INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

The project under VIL LIMTED is 0km to 22km. the total project include 186 km which is
NH-21 joining Kiratpur sahib to Mandi Himachal Pardesh under this project total 36 bridges
and 23 tunnels should be constructed the total length of highway under VIL is 22km
from which 0 to 6+640 is under Punjab section and 6+640 to 22 km is under Himachal
section the whole project is NHAI(national highway authority of India)
it is four lane highway in which dividers is provided in the lanes from which width of divider
under Himachal section is 2mtr and width of divider under Punjab section is 5 mtr.
total area acquired under Himachal section is mainly 30 mtr wide but in same places it is
according to need like where gavian wall should be constructed for supporting the roads at
that place area acquired should be more than 30 mtr. wide
In Punjab section total area acquired is 35 mtr. the width of layers and thickness of layers that
are constructed in this project are as followings.
Width of EMB(embackment top) is 12.503 mtr and the above layer is subgrade layers which
is 11.977mtr wide and 200 mm in thickness the other layer of sub grade which is known as
sub grade top is 11.608 mtr in width and 150 mm thick 2 layers are provided on pavement.
After that two layers of GSB is provided GSB 1 , GSB2 . GSB1 is 100 mm thick and 11.345
meters wide and GSB2 OR GSB TOP is 100mm thick and 8.095mtr wide
WMM(Water Mix Macadam) is provided after GSB top which is 125mm thick layer and
7.845 mtr wide and 125mm thick other layer is provided with width of 7.595mtr.
After WMM TOP DBM(dry bond macadm) is provided this layer whose width is 7.250 m
and thickness is 80mm
After DBM top most layer of road is provided which is also called a carriage way that is BC
(bituman course) it is 50 mm thick and width of bc is 7.250mtr. that is width of main carriage
way.

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Methodology/Planning of work:The whole work is planned by the ITNL (international transportation network limited)
The work is done in following:1. Recognises
2. Survey
3. Preparation of maps
4. Work Distribution
After that VIL started work according to their own way as the work is economical. They
prepared a OGL first i.e. original ground level that is removing of grass and extra and
making surface clean. After that EMB is provides as per requirement and after EMB layers
of road are started.
1. Subgrade :- It is 500 mm thick layer divided into 3 layers
2. GSB :- It is 200mm thick layer which is divided into 2 layers 100 mm each

3. WMM :- It is 250 mm thick layer which contains 2 layers of 125mm each

4. DBM :- It is 80 mm thick layer.
5. BC :- It is 50 mm thick layer provided on the top of road which is also called carriage way.

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DETAIL OF PAVMENT
The following figure showing the all layers that are layered to construct a road with their
thickness and width and width of dividers also , mentioned here and -2.50% camber is also
provided in Himachal section.

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The following figure shows a detail of Punjab section with thickness, width and camber

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MATERIAL USED
Following material is used in layers of pavement

1.SUBGRADE:

Subgrade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure

as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath. the subgrade soil and its properties
are important in the design of pavement structure. the main function of the subgrade is to give
adequate support to the pavement and for this the subgrade should possess sufficient stability
under adverse climate and loading conditions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL:
Soil consist mainly of mineral matter formed by disintegration of rocks by the action of
water,frost,temprature,pressure or by plant or animal life. based on the individual grain size
of soil praticals soils have been classified as gravel,sand,silt and clay. the charcterstics of soil
grains depend on the size, shape,surface texture,chemical composition and electrical surface
charges. moisture and dry density influence the engineering behaviour of a soil mass.

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES : The desirable property of soil as a highway

material are
1. Stability
2. Incompressibility
3. Permanency of strength
4. Good drainage
5. Ease of compaction

TEST OF SUBGRADE SOIL: The test used to evaluate the strength properties
of soil may be broadly into there groups
1. Shear tests
2. Bearing tests
3. Penetration tests

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SHEAR TESTS : They are usually carried out on relatively small soil samples in the
laboratory. in order to find out the strength properties of soil, a number of representative
samples from different locations are tested. some of the commonly known shear tests are
direct shear test , triaxial compression test and unconfined compression test.

BEARING TEST:

are loading tests carried out on sub grade soils insitu with a load

bearing area . the result of the bearing tests are influneced by variationns in the soil properties
with in the stressed soil mass underneath and hence the overall stability of the part of the soil
mass stressed could be studied.

PENTRATION TESTS:

may be considered as small scale bearing tests in which

the size of the loaded area is relatively much smaller and ratio of the pentration to the size of
the loaded area is much greater than the ratios in bearing tests. the pentration tests are carried
out in the field or in the laboratory.

CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST):

This test was

developed by the California division of highway as a method of classifying and evaluating

soil-sub grade and base course materials for flexible pavements. CBR test an empirical test ,
has been used to determine the material properties for pavement design empirical tests
measure the strength of the material and are not a true representation of the resilient modulus.
it is a penetration test.

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2. GSB (GRANUAL SUB BASE):

The GSB contains the mixing of 40 mm aggregate and sand. it contains 2 layers 100 mm
thick each

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES:

1. Strength
2. Hardness
3. Toughness
4. Durability
5. Shape of aggregates

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TESTS ON ROAD AGGREGATE

In order to decide the suitability of the road stones for use in construction the followings tests
are carried out
1. Crushing tests
2. Abrasion tests
3. Impact test
4. Soundness test
5. Shape test

AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST

The strength of coarse aggregate may be assessed by aggregate crushing test. the Aggregate
crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under gradually applied
compressive load. to achieve a high quality of pavement aggregate possessing high
resistance to crushing or low aggregate crushing value are preferred.

ABRASION TEST
Due to the movements of traffic the road stones used in the surface course are subjected to
wearing action at the top. Hence road stones should b e hard enough to resist the abrasion due
to the traffic .Abrasion tests are carried out to test the hardness property of stones and to
decide whether they are suitable for the different road construction works. It is mainly
carried out by one of the followings
1. Los Angeles abrasion test
2. Devel abrasion test
3. Dorry abrasion test
Los Angles test is preffered as its results are correlated with pavement performance.

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SOUNDNESS TEST
Soundness test is intended to study the resistance of aggregates to weathering action by
conduction accelerated weathering test cycles. The proud aggregates subjected to freezing
and thawing is likely to disintegrate prematurely . To ascertain the durability of such
aggregate they are subjected to an accelerated soundness test as specified in IS 2386 part 5.

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BITUMEN
OVERVIEW:

Bitumanous materials or alphasts are extensively used for roadway

construction,primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing

properties and relativelyh low cost . bituminous materials consists of bitumen which is black
or dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious substances consists chiefly high molecular
weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive
properties and is soluble in carbon disulphide. tars are residues from the destructive
distillation of organic substances that bituman.bituman will be disolved in petroleum oils
where unlike tar.

PRODUCTION OF BITUMEN
It is the residue or by product when the crude petroleum is refiend. processes, such as the
straight distillation process solvent extraction process etc . may be used to produce bitumen
of different consistency and other desirable properties. depending on the sources of
characteristics of the crude oils and on the properties of bitumen required more than one
processing method may be employed.

VACUUM STEAM DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM OILS:

In this process the crude oil is heated and is introduced into a large cylinderical still. steam is
introduced into the still to aid in the vapourisation of the more volatile constituents of the
petroleum and to minimize decomposition of the distillates and residues the volatile
constituents are collected and the various fractions stored for further refining if needed. The
bottom fraction from this unit is the vacuum-steam-refined asphalt cement. the consistency of
asphalt cement from this process can be controlled by the amount of heavy gas oil removed
normally asphalt cools down to room temperature it becomes a semi solid viscous material.

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CUTBACK BITUMEN
This type of bitumen is used for cold weather bituminous road construction and
maintenance. There are so many cut back bitumen
1. r\Rapid curing(rc)
2. Medium curing(mc)
3. Slow curing( sc)
RC is recommended for surface dressing and patchwork.
MC is recommended for premix with less quantity of aggregates.
SC is used for premix with appreciable quantity of aggregate.

REQUIREMENT OF BITUMEN:
The desirable properties of bitumen depend on the mix type and construction . In general
bitumen should posses following desirable properties.
The bitumen should not be highly temperature susceptible during the hottest weather the mix
causing cracks. The viscosity of bitumen at the time of mixing and compaction should be
adequate.

TESTS ON BITUMEN:
The followings tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bitumenous
materials.
1. Penetration test
2. Ductility tests
3. Softening tests
4. Specific gravity test
5. Viscosity test
6. Flash and fire point test
7. Float test
8. Loss on heating test

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DUCTILITY TEST:
It is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergoes great deformation . Ductility is
defined as the distance in cm to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be
elongated without breaking . Dimension of the briquette of the material will will be elongated
without breaking dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. the bitumen
sample is heated and poured in the mould assembly placed on a plate . these samples with
moulds are cooled in the air and then in water bath 27o c temperature. The excess bitumen is
cut and the surface is leveled using a hot knife. Then the mould with assembly containing
sample is kept in water bath of t he ductility machine for about 90 minutes.
The side odd mould are removed the clips are hooked on the machine and the machine is
operated the distance up to the point of breaking of thread is the ductility value which is
reported in cm. the ductility value gets affected by factors such as pouring temperature, test
temperature rate of pulling etc.A minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified by BIS

SOFTENING POINT TEST:

Softening point denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of
softening under the specification of test . the test is conducted by using ring and ball
apparatus. A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or
glycerin at a given temperature. a steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sae54mple and the
liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5o c per minute. Temperature is noted when the softened
bitumen touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance below. generally higher
softening point indicates lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:

In paving jobs to classify a binder density property is of great use . in most cases bitumen is
weighed but when used with aggregates the bitumen is converted to volume using density
values the density of bitumen is greatly influenced by its chemical composition increases in
aromatic type mineral impurities cause an increase in specific gravity.
it is defined as ratio of mass of given volume of bitumen of known content to the mass of
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equal volume of water at 27o c the specific gravity can be measured using by pycnometer
the specific gravity of bitumen varies from 0.97 to 1.02

LOSS ON HEATING:
When bitumen is heated it loses the volatility and gets hardened. about 50 gm of the sample is
weighed and heated to a temperature of 1630c for 5 hours in specified oven designed for this
test. the sample specimen is weighed again after the heating period and loss in weight is
sample bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate mopre than 1% loss in weight
but for bitumen having penetration values 150-200 up to 2% loss in weight is allowed.

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EQUIPMENT HANDLED
Autolevel
A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical
instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used
in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and so transfer,
measure and set heights.
The level instrument is set up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or
accurately set to a leveled condition using footscrews (levelling screws). The operator looks
through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or
graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement. The instrument and staff are used to
gather and/or transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction.
Measurement generally starts from a bench

mark with known height determined by a

previous survey, or an arbitrary point with an assumed height.

An automatic level, self-levelling level or builder's auto level, includes an internal

compensator mechanism (a swinging prism) that, when set close to level, automatically
removes any remaining variation from level. This reduces the need to set the instrument truly
level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Self-levelling instruments are the preferred instrument
on building sites, construction and surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time.
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RECORD
The record of leveling that we have done during our training in VIL LIMTED is as follows
The following table showing the leveling detail of sub grade at 11+620km
The change point or TEMPRARY BENCH MARK at that point is 659.048mtr.

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff readings
1.113
1.174
1.341
1.526
1.667

Reduce level
659.048-1.113=657.935
657.874
657.707
657.522
657.381

The following table shows the leveled detail of sub grade of 11+610km.The change point is
659.048mtr

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
1.412
1.452
1.541
1.649
1.782

Reduce level
659.048-1.412=657.636
657.596
657.567
657.399
657.266

The following table showing the leveling detail of subgrade at 11+600km.The change point at
11+600km is 659.048mtr

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
1.657
1.688
1.727
1.756
1.862

Reduce level
659.048-1.657=657.391
657.360
657.321
657.292
657.186

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The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+590km.The change point
at 11+590 is 659.048mtr

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
2.141
2.186
2.118
1.992
2.021

Reduce level
659.048-2.141=656.907
656.862
656.930
657.056
657.027

The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+580km

Width
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
1.962
1.963
1.925
1.868
1.943

Reduce level
657.086
657.085
657.123
657.180
657.105

The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+570km Change point
=659.048mtr

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
2.475
2.441
2.318
2.124
2.064

Reduce level
656.573
656.607
656.730
656.924
656.979

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The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+560km Change point=659.048 mtr

Width of road
0
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
2.740
2.701
2.535
2.252
2.264

Reduce level
656.308
656.347
656.513
656.796
656.784

The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+550km Change point=659.048mtr

Width of road
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
2.260
2.256
2.203
2.186

Reduce level
656.740
656.572
656.647
656.814

The following table showing the details of sub grade at 11+530km .Change point
=657.596mtr

Width of road
1
4
8.5
10

Staff readings
2.334
2.156
1.874
1.020

Reduce level
655.262
655.496
655.722
655.776

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The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+520km.Change point=657.596mtr

Width of road
1
4
8.5
10

Staff reading
2.738
2.539
2.220
2.113

Reduce level
654.858
655.057
655.376
655.485

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference for the Project Development was taken from the following Books and Web Sites.

www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
highway engineering by khanna and justo

Highway engineering by Robert Ashworth

Principles of Highway Engineering

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