QUIZ

1 Assume fast re-transmission and fast

recovery are enabled at the sender, and TCP is in
congestion avoidance phase. Initially the cwnd
equals 4, so packets 1-4 are sent out sequentially in
a row. Packet 3 is dropped during transmission. 1.)
What are the sequence numbers in the
acknowledgement sent back from the receiver?
Assume that when there is no packet loss, the
receiver normally replies with Ack n+1 after
receiving Pkt n. 2.) What happens next, assuming no
further packet losses? Please show when and how
packets and acknowledgements will be exchanged
until Ack 7 is sent back from the receiver.

QUIZ 2 1.) Split horizon is a feature of? Insuring a
common intra-domain protocol 2.) Which of the
following is not true for Bellman-Ford algorithm? No
hop count limit 3.) Which of the following is not a
task of BGP? Distance vertor routing 4.) Which
method does RIP use for determining routes?
Restart 5.) Which of the following is not part of
routing failure recovery? RIP
QUIZ 3 1.) IP=OSPF re-convergence, SONET=
automatic protection switching, WDM=fiber
protection, MPLS=LSP protection 2.) Contrast
protection vs. restoration in terms of a.) recovery
approach, Protection allocates spare resource for
backup, restoration computes network
configuration on the fly b.)recovery speed,
protection offers faster recovery than restoration
c.)resource efficiency, restoration utilizes resources
more efficiently 3.) What is the most significant
difference between the 1:1 and 1+1 protection
schemes, 1+1 establishes two active paths and
signals are duplicated and transmitted on two paths
simultaneously, while in 1:1 one path is used for
backup only. 4.) Is the Internet a scale-free network
or an exponential network? Are scale-free networks
more prone to attacks than exponential networks?
Why? Internet is a scale-free network. A scale-free
network is more prone to targeted attacks because
its connectivity is largely contributed by a few hot
nodes with many links.
QUIZ 4 1.) Given the following dimensions of a
generic Portland data center network of size k, plot
the network topology when k=4. You may start with
the partial figure below. a.) number of ports per
switch: k, b.) number of core switches: (k/2)^2, c.)
number of pods: k, d.) number of edge switches per
pod: k/2, e.) number of aggregate switches per pod:
k/2, f.) total number of servers: k^3/4 2.) What are
two main ideas of DCTCP that make it different from
traditional TCP? A.) react in proportion to the extent
of congestion. Reduce window size based on fraction

of marked packets. B.) Mark based on instantaneous

queue length. Fast feedback to better deal with bursts.
Simplifies hardware.

High Speed: Foundations

QUIZ 5 1.) Explain the differences between
independent use and correlated use of multiple
SDN controllers. Do they perform the same
tasks? Do they need to communicate with each other?
Give one example for each type. Multiple controllers can
be used in two ways. Independent: different controllers
perform different tasks, controllers do not need to
communicate with each other, e.g. a controller for
routing and another for address management.
Correlated: controllers do need to communicate with
each other, the major objectives include load balancing
and resilience, e.g. the network is divided into
subnetworks, each subnetwork has its own controller.
2.) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of
SDN. Advantages: No longer designing distributed
control protocols, much easier to write/verify/maintain,
NOS serves as fundamental control block with a global
view of network. Bottlenecks: Bottleneck at the
controller: communication channel between switches
and the controller (i.e. control network). Bottleneck at
the switch control plane: communication channel
between switch forwarding plane and switch local CPU.
The centralized controller is prone to targeted attach
like DDoS.
Lesson 1=Introduction
DSL=Digital Subscriber Line 2ndStep: High-
o Link Bandwidth=
performance nodes
twisted-wire remains o Terminals
the same, modem is
! Directly affect the
different
application performance
o POTS, ISDN, ADSL
o Network Nodes
UpStream and DownS.
! Determine the
performance of data
VDSL=Very high bit-rate DSL
exchange
o TCM-ISDN (reduces
interference with ISDN 3rdStep: Powerful control
line), VDSL
and management
1st Step to High Speed: Link o Fixed network resurce
o Advanced technologies ! Maximize the utilizatio
o Fixed performance
! Broaden the road
criteria
o Cost control + massive
! Minimize the
production
investment and
! Affordable equipment
maintainance
With high-speed links
o a fast computer is conn. o Fixed network
architecture
To a slow server via
! Accelerate service
good links
provisioning
o a group of computers
! Fast failure restoration
with 100/10 M Eth
connected to a switch o Stability of network

Benefit of Logical Topology

o Cost-effective
o Better delay performance for cut-through
logical links
o Easy to manage packet streams

Switching Node

Application
o Interconnection of different types of networks
o Hierarchical architecture
Links of Backbone Networks 1
o Time-domain multiplexing
! Signals are interleaved in the time axis
! Periodic slots turns to be a channel with fixed
bandwidth
! A link can be divided into multiple channels
Links of Backbone Networks 2
o Wavelength-domain multiplexing
! A single fiber contains several wavelengths
! Each wavelength are relatively independent
Links of Backbone Networks 3

Backbone Networks
o A fiber has a huge capacity, e.g. 320 Gbps
o Wavelengths have coarse granularity, e.g.
10Gbps per wavelength
o Applications need fine granularity, e.g. 1 Gbps
o Question, How to handle the mismatch?

Think about subway 1
o A fiber has a huge
capacity, e.g. 320 Gbps


Think about subway 2
o A tunnel has multiple trains
o Each train can be
regarded as a virtual tunnel



Back to HighSpeedNetworks
o Physical Topology
! Fibers
! OXC (optical cross
connect)
o Logical Topology
! Channels (slot channel or
wavelength)
! Routers

Packet switching

Lecture 2 Flow and Congestion Control
Flow Control
o Data transfer TX->RX, reliable link
o Speed mismatch between TX and RX
o How to realize speed adaptation?
o Basic flow control:
! Stop-and-wait protocol
! Sliding window protocol
Stop-and-wait Flow control
o Source transmits frame
o Destination receives frame and replies with
acknowledgement
o Sourcewaits for ACK before sending next frame
Sliding window flow control
o Allow multiple frames to be in transit
o Receiver has buffer W frames long
o Transmitter can send up to W frames without
ACK
o Each frame is numbered
o ACK includes number of next frame expected
Transport Layer Flow Control
o Performs end-to-end flow control across the
network
o Necessary for QoS