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An improved
jet fan
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Notation
= force, thrust
(N)
= fluid density
(kg/m3)
= flow rate
(m3/s)
= velocity
(m/s)
= Kempf factor
(-)
()
(m)
Subscript notation
= effective
= fan
= tunnel
History
During the mid 1960s a Swiss engineer, I
Kempf, started to study the influence and
effect of walls on jet streams [2] in a corner
of rectangular tunnel section model. That
was the first approach trying to determine
the effects in an engineered way. Later in
1979 E. Rohne [3] resumed the previous
work and began an analytical investigation
of a simple jet on a plain plate. In 1982
Rohne [4] also studied the simple jet in a
niche. And again in 1985 [5] and 1988 [6]
Rohne studied the effect of two and four
simple jets on a plain plate.
All Rohne experiments were purely a
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Technical solution
From formula (4) it is clear that the Kempf
factor is an extremely important influence
on the number of jet fans to be used and
consequently installation and running costs.
The data in [9], [10], [11] and [12]
confirms that it could vary between 0.65 to
0.78 so any improvement achieved will give
benefits as described above.
Deflectors
As far as the authors know Kempf [2]
studied the effect of deflection vanes on a
pipe installed in a corner of a rectangular
section in 1965.
The research was limited to establishing
the effectiveness of an installation that uses
deflectors. Effectiveness was surely
increased due to the directing of the flow
away from the wall. However from a fan
point of view, the installation of deflectors
on the outlet side or, even worse (in the
case of a fully reversible jet fan), on both
JULY 2012 Tunnels & Tunnelling International
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Impeller
Motor
Mounting foot
Fan casing
Motor
Impeller
Slanted Silencers
It is clear that the use of silencers has a
beneficial effect on the k factor [9]. A further
improvement is to slant the silencer down
or away from the wall in the case of a niche
positioned jet fan. This technical solution
surely increases the k factor.
In situ measurements on the Balmenrain
and Uznaberg tunnels in Switzerland were
carried out by Pospisil et al [14] but flow
measurement error was 19 per cent so
60
Terminal box
Silencer
Stall line
Fan
characteristic
Resistance
line with
nozzle
New operating
point (with nozzle)
Pressure
Tapered silencer
Mounting foot
Fan casing
Terminal box
Resistance
line without
nozzle
Constant
power line
Original operating
point
V1
V2
V1
Volumetric flowrate
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22,803N
k factor Kempf
Static thrust needed from
jetfans as per formula four
0.73
0.95
31,237N
24,003N
Jetfan thrust
822N
Total power
32
28.6kW
1,246.4kW
915.2kW
1000h
1,246,400
Mojet
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38
Electricity cost
,
= they are linked together in a
directly proportional way. But should qv be
kept constant, and in some ways Vf
increased, the result is an increase in the
fan-developed thrust.
In more technical detail, Tarada [17] [18]
describes the concept of the Momemtum
Jet (Mojet) with converging silencers
outlets (nozzles) on one or both side of the
fans depending on whether unidirectional
or reversible jet fans are needed. So a
significantly greater aerodynamic thrust can
be obtained, with this converging nozzle
arrangement, by accelerating the discharge
air into a smaller outlet area.
Naturally there are losses generated by
nozzles varying with a square law and
power demand with a cubic law.
Axial fans have a steep performance
curve, so the additional pressure drop
moves up the working point of the fan while
the volume flow reduction is not so
remarkable, or it is possible to operate at
758N
328kW
Mojet
710mm
Mojet
915,200
EUR 0.11/kWh
EUR 137,104
EUR 100,672
Formula (4)
Quantity of jetfans
Total power
Total cost per year
Standard Jetfan
Mojet
Savings
31,237N
24,003N
-23%
38
32
-16%
1,246.4kW
915.2kW
-27%
EUR 137,104
EUR 100,672
-27%
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Additional benefits
This technical solution has other correlated
positive effects. By reducing the number of
booster fans we can reduce the installation
costs. The cost of original equipment is
also positively affected.
The electrical cable cost represents
about 50 to 60 per cent of the total cost in a
longitudinal ventilation system.
Having fewer booster fans and less
power we can save in cable length and
diameter. In Italy, the Italian Road Authority
(ANAS) prescribes that the jet fans and
correlated equipments have to withstand
400C for two hours, hence the saving in
this part of the installation is remarkable.
The last but not the least important point
is that maintenance costs are not normally
given much thought at the preliminary
contract stage of a jet fan order. A reduction
in the number of booster fans means less
time inside the tunnel for inspection and
maintenance purposes.
The flexibility of inclined converging
nozzles can be done at any direction. On a
horizontal plane, on a vertical plane, or a
combination of the two. This feasibility
allows the use of such technology in round,
rectangular or any shaped tunnel section,
even in niches.
Future steps
The Mojet has been demonstrated to have
a sound physical basis, and the CFD
analysis has supported this. However, true
confirmation can only come with a real
installation, or in a test carried out at a 1:1
scale. It is even better if the test is
performed by a notified body that has no
interest at all to manipulate the relevant
measurements.
A 1:1 scale test was arranged for 2011 in
a 600m long tunnel in Spain. This was
changed to a test that will be carried out in
Italy in 2012.
Conclusions
From the mid 1960s until the present day, a
lot of dedicated research to establish the k
factor more accurately has been carried
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Bibliography
[1] ISO 13350, Conversion Rules, Appendix C
[2] Einfluss der Wandeffekte aut die Treibstrahlwirkung eines Strahlgeblses I.Kempf Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 1965
[3] The friction losses on wall caused by jet flows of booster fans E. Rohne BHRA, Sheffield,
U.K., 1979
[4] Jet flow momentum losses of a booster fan when installed in a tunnel niche E. Rohne BHRA,
New York, U.K., 1982
[5] The influence of axis distance of two parallel jet flows on the friction losses on walls E. Rohne
BHRA, Lille, FR, 1985
[6] The friction losses on walls caused by a row of four parallel jet flows I,Rohne BHRA, Durham,
U.K.,
[7] Friction losses of a single jet due to its contact with a vaulted ceiling I.Rohne BHRA, Brighton,
U.K., 1991
[8] Impulse fans N. Costeris BHRA, Brighton, U.K., 1991
[9] An experimental study on the longitudinal ventilation system A.D. Martegani, G. Pavesi, C.
Barbetta BHRA, Liverpool, U.K., 1994
[10] The influence of separation,inclination and swirl on single and coupled jet fans installation
efficiency A.D. Martegani, G. Pavesi, C. Barbetta BHRGroup, Aosta Valley, IT, 1997
[11] The effect of jet plume configuration on the installation efficiency of jet fans R.D. Matthews, M.
Tabarra, B. Kenrick BHRGroup, Aosta Valley, IT, 1997
[12] Experimental investigation of interaction of plain jet fans mounted in series A.D. Martegani, G.
Pavesi, C. Barbetta BHRGroup, Boston, USA, 2000
[13] Investigation of wall-friction, pressure distribution and the effectiveness of big jet fans with
deflection blades in the Fodnes tunnel in Norway G. Lotsberg BHRGroup, Aosta Valley, IT, 1997
[14] Messungen an der Tunnellufftungsanlage der Tunnels Balmenrain und Uznaberg, Hauptstrasse
T8/A8 P. Pospisil, M. Mart, M. Brandt - HBI report 87 95 10 , CH, 2003
[15] Strmungsmessung, Tunnel de Collembey M. Mart, M. Brandt HBI report 03 100 02 ,
CH, 2004
[16] Numerical study of the optimization of the pitch angle of an alternative jet fan in a longitudinal
tunnel ventilation system V. Betta, F. Cascetta, M. Musto, G. Rotondo Tunnel and Underground
Technology, pages 164 172 , 2009
[17] Impulse ventilation for tunnels a state of the art review F. Tarada , R. Brandt BHRGroup,
New Bruswick, USA , 2009
[18] Design, testing and application of an energy-efficient longitudinal ventilation system F. Tarada
BHRGroup, Dundee, U.K., 2011
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