Dating of the Mahabharat War, AIHOLE
INSCRIPTION. Dr.P.V.Vartak. Archived from the
original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
[7] EARLY CHALUKYAS. Archived from the original on
10 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
[8] BOMBAY-KARNATAKA INSCRIPTIONS, VOLUME I Part I, INTRODUCTION.
Retrieved
2009-05-05.
[9] Echoes from Chalukya caves. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
[10] ARCHITECTURE, The Chalukyan magnicence.
Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved
2009-04-01.

[11] Monuments of India, Part II, Early Chalukya, Aihole

[12] Aihole, Lad Khan Temple. Retrieved 2009-04-01.

13.Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983.

10 External links
Aihole temples
Photos of Aihole temples
Ocial site of Bagalkot District
Aihole group of temples on Google Maps
Aihole Galaganatha and Ramalingeshwara group of
temples on Google Maps
Sacred Landscapes in Early Medieval South India:
the Chalukya state and society (ca. AD 550-750) Aihole
Photos of Aihole British Library Collection

10.1 Travelers Experiences

Romance on the Rocks... Hampi, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Aihole Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole?oldid=639693556 Contributors: SimonP, Ahoerstemeier, Imc, Nv8200p, Robbot,

Mboverload, Utcursch, Ary29, IndianCow, Kwamikagami, Reinyday, Ogress, Tabletop, Vvuppala, Zwobot, CLW,
robot, Hardscarf, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Papa November, Amarrg, Pictowrit, Dineshkannambadi, Ohconfucius, ArglebargleIV, Marco polo,
Shyamsunder, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Hebrides, Bharath12345, Mattisse, Sidsahu, Frankie816, CommonsDelinker, Johnbod, Redtigerxyz,
Roland zh, Lightmouse, Denisarona, Siddeshwarprasad, Rayabhari, Alexbot, Stepheng3, Austinnoyes, XLinkBot, Sardonik, MystBot, Addbot, Manjunath Doddamani Gajendragad, Thaejas, Ambar wiki, JDavid, , Yobot, Tangopaso, Sanyambahga,
Vinayak.Kulkarni(Bangalore), Mynandan, Rajkris, DrilBot, MastiBot, Yoc2007, Siddhartha Ghai, Crusoe8181, Jonkerz, Kajervi, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, BrokenAnchorBot, Adigabnp, Delusion23, CEAA-India, Titodutta, 0aintseennothingyet0, Brkrao, Nithin bolar k, Sbblr
geervaanee, Meatsgains, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Cpt.a.haddock, Pied Hornbill, Mukulb, Mayasandra, ArmbrustBot, Bhooshannpy and
Anonymous: 17

11.2

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11.3

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