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What is referencing?
Academic writing involves using the literature and information that you read to justify
and support the answers you give in your essays and assignments. Referencing is a
method of acknowledging those ideas, theories and research which have directly
contributed to your work. The APA Style, which is detailed in this handout, is a
standardised way of presenting references for published and academic work.
Using the APA Style any sources of information need to be referenced both within
the body of your work, which is known as citing, and also within a reference list at
the end of your assignment.
Further details on APA Style can be found within the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed).
Why do we reference?
Referencing is an important academic practice and is, therefore, vital for any
academic/published work. The main reasons why you need to reference are:
To support an argument, make a claim or provide evidence.
To acknowledge other peoples contribution to your work.
To avoid plagiarism If you dont acknowledge the original author, it may look as
though you are presenting their work as your own.
To show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading.
To allow the reader of your work to locate the cited references easily, and so
evaluate your interpretation of those ideas.
To avoid losing marks!!
In example 1, the name of the author appears as part of the narrative so it is only
necessary to cite the year of publication in brackets. The alternative to this is to cite
both the authors name and publication year in brackets, as in example 2.
Early onset social anxiety disorder results in a more severe course (Kessler, 2003)
If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included
alphabetically in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown,
1991; Smith, 2003)
Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that therapists in dropout cases may have
inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent (p. 541)
If three, four or five authors are named then you should cite all the authors names
the first time the reference occurs in the text. However, in subsequent citations you
should list only the first author followed by et al and the year. For example:
First citation: Wasserstein, Zapulla, Rosen and Rock (1999) found that
Subsequent citations: Wasserstein et al. (1999) also found that....
If there are six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by
et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
Journal
Name of author
Publication year
Title
Journal name
Volume/issue number
Page numbers
Electronic Information
For any information taken
from the internet you will
need to note the Digital
Object Identifier (DOI) if
one exists. If not you will
need to quote the URL
(web address)
Year
Publisher
Journals
Authors
Year
Title
Petermann, J., Trus, P., Niess, C., & Gotzen, L. (1999). A modified Pivot-Shift test
for diagnosis confirmation in anterior cruciate ligament rupture. The Knee, 6(2),
131-136.
Page numbers
Use [Anonymous]
Use [n.d.]
Use [s.l.]
Use [s.n.]
Use [n.k.]
No author
Government
Publications
Conference
proceedings
Newspapers
Legislation
In text example
Give the abbreviated name of the law report and the page number on
which it starts
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Legislation
Patents
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In text example
Beckleheimer (1994)
Image from
the internet
TV Program
Miller (1989)
Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind [Television series]. New York: WNET.
The name of the director can also be used in place of the producer. A
single programme is called a television broadcast. The broadcast date
should be specified for a single programme
DVD and
video
recordings
Online
Journal
Article
VandenBos, G. Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates.
Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from
http://jbr.org.articles.html
If available you should include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) instead of
the URL. The DOI is a unique number which distinguishes a document on
the internet from all others published electronically.
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