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WATER BASICS
Water and its appropriate use
USES OF WATER
Nourishment
Cleansing and Hygiene
Ceremonial uses
Transportation
Cooling
Ornamental uses
Reflectivity
Liquidity
Life-sustaining potential
Protective uses
Water source
Water volume, in
cubic miles
Water volume, in
cubic kilometers
Percent of
freshwater
Percent of
total water
321,000,000
1,338,000,000
--
96.54
Ice caps,
Glaciers, &
Permanent Snow
5,773,000
24,064,000
68.6
1.74
Ground water
5,614,000
23,400,000
--
1.69
Fresh
2,526,000
10,530,000
30.1
0.76
Saline
3,088,000
12,870,000
--
0.93
Soil Moisture
3,959
16,500
0.05
0.001
71,970
300,000
0.86
0.022
Lakes
42,320
176,400
--
0.013
Fresh
21,830
91,000
0.26
0.007
Saline
20,490
85,400
--
0.007
Atmosphere
3,095
12,900
0.04
0.001
Swamp Water
2,752
11,470
0.03
0.0008
Rivers
509
2,120
0.006
0.0002
Biological Water
269
1,120
0.003
0.0001
Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to
the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York).
EVAPORATION
Heat energy from the sun causes water in
puddles, streams, rivers, seas or lakes to
change from a liquid to a water vapor.
This is called evaporation.
The vapor rises into the air and collects in
clouds.
CONDENSATION
Water vapor collects in clouds. As the
clouds cool the water vapor condenses
into water drops.
This is called condensation.
These drops fall to the earth as rain,
snow or hail.
PRECIPITATION
Water falls to the earth from clouds
mainly as rain, but sometimes as snow
and hail.
This is called precipitation.
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the process by which
plants lose water out of their leaves.
Transpiration gives evaporation a bit of a
hand in getting the water vapor back up
into the air.
some of the precipitation that falls onto the land infiltrates into
the ground to become ground water.
Once in the ground, some of this water travels close to the land surface and
emerges very quickly as discharge into streambeds
because of gravity, much of it continues to sink deeper into the ground.
water moving downward can also meet more dense and water-resistant
non-porous rock and soil, which causes it to flow in a more horizontal
fashion, generally towards streams, the ocean, or deeper into the ground.
WELL CONSTRUCTION
Well construction typically consists of three steps:
well will be drilled to meet all well construction
standards in the area
a trench is dug to connect the well to the system
a well pump is selected that will raise water from the
well and deliver it to a storage tank, where it is held
under pressure until needed
Driven wells
Jetted wells
Require a source of water and a pressure pump
A washing well point is supplied with water under pressure
; this loosens the earth and allows the point and pipe to
penetrate.
Drilled wells
Require elaborate equipment of several types
Dug by either percussion method or rotary drilling method
Percussion method involves raising and dropping of a
heavy drill bit and stem
After being pulverized, water is added to the hole to form
a slurry, which is periodically removed
As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered
Drilled wells
Rotary method uses a cutting bit at the lower end of a drill
pipe
A drilling fluid or pressurized air is constantly pumped to
the cutting bit to aid in the removal of earth particles
After the drill pipe is withdrawn, a casing is lowered into
position
Another method is the pneumatic hammer method which
combines the percussion and effect with a rotary drill bit
METHOD
AUGERED OR
BORED
HOW
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
CUTTING LIPS OF
A ROTATING
AUGER SHAVE OR
CUT MATERIAL
LOOSE FROM THE
BOTTOM OF THE
HOLE.
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
AUGER,
DETACHABLE
TUBULAR
EXTENSIONS, AND
A HANDLE FOR
ROTATING.
REMOVAL OF
MATERIAL FROM
HOLE
AUGER MUST BE
REMOVED FROM
THE HOLE
WHENEVER IT IS
FULL OF
CUTTINGS. THIS
NECESSITATES
UNCOUPLING
EXTENSIONS.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
EQUIPMENT IS
SIMPLE AND CAN
USUALLY BE
FABRICATED OR
ADAPTED
LOCALLY. CANNOT
PENETRATE HARD
FORMATIONS.
UNCOUPLING
EXTENSIONS
SLOWS WORK AT
GREATER DEPTHS.
USUALLY CANNOT
BE USED BELOW
THE WATER
TABLE.
METHOD
DRIVEN
HOW
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
A POINT ON THE
LOWER END OF A
STRING OF PIPE
ALLOWS THE PIPE
TO PENETRATE AS
IT IS DRIVEN ON
THE UPPER END.
NORMALLY
ACCOMPLISHED
BY ALTERNATELY
RAISING AND
DROPPING A
WEIGHT USED AS
A DRIVER.
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
DRIVE POINT
WHICH USUALLY
ALSO INCLUDES A
WELL SCREEN
ABOVE IT, SPECIAL
DRIVE PIPE WITH
COUPLINGS,
DRIVE CAP, AND
DRIVER.
REMOVAL OF
MATERIAL FROM
HOLE
MATERIAL IS NOT
REMOVED FROM
THE HOLE, BUT IS
FORCED OUT
LATERALLY AS THE
DRIVE POINT IS
FORCED
THROUGH IT.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
FAST AND SIMPLE.
SPECIAL WELL
POINTS AND
HEAVY DRIVE PIPE
MAY NOT BE
AVAILABLE
LOCALLY. HARD
FORMATIONS
CANNOT BE
PENETRATED.
LIMITED TO
SMALL
DIAMETERS, BUT
MULTIPLE WELL
POINTS MAY BE
CONNECTED TO A
COMMON PUMP.
METHOD
JETTED
HOW
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
A HIGH VELOCITY
STREAM OF
WATER COMING
OUT OF THE
BOTTOM OF A
VERTICAL PIPE
WASHES AWAY
MATERIAL AHEAD
OF IT AS IT IS
LOWERED.
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
PIPE EQUIPPED
WITH JETTING
ORIFICE (S) AT
LOWER END,
COUPLINGS,
SUITABLE PUMP
(HAND. OR
MOTOR
POWERED),
FLEXIBLE
CONNECTION
BETWEEN PUMP
AND PIPE, AND
SUPPLY OF
WATER.
REMOVAL OF
MATERIAL FROM
HOLE
THE WATER USED
FOR DRILLING
RETURNS TO THE
GROUND
SURFACE BY HAY
OF THE ANNULAR
SPACE AROUND
THE JETTING PIPE
CARRYING THE
MATERIAL
REMOVED WITH
IT.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
FAST.
CANNOT
PENETRATE HARD
FORMATIONS.
DIFFICULTY IN
BRINGING LARGE
GRAVEL OR
STONE TO THE
SURFACE.
DRILLING
EQUIPMENT CAN
BE FABRICATED
LOCALLY, BUT A
PUMP AND A
SOURCE OF
WATER ARE
REQUIRED.
METHOD
HYDRAULIC
PERCUSSION
HOW
MINIMUM
REMOVAL OF
PENETRATION IS
EQUIPMENT
MATERIAL FROM
ACCOMPLISHED
REQUIRED
HOLE
THE HOLE IS KEPT HOLLOW DRILL
THE RAISING AND
FULL OF WATER. BIT WITH WATER DROPPING
THE ALTERNATE INLETS AND A
ACTION IN
RAISING AND
CHECK VALVE,
CONJUNCTION
DROPPING OF A STRING OF PIPE, WITH THE CHECK
STRING OF PIPE DEVICES TO AID VALVE CAUSES
WATER TO BE
EQUIPPED WITH A RAISING AND
PUMPED UP THE
CUTTING BIT AT DROPPING. A
THE BOTTOM
MAN'S HAND
INSIDE OF THE
OVER THE TOP OF DRILL PIPE
ALLOWS
CARRYING THE
PENETRATION BY THE DRILL PIPE
CUTTINGS WITH
A COMBINATION MAY BE
OF MECHANICAL SUBSTITUTED FOR IT.
AND HYDRAULIC THE CHECK
VALVE.
ACTION.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
EQUIPMENT CAN
BE FABRICATED
LOCALLY OR
PURCHASED.
WATER
REQUIRED.
TRADITIONALLY
USED IN SOME
AREAS, THUS
UNDERSTOOD BY
LOCAL WELL
DRILLERS. HARD
FORMATIONS
CANNOT BE
PENETRATED.
DIFFICULTY IN
BRINGING LARGE
GRAVEL OR
STONES TO THE
SURFACE.
METHOD
CABLE TOOL
PERCUSSION
HOW
MINIMUM
PENETRATION IS
EQUIPMENT
ACCOMPLISHED
REQUIRED
A HEAVY
HEAVY DRILL BIT,
CYLINDRICAL
ROPE OR GABLE,
WEIGHT
DEVICES TO AID
EQUIPPED WITH A RAISING AND
CUTTING EDGE AT DROPPING.
THE BOTTOM
AND WITH A
ROPE OR CABLE
ATTACHED TO THE
UPPER END IS
ALTERNATELY
RAISED AND
DROPPED.
IMPACT
PULVERIZED
MATERIAL AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE
HOLE.
REMOVAL OF
MATERIAL FROM
HOLE
THE PULVERIZED
CUTTINGS ARE
MIXED INTO A
SLURRY WITH
WATER DURING
DRILLING. THESE
ARE REMOVED
USING A BAILER.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
ALL FORMATIONS
CAN BE
PENETRATED AT
VARYING RATES.
SOME WATER
REQUIRED.
COMMERCIALLY
BUILT RIG IS
EXPENSIVE AND
REQUIRES
CONSIDERABLE
SKILL TO
OPERATE, BUT A
SIMPLE SET OF
TOOLS CAN BE
FABRICATED
LOCALLY AND
ADAPTED TO
MAN OR MOTOR
POWER.
METHOD
BAIL DOWN
HOW
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
A LONG,
CYLINDRICAL
BUCKET WITH A
CHECK VALVE AT
THE BOTTOM
AND A ROPE OR
CABLE ATTACHED
TO THE TOP IS
ALTERNATELY
RAISED AND
DROPPED IN A
HOLE PARTIALLY
FILLED WITH
WATER.
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
BY HYDRAULIC
AND
MECHANICAL
ACTION.
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
BAILER, ROPE,
DEVICES TO AID
RAISING AND
DROPPING.
REMOVAL OF
MATERIAL FROM
HOLE
SLURRY OF
CUTTINGS AND
WATER ENTER
THE BAILER AS IT
IS REPEATEDLY
DROPPED. THESE
ARE PREVENTED
FROM LEAVING
THE BUCKET BY
THE CHECK
VALVE. THE
BUCKET IS RAISED
TO THE SURFACE
FOR EMPTYING.
ADVANTAGES &
LIMITATIONS
EQUIPMENT CAN
BE FABRICATED
LOCALLY.
FREQUENTLY
USED IN
CONJUNCTION
WITH OTHER
METHODS, SUCH
AS PERCUSSION.
HARD
FORMATIONS
CANNOT BE
PENETRATED BY
THE BAILER
ALONE.
METHOD
HYDRAULIC
ROTARY
HOW
PENETRATION IS
ACCOMPLISHED
A HOLLOW DRILL
BIT WITH EITHER
A FIXED CUTTING
EDGE OR
TOOTHED
ROLLERS IS
ROTATED AT THE
BOTTOM END OF
A STRING OF PIPE.
MATERIAL IS
SCRAPED,
ABRADED OR
CHIPPED AWAY BY
MECHANICAL
ACTION.
MINIMUM
EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED
DRILL BIT, DRILL
PIPE,
CIRCULATING
PUMP, DEVICE
FOR ROTATING
DRILL PIPE.
REMOVAL OF
ADVANTAGES &
MATERIAL FROM
LIMITATIONS
HOLE
WATER OR "MUD" COMMERCIALLY
IS PUMPED
BUILT RIG IS
EXPENSIVE AND
DOWN THE
HOLLOW DRILL
REQUIRES
CONSIDERABLE
STEM TO
LUBRICATE THE
SKILL TO
BIT AND TO
OPERATE.
HOWEVER, SMALL
CARRY THE
CUTTINGS UP TO ADAPTATIONS
THE SURFACE
USING EITHER
MAN POWER OR
THROUGH THE
ANNULAR SPACE SMALL ENGINES
HAVE BEEN
AROUND THE
DRILL PIPE.
DEVISED. A
CIRCULATION
WATER SUPPLY IS
MAY ALSO BE IN NECESSARY. IT IS
DIFFICULT TO
THE REVERSE
DIRECTION.
DRILL IN LOOSE
FORMATIONS.
In the best and most economical water system, the needs of the system are
less than the rate at which water can be drawn from the well.
If the peak demand exceeds the maximum rate of water available, the pump
must be sized within the well capacity and the peak demand reached through
added storage capacity.
Usually a large-size pressure tank can perform this function. In fact, a larger
water storage tank can prolong the life of your pump, as it reduces the need for
the pump to cycle as often.
Type of Pumps
Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle
Pumps
Dynamic
Centrifugal
Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)
Special effect
Internal
gear
Positive
Displacement
Rotary
External
gear
Reciprocating
Lobe
Slide
vane
WATER PUMPS
Positive displacement pumps
There are 2 principal types: reciprocating pumps
and rotary pumps
In reciprocating pumps, a plunger moves back and forth
within a cylinder equipped with check valves
The cylinder is located near or below the groundwater
level
Water enters the cylinder through an initial check valve
As the plunger moves toward this check valve, water is
forced through a 2nd check valve located within the
plunger itself
As the piston returns to its original position, water is
forced upward toward the surface
WATER PUMPS
A rotary pump has a helical or spiral rotor a turning
vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve
As the rotor turns, it traps water between it and the
sleeve, thus, forcing the water to the upper end of the
rotor
WATER PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps
WATER PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps
The number of stages depends upon the pressure
needed to operate the water supply system, as
well as the height to which the water must be
raised
Most common centrifugal pumps are those used
in deep wells
WATER PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps
There are 2 principal types of centrifugal pumps:
turbine and submersible pumps
These pumps are usually used for high capacity from deep
wells, up to 450m deep. The capacity and pressure depends
on design, diameter, and number of impellers.
The advantages are that it produces smooth, even flow and is
easy to frost proof. The long drive shaft requires a straight
and vertical well casing.
The disadvantage is that the pump must be pulled from the
well in order to repair it.
WATER PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps
WATER PUMPS
Jet pumps
A venturi tube is added to the centrifugal pump
A portion of the water that is discharged from a
centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down
to a nozzle and the venturi tube
The lower pressure within the venturi tube
induces well water to flow in and the velocity of
the water from the nozzle pushes it up toward the
centrifugal pump, which can then lift it more
easily by suction
WATER SUPPLY
DESIGNERS CONCERNS
Fundamental considerations for both designing
and evaluating water supply systems.
Most important is to match the quality of
water to the task it will perform
The quantity of water required and provision
for the recycling of water
Specify plumbing fixtures that use less water
Color
Temperature
Foamability
Hardness
Toxic substances
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Pesticides
Sodium
Sulfates
Zinc
these are not easily identifiable and a thorough biological water test is
complex and time-consuming.