HAWAIIANCULTURE

Geography
SmallarchipelagolocatedclosetothemiddleofthePacificOcean
Fourmainislands:
Hawai'i,
Maui
,Oahu,Kauai
MaunaLoa,MaunaKea
and
Haleakala
Hawaii'sthreetallestmountains(often
snowsinthewintermonths)
HotspotbeneaththePacificPlatecreatedHawaii'svolcanicislands.
Hotspotremainedstationaryoverthelast40millionyears,theplateabovehasdrifted
westnorthwestatarateofthreeandahalfinchesperyear.

Climate
Generally,theHawaiianIslandsaretropical,butthetemperatureandclimatecanvary
dramaticallydependingonwhereyouarelocatedonaparticularisland
MostofHawaiihasonlytwoseasonssummer(thesunisalmostdirectlyoverhead
andtheweatheriswarmeranddrierandwindsblowreliablyfromthenortheast),

kau
,fromMaytoOctober,andwinter(thesunislowerinthesouth,thewindsare
morevariableandthereismorerainfallandcloudcover),
ho'olio
fromNovemberto
April
June,JulyandAugustarethedriestmonths
Theeasternfacingsideoftheisland
windwardside
cooler,wetterandwindierside
Thewesternfacingsideoftheisland
leewardside
warmeranddryer
Commontoseelightrainfallwhilethesunisshiningbrightly
Acommongentlemistingrain,
kilihune
,

History
PolynesiansfromMarquesasIslanddiscoveredandsettledinHawaiion300AD.They
built
Heiau
templestoworship
Ku
,thegodofwar,and
Lono
,thegodofpeaceand
agriculture
in1200AD,theTahitianexplorersinvadedtheislandandmadetheMarquesasians
theirslave.TheybroughtthestoriesandchantsfromwesternPolynesia,whichsoon
grewtoincludeeventsanddetailsderivedfromtheirnewhome.
TheTahitiansbroughtwiththemkindsofplantsandanimals,includingtaro,ti,kukui
andnoniwhichareherbsusedtotreatillnesses,olona,`uala(sweetpotato),wauke,
limu(seaweed),chickens,pigsanddogs.
The
Kapu
(taboo)systemwasalsointroducedbytheTahitians
IN1778,CaptainJamesCookarrivedinHawaiiwhichmadetheconnectionbetween
HawaiiandtheWest.HenamedHawaiiSandwichIslandinhonoroftheEarlof
Sandwich.
1810,KamehamehaunitedtheislandsofHawaiiintoonekingdom
1819,Kamehamehasson,KingLiholihoabolishedthekapusystem

 1820,ProtestantmissionariesarrivedinHawaii.Also,Hawaiibecameaportfortrade,
seamen,andwhalerswhichcausedtheWhalingindustryinHawaiitoboomand
flourish.
ForeignimmigrantscametoHawaiisuchasChinese(1852),Portuguese(1878),
Japanese(1890),PuertoRicans(1900),Koreans(1903),Filipinos(1907),and
Samoans(1919)whichinfluencedtheHawaiianculture.

SocialandPoliticalStructure
Mo`i,orking:highestauthorityinallarenas
ultimateownerofallannualtaxes
oversawimportantreligiousritesandactedasleaderduringtimesofwar
Toptwoadvisorstothemo`i:kalaimoku,orchiefminister,andthekahunanui,
orhighpriest.
Ali`i:holdsthehighestchieflyrankchiefsofallranks,
Allali`iheldtheirpositionatthepleasureofthemo`ibuttheirrankdependedon
thecombinedgenealogiesoftheirparents.
Genealogy:Ifahighchiefcouldnotfindawomanofcomparableranktomarry,
hemightmarryhissisterorthedaughterofhisbrother.
Achildfromthistypeofunionwouldmaintainahighrankandthestatus
ofthefamily.Afterthebirthofsuchachild,thehusbandandwifeare
allowedtoremarry.
Ali`ioflesserrankwerethechildrenofmenfavoredbyachiefwhohadmarried
womenofali`ilineage.
Leastrankswerethosecalledali`iduetoaspecialskillorstrength
Ali`iintitleonlytheirpositioncouldnotbepassedtotheirchildren.
kapu,orrestrictions:regulatelivesofhighrankingali`i
CommonerswererequiredtoprostratethemselvesinthepresenceofAli`i
One'sshadowwasnotallowedtofallonthepersonorhouseofanAli`i
Nonebutanali`icouldenterhishousebyitsprivatedoorway
Anylowerrankingindividualwastokneelinthepresenceofanali`iwhowas
eating.
Ali`iwerelookedafterbyattendants
AttendantstotheMo`i:mostoftenhighrankingAli`ithemselvessatwiththe
Mo`iwhileheate,entertainedhimatnightwithstoriesandgames,lookedafter
hisfood,caredforhisreligiousidols,composedchantsforhim,andwatched
overhimasheslept.
Kahuna:aclassofpriestsandhighlyskilledcraftsmen.
Theirmasteryofreligiousritesandpracticespertainedtotheirspecific
profession(ex.canoebuilding).
Maka`ainana:largestgroupinHawaiiansocietycommonpeople.
laborersandworkerswhoproducedmostofthegoodsinlife
Didconstructionwork,farmed,fished,andfoughtfortheirchiefsduring
wartimes
2

 Taxedannuallybythemo`iandlocalali`i,payinginkindwithfood,clothingand
othergoodsandkeepingathirdofwhattheyproducedforthemselves.
Hadtherighttomovetoadifferentareaorrebelifthelocalrulingali`iwas
harshandunfair.
kauwa,oroutcasts:smallgroupatthebottomofthesocialladderwereborntotheir
position.

TempleWorship
TraditionalHawaiianlifestyletiedtospiritualitythattouchedallaspectsofeveryday
life.
Hawaiianculturehighlyritualizedtempleworshiptohonorthemajor
akua
,orgods.
Heiau
Templesorshrines
2forms:walledenclosuresorraisedplatforms.
Madeofstone
Hadsmallerwoodenstructures(houses)forparticularfunctionsandan
`anu`u
ororacletower.
2maintypesofservices:
Mapeleheiau:
honoredLonoceremoniesinvokedblessingsforsuccessful
cropsandotherpeacetimeneedspigswereacommonsacrificialanimal.
Luakiniheiau:
awartemplehonoringKuservicesincludedhumansacrifice.
Largetempleimages:
carvedofwood
Oftenfiguresstandingwithflexedknees,armsandhandswithmouthsopenin
ateethbaredexpression.
FeathergodimagesfoundonlyinHawai`i
Othersmallerimages:oftenmadeofstoneadornedsmallerlocalorfamily
shrinessuchasko`a(fishingshrines).
Whileworshipoffamilyorlocalgodswasconductedbyindividuals,templeworship
wasperformedbyali`iandpriests,or
kahuna
.
Kahuna
:thehighlytrainedcaretakersoftraditionandwisdom.
Specialistsinhealing(
kahunalapa`au
),diviningthefuture(
kahunakilokilo
),or
inblessingpracticalundertakingslikecanoebuilding(
kahunakalaiwa`a
).
Politicaladvisorstothechiefsandheldpositionsofgreatpowerwithinsociety.
Religiousceremonies:
honoredimportantlifeevents:birth,conception,attainingadulthoodanddeath,
canoebuildingorthededicationofnewhomes.
Luakiniceremonies:soughtthegods'blessinginwarfare.
MakahikiceremonieshonoredLono,theharvestbountyandtheseasonalreign
ofpeace.

CommonGreetings

GREETINGS
Aloha

Greetings,hello,good
bye,affection,love

Alohakakou

Alohatoall(including
speaker)

Alohakaua

Alohatoyou(singular)and
me

Alohaoe

Alohatoyou(singular)

Alohaoukou

Alohatoallofyou(plural)

Alohakakahiaka

Goodmorning

Alohaawakea

Goodmidday(10am2pm)

Aloha`auinal
a

Goodlateafternoon(after
midday)

Alohaahiahi

Goodevening(around
sunset)

Alohap
o

Goodnight

Ekomomai

Comein,welcome

Komomai

Enter,comein

Komomaieai

Comein,eat

Nohoilalo

Pleasesitdown

`Olu`olukomomai

Pleasecomein

Maika`inomahalo

Fineindeed,thankyou.
(Responseto"Peheaoe?")

`Owaikouinoa?

Whatisyourname?

O____ko`uinoa

_____ismyname

GOODBYE/PARTINGEXPRESSIONS
Ahuihou

Goodbye,untilwemeetagain

Malamapono

Takecare,beright

THANKS
Mahalo

Thankyou

Mahalonuiloa

Thankyouverymuch

`A`olepilikia

Noproblem
(Canbearesponsetomahalo)

MISCELLANEOUS

Alohawaui
a
'oe

Iloveyou
(Note:wauiswithasoft"v")

Ekalamai

Pleaseexcuseme

E`olu`olu`oe/`Olu`olu

Please

Hau`olil
a
h
a
nau

HappyBirthday

Hemeaiki

You'rewelcome

Mai`ai

Comeandeat

Noka`oi

Thebest(thisfollowsanoun)

Clothing
Becauseofclimate,Hawaiianrequirementsforshelterandclothingwereminimal.
Basicgarments:
Men:
malo
,orloincloth,
Women:
apa`u
,orskirt
Both:
kihei
(arectangularshawl)
Kapa
:abarkclothmadefrom
wauke,mamaki,oloa,`akala,orhau
plantfiberswhere
allthementionedgarmentsweremadeof.
Uses:Kapawasusedformanythingsotherthanclothing,includingbeddingor
sheetmaterialandasbannersoraswrappingmaterial.
ProducedthroughoutPolynesia
Firstsettlersbroughtwaukeplants(papermulberry)withthem
Kapa
inHawai`idisplayedawidevarietyoftextures,weightsanddesigns.
Techniques:Producingwatermarkswithpatternedbeaters,printingdesigns
withbamboostamps,achievinggreensandblueswithvegetabledyes,and
beatingperfumedfloraintotheclothtoimpartafragrance.
Atleast68individualtypesofkapaproduced(eachwithaspecificname)
Kihei
:atypeofcloakwornoveroneshoulder.
Tileafcapes:providedprotectionagainstcoldorrain.
5

 Ali`i(Hawaiianchief)worefeathercapes,cloaks,helmetsandlei(floralgarland)as
signsofrankandstatus.
Garmentsmadefromfeathersofhundredsorthousandsofbirdsattachedtoamesh
backing.
Feathergarmentsusedstrikinggeometricpatterns,mostofteninyellowandred.
Sinceonlyafewfeathersweretakenfromeachbirdcaught(thelivebirdwasthen
released),gatheringthefeathersforonecapecouldtakedecadesoreven
generations.

FoodPreparation
ancienttimes:broiling,boilingandroasting
lackedmetalutensilsorceramiccontainers
usedwoodenandgourdbowls,stonesandthedryingpowerofthesuntogreateffect
taskofmentopreparefoodandmeals

CookingMethods
broiling,grilling,boiling,steamingandroasting

TechniquesUsedinCooking
Broilingfoodusinghotcoals(ko`ala)orhotashes(pulehu):commonwaytocookifa
mealwaspreparedoutinthefieldsawayfromhomeorifthesmallamountoffood
beingprepareddidnotwarrantuseofalargerearthoven,orimu.
Foodwascookedbybeingspreadoutflatonalevelbedofcoals,oritwaswarmed
overornearafireandperiodicallyturned.
obreadfruitandunripebananas(intheirskins)
ootherfoodsneededprotectionfromburning>wrappedintileaves
(laulau)
ofishcouldbewrappedinaleafpackage(lawalu)
owholefish:alsobebroiledwithoutbeingwrapped
Hawaiiansboiledfoodsbutastheircontainersmadeofwoodorgourdswere
susceptibletoburning,theheatwasintroducedbydroppingheatedstonesintothe
waterfilledcontainerratherthanapplyingheattotheoutsideofthecontainer.
ofoodwasplacedinabowlwithwater>stonesaddedOR
ofood&hotstones:placedincontainerinalternatinglayers>water
addedlast
ogreens(thetopsofnewtaroleavesorthetenderendsofsweetpotato
vines)
Roastingandsteamingwereachievedintheimu,orearthenoven.
oprocessofcookinginimu:kalua
ooven:shallowpitdugintheground(covered,protectedplaceoroutin
theopeniftheweatherwasfine)
opit:filledwithkindlingsurroundedbylargerpiecesofwoodwithfistsized
stonesarrangedoverthewood
6

okindling>lit:flameswerefannedbyblowingthroughalengthof
bamboo
ofire:hotrocksspread(tocreateanevenfloor)>coveredwithalayerof
grassorleaves(topreventscorchingofthefood)
oTaro,breadfruit,sweetpotatoesandotherfoodsorfoodpackages:
arrangedoverstonesandcoveredwithmoreleaves(preferablyti
leaves)
olastlayerofoldmats&kappa:laid
oenoughtimetocookthefood:matsandkapa>peeledoff
ocookedfood&hotrocks:removed(protectbarehandsbydippingthem
firstinbowlsofcoldwater)
ofood:placedincontainers(tocool)>servedcold
Cookingtimeinimudependedonthetypeoffood.
osweetpotatoes:2hours
otaro:34hours
ochickenorfish:cookedinalaulauortileafpackageorwithoutany
wrapping
owholechickens/otherfowl:specialconeshapedstones>heated&
placedinbodycavity
opig:cookedwholewithhotstonesaddedtoabdominal&thoracic
cavities(cookingspeededbyaddingheattobothinsideandoutsideof
animal)
olargepigs:notcookedinanimu>afterbeingdressed,theirinsideflesh
wassalted&hotrocksplacedinside>wholebody:wrappedinold
kapa&mats>placedonapoiboardfor48hours>cookedmeat:
removedfrominsideoutward
osalt:helpsmeatstaypreservedforaconsiderabletime
DiningEtiquettes
Inahomesetting,ithasbeenatraditionforgueststobringfood,usuallydessert.
Guestsareexpectedtomakeplateortakeplatewhichmeansthattheymustbring
homesomefood.Thisisdonetolessenthehostsjobincleaningupleftovers.
Whenoffered,atleasttastepoiwithyourfingers(2fingerstyle:middlefingerand
pointer)
Usehandswheneating.Whenfooditemisextremelyhot,theyusepointedsticksto
getaholdofthefooditem.
Theyateinacommonheapoftableclothofleavesofbananaorbreadfruit
Whenfooditemsareinseason,foodispreparedinverygenerousamountswhich
oftencausesthemtogrowbiggerinsize.

PreparedFoods
Taro:backboneofancientdiet
Hawaiiansatetaroinseveralforms:
omostcommonwaywasaspoi(athickstarchypasteeatenwithfingers)
7

opreparepoi:
taro>firstwashed&cookedinanimu
cookedtaro(`aipa`a)>peeledorscrapedusingshellscrapers
orstoneflakes(couldbeeatenatthisstageorslicedanddried
insunandpreserved)
continueprocessofmakingpoi:freshlycookedtaro>pounded
intoastiffdoughconsistency(pa`i`ai)
mendidpounding:sittingongroundatoneendofapounding
board,kneelingoverorwithlegsstraddlingeithersideofthe
board
pounder:withapileofcookedtaroonhisrightandabowlof
wateronhisleft
handfulsofwater:keptboardandstonepoundermoist(tarowas
addedtoboardandpoundedintoapastewithshort,quick
strokes)
pa`i`aitobestoredortransportedelsewhere:madewithvery
littlewater
stiffpaste:storedinlargecoveredbowlsortiedupintileaf
bundles
consideredasasacredpartoftheHawaiianculture

timetoeatpa`i`ai:
osmallquantity>mixedupintopoi
omorewater>addedandmixedinwithhandsuntilpastesmooth&
consistent
opoi>servedinbowls&eatenwithoneortwofingers
oHawaiianspreferredsourtasteofagingpoileftsittingadayortwo

poi:
omadefrombreadfruit,sweetpotatoorbanana,&taro
oripebananasorcookedbreadfruit:softenoughtomashwithfingers
osweetpotatopoi:madeby:
mashingcookedsweetpotatowithfingers
woodenspatula>usedtomixinwater(toachieveasmooth
paste)
sweetpotatopoi>souredquickly
sweetpotatopaste>couldnotbestoredlongtermastaropa`i
`aicould

Hawaiianscookedavarietyoffoodsinapuddingform,includingkuloloandhaupia.
omostdishesused:coconutcream(commoningredientthroughout
Polynesia)
8

oKulolo:combinedgratedrawtaro&coconutcreamand/orshredded
coconutmeat
omixture:wrappedintileaves&cookedinanimu

piele:anotherpuddingtypefoodmadewithsweetpotatoorbreadfruit
ocookedsweetpotatoorripebreadfruit>mixedwithcoconutcream
and/orshreddedcoconutmeat>wrappedintileaves>cookedinan
imu
Pepeie`e:similartopiele`ulu,orbreadfruitpiele,butproportionofcoconutcreamis
muchhigher
oaftercooking:pepeie`e>cooled&cutintoslices>driedinsun
odriedstate:pepeie`e>remainedpreserved&edibleforawholeseason
Haupia:sweeterdessertlikepuddingmadeofarrowrootstarchmixedwithcoconut
cream
owrappedintileaves&cookedinimu

salt
oconstantelementofallancientmeals
oaccompaniedeverythingasaflavorenhancer
ohelpedpreservefood
oHawaiians:onlyPolynesianswhomadetheirsaltfromseawaterusing
speciallyconstructedpans
builtclaylinedearthpans,sixtoeightfeetsquareandeight
inchesdeep
alsousednaturalrocksassaltpans,fillingdepressionswithsea
water&lettingsunevaporatewater
householduse:Hawaiiansgroundcoarseseasaltwithmortar&
pestle
someareaslikeKaua`i:redearth>mixedwithsalttoaddother
elementslikeiron

Hawaiians:addedrelishestotheirbasicfooddishes
ofavorite:`inamona(akukuinutrelish)
Kkukuinuts:roastedonembersorhotstones
nuts:cracked
kernels:groundinastonemortar
saltedtotaste
eateninsmallpincheswithotherfood

manytypesofseaweed:eateninancienttimes
oLimukohu:usedasarelish
washed&pounded(tobreakdownlargerparts)
eateninsmallquantitiesalongsideotherdishes
9

 notcookedwithheat

beverages:Hawaiiansdrank:
ofreshwater
ococonutwater
o`awaorkava:slightlynarcoticdrinkmadefrom`awaroot
drunkbyali`i&farmers&fishermen
usedasmedicine&anofferingtogods
plant:broughttoHawai`ibyPolynesiansettlers
producedrink:
rootsofa3to5yearoldplant>dugup,washed,
scraped&dried
roots>poundedintosmallpieceswithastone>given
tomenandwomenwithstrongteethwhochewedthemto
furtherbreakdownwoodfibers.
2lumpsofchewedrootweremixedwithwater(to
produceacupof`awa)
solidremains>strainedoutbeforeserving
adrinkof`awa:usuallyfollowedbyalargedoseofwater
aswellassomethingtoeat
foodpreparedtoaccompany`awa:pupu
Lei
influenceoftheTahitis
traditionalleisweremadefromflowers,leaves,shells,seeds,nuts,feathers,andeven
bonesandteethofanimals.
worntobeautifyanddistinguishoneselffromothers
leismustneverberefusedandmustneverberemovedinfrontofthepersonwho
gaveit
duringtheearlytimes,leisarewrappedcarefullyintileavesandaregiventoguests
forthemtowearitonthemselves.
Duringthelate1800sandearly1900s,peoplewouldcometovisitHawaiibyboatand
vendorssoldleistovisitorsastheyarrived,welcomingthemwithanaloha.The
traditionofHawaiianLeiGreetingshasbeenembracedeversince.Todaypeoplecan
stillgetanauthenticleiandthewelcomingalohaspiritwhentheyarriveinHawaii.
Leimeanings:
MaileLei
Itisalong,scentedvinemadefromintertwiningtheleavesand
stems,usuallyintoanopenendedstyle.Signifiesrespect,admiration,and
appreciation.Oftenusedasgiftsingraduations,weddings,anniversaries,and
eveninfunerals.
LehuaLeis
madefromlehuaflowerswhicharered,yellow,pink,andwhite
colors.ThisflowerisconsideredsacredandisofferedtoPelethefiregoddess.
Alegendthattheflowerwasoriginallyagirlwhohadapartnerwhorefusedthe
10

adviceofgoddessPele.thegoddessturnedhimintoatree,Lehuabecameso
sadandthegodssympathizedwithher,turningherintoaflower.
HalaLei
madeofyellowororangefruitsofthehalatree.GoddessHiiaka,the
sisterofgoddessPele,isassociatedwiththisflower.Peoplewhowerethislei
areconsideredtobeunlucky,also,itiswornduringfunerals.
RoyalLei
symbolofrank,privilege,andpower
leinihopalaoa
madefromwhalesteeth.onlywornbytheali'i,the
royaltyofHawaii.Whaleteethiscarvedtolooklikehooks.
leihulumanu
featherleiswornbytheelites

Luau
TheluauhasbeenaHawaiianfeastheldinhonorofimportantmilestonesandspecial
occasions.Thetastes,soundsandsightsevokeafeelingofwarmth,togethernessand
appreciationforaculture
LuauHistory:
Beforecontactwiththewesternworld:importantfeastsan'aha'aina(aha
gatheringandainameal).Thesefeastsmarkedspecialoccasions(reachinga
significantlifemilestone,victoryatwar,thelaunchingofanewcanoeoragreat
endeavor).Theybelievedincelebratingtheseoccasionswiththeirfriendsand
families.
Foodandpracticesatan'aha'ainawererichwithsymbolismandtheentire
eventwasdesignedtounitetheparticipants.
Symbolsofunification:Hawaiiansbraidstrandsofcoconuthuskfiber,or
sennit,intothicker'ahacordsandrope.
Symbolsoffood:strength,virtuesorgoalstheparticipantshopedtoachieve.
Certainfoodsthatwereofflimitstocommonersandwomen:
moi(exquisitetastingnearshorereeffish)
pork,and
Bananas:forbiddentoallbuttheAlii(chiefsofancientHawai'i)
includingthegreatKingKamehameha.
Menandwomenalsoateseparatelyduringmeals.
1819:KingKamehamehaIIendedtraditionalreligiouspractices.
Celebratedthiseventbyfeastingwithwomentosignifymajorsocietal
changes.
Thetermluaugraduallyreplaced'aha'aina:
Luau
,(nameoftaroleaf)
Thetraditionalluauiseatenonthefloorover
lauhala
(leavesofthehala
treewereweavedtogether)mats.
Luauattendeesenjoyed
poi
(stapleofPolynesianfoodmadefromthe
cormofthetaroplant),driedfish,andporkcookedinthetraditional
Hawaiianimu(undergroundoven),sweetpotatoes,andbananas
Everythingwaseatenwithonesfingers.
Traditionalluausweretypicallyaverylargegatheringwithhundreds
andsometimesoverathousandpeopleattending.
11

 "Wheneveryou'reataluau,youare'ohanafamily."

Hula

Dancedforsocialenjoyment(Beforesocialcontacts)
Chantspreservedepictales,myths,historyandphilosophy.
Adancer'srigoroustrainingandperformanceweretakenseriously
DancerswerepaidandmateriallysupportedbytherulingAli`i.
Tales:
Manydescribethemythicbeginningsofhula
Mostoftenheard:PeleandhersisterHi`iaka.
ThefirsthulawasbornwhenPelebeggedhersisterstodanceandsing
forher.OnlyHi`iakasteppedforwardtoperform.ShedancedforPele
usingmovementsshedpracticedwithhergoodfriendHopoe.Inthe
Hawaiianpantheon,Hi`iakaisjoinedbyKapoandLakaasthespiritual
patronsofhula.
Kapo:alsoasisterofPelewhoisassociatedwithhealingandsorcery
couldbecaringorvengeful.
Lakaismoreprominentlyassociatedwithhulaandwassymbolizedin
thehalau(hulaschool)asablockoflamawoodplacedonanaltarand
swathedinyellowkapa.
alsoasisterandwifetoLono,godofagriculture,
hulawasamajorpartofcelebrationsduringMakahiki,theharvestfestival

Tikimasks
handcarvedwoodenmasksthatwereusedtostandinfordeities,protecttheirusers
from
evilspirits
,orevenincreasethemaskwearers
fertility
andluck.
Legend:
SimilartothewaytheChristianreligionseesAdamasthefirstcreatedhuman,
MaorimythologyreferstoTikiasthefirstman.
OneofthemostpopularlegendsstatesthatTanecreatedthefirstman,Tiki,
thenmadeawifeforhim.
2ndversion:saysTikimixedhisownbloodwithclaytocreatethefirsthuman,
3rdversion:claimsthatTikilivedalonelylifeandcravedcompanionship.He
wasoverjoyedwhenhesawhisreflectioninapoolofwater,buthisjoyquickly
fadedastheimageshatteredwhenhedoveintothepoolinaneffortto
embracehisnewfoundfriend.Inhisanguish,hecoveredthepoolwithdirt,and
theearthgavebirthtoafemalecompanion.
FourmajorHawaiianTikiGods:
KutheGodofWar
LonotheGodofFertilityandPeace
KanetheGodofLightandLife,and
KanaloatheGodoftheSea.
12

 AncientfollowersworshipedtheseGodsthroughprayer,chanting,
surfing,lavasleddingandevenhumansacrifice.
Someservedasavaluableformoffolkartandartisticexpression.
Muchcareandattentiontodetailgoesintothecreationofeachandeverytikimask.
Typicallycarvedfrom
verystronghardwood
,andfinishedwithamixtureof
oils,
waxes
andfinishestoprovideasturdy,lacqueredlookandfeel.
Achievedpopularityinthewestinthe1930sand1940s.
History:
December7th,1934DontheBeachcomber(DonBeach)openedaPolynesian
themedrestaurantinHollywoodCalifornia.
ServedCantonesecuisineandtropicalrumpuncheswithdecor
featuringcarvedtiki's,masks,flamingtorches,rattanfurniture,flower
leisandbrightlycoloredfabrics.
Others,likeTraderVic,begantocopythePolynesiantheme.
WhentheAmericansoldiersreturnedhomefromthesouthpacific
theatreofWorldWarIItheybroughtwiththemstoriesandsouvenirs
fromOceania.
TheAmericatoldromanticizedversionofPolynesiaandthepopularity
ofeverythingPolynesianbecameafad.
TikiStatues
carvedbyhighrankingtribesmenwereconsideredsacredandpowerful,andthese
wereusedinspecialreligiousceremonies.Tikistatuescarvedbyanyoneotherthana
highrankingtribesmanwereusedsimplyasdecoration.
TIkiexpressions:
threateningexpressionsareoftenusedtoscareawayevilspirits
amicableexpressionsarecreatedforuseinreligiousceremonies,healing
services,ortobringgoodluck.

KingKamehamehasFeatherCape
madefrombirdsfeathers
Eachchiefhadhisownuniquedesign.
notonlyservedasasignofstatustheywerealsofunctionalwhengoingtowar.
Withitsfoldsitmadeithardtotellwherethechiefsvitalorganswerealsoit
couldhelpdeflecttheaimedspear.
Thefrontofthecapewouldbeabovethechiefskneessoastoenablehimto
maneuverbetter.

HeMeleNoLilo
HonorsthelasttwomonarchsoftheHawaiianKingdom:
QueenLili'uokalani
QueenLiliuokalaniwasanaccomplishedwriterandherstoryis
recordedinherbook,
HawaiisStory
.
Liliuokalaniplayedtheguitar,zither,ukelele,pianoandorgan.
13

 Shehasalsowrittenmanysongs,mostfamousbeing
AlohaOe
KingDavidKalakaua
loverofmusic,poetryandphilosophy
attributedtorestoringtheartformsofthechant,hula,mythsand
legends,andthepublicperformanceoftheseartforms.

HawaiiNutritionalStatus
Nearly56percentofHawaiiadultsareoverweightorobese
almost22percentareobese,androughly34percentareoverweight.
Over64percentofmalesareoverweightorobesecomparedtoalmost47percentof
women.

REFERENCES
HawaiiHistory.org.
FoodPreparation&CookingMethods
.RetrievedApril29,2015

fromhttp://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=524.

HawaiiHistory.org.
PreparedFoods
.RetrievedApril29,2015

fromhttp://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=525.
]\
LyricsTranslate.com.
ASongForTheGenerousOnes
.RetrievedApril30,2015from

http://lyricstranslate.com/en/hemelenolilosonggenerousones.html.

mauimapp.com.
HAWAIIANEXPRESSIONS
.RetrievedApril29,2015from

http://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnexprns.htm.
HawaiiDepartmentofHealth.(n.d.).
HawaiiPhyisicalActivityandNutriPlan
.RetrievedMay
4,2015from
http://health.hawaii.gov/physicalactivitynutrition/files/2013/08/HawaiiPANPlan2013
2020.pdf
Winter,M.(n.d.)MeaningofHawaiianLeis.RtreivedMay2,2015from
http://traveltips.usatoday.com/meaninghawaiianleis61680.html
Winter,K.(2012).HistoryoftheTIkiCulture.RetrievedMay4,2015from
http://www.homewetbar.com/blog/historyofthetikiculture/

14

HeMeleNoLilo

ASongForTheGenerousOnes

MahaloNuiiaKeAli'iWahine
'OLili'ulani'OKaWoHiKu
KaPipioMaiOKeAnuenueNaWaihoo
LuuAHalikeolee
ENanaNaMakaIKeAoMalamaMai
Hawai'iAkeaIKaua'i
KeKuiniOHawai`i
KuIKaMokuIKeKalaunu
NaHanaAKeAlohaMa'alo
AnaIKaUaLanaMalie
IKaLaniMalamaHo`ike
MaiAnaLaIKaNani
'OKalakauaHeInoa
'OKaPuaMae'OleIKaLa
KaPuaMailaIKaMauna
IKeKuahiwiOMauna
KeaKeAmailaIKilauea
MalamalamaIWahineKapu
AKaLunaOUwekahuna
IKaPaliKapuOKa'auea
EaMaiKeAli'iKiaManu
UaWehiKaHuluOKamamo
KaPuaNaniA'oHawai'i
'OKalakauaHeInoa
OKalakauaHeInoa'OKaPuaMae'OleI
KaLa
KaPuaMailaIKaMauna

GreatestThanksToHerMajesty
TheQueenOfHawaii
StandsAtTheCrownOfTheIslands
TheTallestOfRainbows
TheWorkOfPassingLove
BeamsOfColoursUnrivalled
AlongWithTheGentlyFlowingRains
LookAtTheBreakingDawn
InTheHeavenlySkies
FromTheVastnessOfHawaiiToKauai
TheBeautyIsRevealed
KalakauaIsHisName
TheFlowerThatNeverFadesInTheSun
TheFlowerBloomsOnTheMountain
TheHighHillOfMaunaKea
GlowingWhiteIsKilauea
IlluminatingTheSacredWoman
AtopUwekahuna
IsTheSacredCliffOfKa'auea
RaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchers
ToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfThe
Mamo
TheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaii
OKalakauaIsHisName
RaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchers
ToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfThe
Mamo
15

IKeKuahiwiOMaunaKeaKeAmailaI
Kilauea
MalamalamaIWahineKapu
AKaLunaOUwekahuna
IKaPaliKapuOKa'auea
EaMaiKeAli'iKiaManu
UaWehiKaHuluOKamamo
KaPuaNaniA'oHawai'i
'OKalakauaHeInoa
HeInoaNoKalaniKalakaua
Kulele!

TheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaii
OKalakauaIsHisName
GreatestThanksToHerMajesty
TheQueenOfHawaii
StandsAtTheCrownOfTheIslands
RaiseUpTheKingOfBirdcatchers
ToAdornHimInTheFeathersOfThe
Mamo
TheBeautifulFlowerOfHawaii
OKalakauaIsHisName
ANamesongForOurChiefKalakaua
CastForth!

16

SALMON(LOMILOMI)
http://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipedetail.asp?recipe=981975
Ingredients:
1kgsaltsalmon
12pcsripetomatoes,smalldice
3pcmauionionfinelydiced60
1.5cupgrendonions
2Hawaiianchilipeppersor1/4tsp.redpepperflakes(optional)
*Limejuice(optional)

Mixeverythingtogether

FishSaltingofSalmon
PutalayerofHawaiiansaltorkoshersaltinalargeglassbakingdish.Notethattablesaltis
notsuitableforsaltingfish.Youmustusecoarsesalt.
Rinsesalmonfillets,drythemwell,andplacethemontopofthesaltinasinglelayer
Sprinklemoresaltontopandmakesureallsidesofthesalmonarecoveredwithsalt.
Coverthesalmonwithplasticwrap,andweightitdownusinganotherglassdishorheavy
pan.
Refrigeratethesalmonfor24hoursto3days.Alongersaltingperiodwillpullmorewaterout
ofthesalmonandwillresultinasaltierandmoreheavilycuredfish.
Rinsethesalmonanddryitwellbeforeusingtomakelomilomisalmon.

POI
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/poirecipe.html
Ingredients:
700gcookedtaroroot
700mLcupswater

Peelthecookedtaroandcutinto1inchcubes.
Grindthetaroinameatgrinder,placethegroundtaroinacalabash(woodenbowl)andusea
poipoundertomashthetaro.
Wetyourotherhand,slipitunderthetaroandturnthepoundedtarooversothatitwillnot
17

sticktothecalabash.
Continuetomashandturnthepoundedtaroovereachtime.
WetthepoipounderfromtimetotimesoitdoesnotstickandkeepworkingMAPorkatituntil
itissmoothandthick.
Tomix:Addalittlewaterandstirroundandroundwiththehanduntilallthewateris
absorbed.
Keepaddingwateralittleatatimeuntilpoiistheconsistencyasthickorasthinasyouliketo
eatit.
Storeinacoolplaceorserveimmediately.

WHITERICE
1kgrice

HAUPIA
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/haupiawithpineapplerecipe.html
120gsugar
177gcornstarch
375mLlukewarmwater
375mLfreshcoconutmilk(Mayusefrozenorcanned)

Inamixingbowl,combinesugarandcornstarchandmixwell.Addwaterandstiruntilsugar
andcornstarcharedissolved.Setaside.
Inaheavybottomedpot,heatcookthecoconutmilkonlowheatuntilwarmedthrough.Add
inthesugar/cornstarch/watermixture,stirringconstantlyuntilthickened(about57minutes).
Pourintoa8"squarepanandrefrigerateuntilfirm,about45hours(overnightisbest).

KALUA
http://nomnompaleo.com/post/111934821818/pressurecookerkaluapig
Ingredients:
2500gPorkShoulder
Oil(12tbsp)
250mLwater
1tablespoonHickoryLiquidSmoke(Wright's)
20gcoarseKoshersalt(orHawaiiansalt)

SelectBrowningandaddoiltothecookingpot.Whenhot,brownporkroastonbothsides,
about3minutesperside.Browneachhalfoftheroastseparately.Removetoaplatterwhen
browned.
18

Turnpressurecookeroffandaddwaterandliquidsmoketothecookingpot.Addbrowned
roastsandanyaccumulatedjuicestothepot.Sprinklethesaltoverthetopoftheporkroasts.
SelectHighPressureandsettimerfor90minutes.Whenbeepsounds,useanatural
pressurerelease,toreleasepressure(approximately20minutes).Whenvalvedropscarefully
removelid.
Removethemeatfromthepressurecookerandshredwithtwoforks(discardexcessfatas
youshredded).Addsomeofthejuicesfromthepressurecookertomoistenthemeat.

HULIHULICHICKEN
http://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2011/07/grillinghulihulichickenrecipe.html

Tomakethebrine,combinethewaterandsoysauceinalargebowl.
Heatoilinlargesaucepanovermediumhighheatuntilshimmering.Addgarlicandgingerand
cookuntilfragrant,about30seconds.
Stirintosoysaucemixture.Addchickenandrefrigerate,covered,foraleast1hourorupto8
hours.
Whenreadytocookthechicken,allowittorestonthecounterwhileyoupreparetheglaze.
Placealltheglazeingredientsinasaucepanandbringtoaboiloverhighheat.
Reducetheheattomediumandsimmerfor1520minutes,untilithasreducedandthickened.

GRILLINGDIRECTIONS:
Preheatthegrilltohighandthenreducetomediumlowwhenreadytogrill.
Removechickenfromthebrineandpatdrywithpapertowels.
Arrangechicken,skinsideup,onthesideofthegrillawayfromthewoodchunks.
Coverandgrilluntilchickeniswellbrownedonthebottomandmeatregisters120degrees,
25to30minutes.
Flipchickenskinsidedownandcontinuetogrill,covered,untilskiniswellbrownedandcrisp
andthighmeatregisters170to175degrees,20to25minuteslonger.
Flipchicken,brushwithhalfofglaze,andtransfertoaplatterandletrestfor5to10minutes.
Servewithremainingglaze.

19