Table of Contents

Definition & Selection

Inorganic pigments
Organic pigments
Applications

Definition-Pigments
Very fine powdered chemicals dispersed in the polymers

Poor dispersion results in a weaker colour and often a grainy surface

Inorganic pigments are mineral based, i.e. Metal Oxides & Sulphides

Organic pigments are chemical compounds, less heat stable and more
difficult to disperse. Usually give richer and more vivid colours. Less
pigment is required

Pigments are water-and oil-insoluble natural and synthetic products that

impart color to materials

Definition-Pigments
Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths (energies) of light
and reflect all others.

Pigment selection

Color

Environmental

Processability

Pigments

Durability and
Cost

Properties

Properties

Classification

True pigment
Inorganic
Extender Pigments
Pigments
Lakes

Organic
Toners

Classification - Inorganic pigments

Classification - Inorganic pigments

Classification - Inorganic pigments

White pigments are the major contributors in paint formulation, and the most
widely used

COLORED INORGANIC fall into one of four group: pigment lead chromates,

metal oxides, sulfides, or sulfoselenides with a few miscellaneous pigments

that do not fit into one of these classes such as cobalt blue, ultramarine blue,
iron blue, and bismuth vanadate yellow

Metallic pigments provide brilliance finishes

Extender pigments are used to replace the more expensive prime pigment
and to reduce gloss of clear coating and to impart thinning flow properties to
coatings

Classification - Organic pigments

Impart colour by selective and/or scattering of visible light

Characteristics of organic pigments: lightness in weight, small particle size,

bright colour and fatness

Industrial applications: most widespread use in printing inks, paints and

plastics. In high technology industries, photo-reprographic, opto-electronic

displays, and optical data storage

Classification - Organic pigments

Organic oranges and yellows

 Organic Reds

 Organic Blues and Greens

 Black pigment

Organic pigments vs Inorganic Pigments

Particular

Inorganic Pigment

Organic pigment

Color

Dull

Bright

Color strength

Low

High

Opaque

Transparent

Light Fastness

Good

Poor to good

Heat Fastness

Good

Poor to good

Chemical Fastness

Poor

Very Good

Insoluble

Limited

May be unsafe

Usually safe

Opacity

Solubility
Degree of safety

Industrial applications

Paint application

Industrial applications

Colouring plastics

Industrial applications
Insulator fillers had been incorporated to traditional CB millbase in the polymer matrix. GO
millbase showed the better effect in passivation of CB conduction path of the polymer matrix.
As a result of dielectric properties target, there was in tune to low dielectric constant and high
optical density.

Industrial applications

Sectional view of black matrix in TFT-LCD

Black matrix and column spacer integration in TFT-LCD manufacturing is on demand.

High barrier, low dielectric constant and maintaining high optical density.

Industrial applications

Industrial applications

FE-SEM images of spin coated films of (a) CB millbase (b) GO millbase, (c) GO-CB
millbase @10k and (d) GO/CB millbase @50k.

Industrial applications

Dielectric constant of films containing

Optical density of films with bare CB, PANI-

bare CB, GO, PANI-CB, and GO-CB.

CB and GO-CB.

Table of Contents

Current Market Challenges

Objectives
Understanding Mould in the Leather &

Footwear Industry
Solutions

CURRENT MARKET
CHALLENGES

CURRENT MARKET CHALLENGES

Mould issue has become more of a concern within the footwear &
leather industry in recent years?
Climate changes leading to wetter and more humid condition in many
production countries.
Introduction of legislations restricting the use of certain active ingredients
commonly used in mould prevention agents, potentially leading to the
reduced performance
The introduction of the EU Biocidial Product Regulation No. 528/2012
The introduction of the EU REACH Regulation No. 552/2009
DMF: REACH Limited Level: <0.1mg/kg

The increased use of water-based glues in the footwear industry to meet

RS requirements, but result in the increase in the likelihood of mould growth.

UNDERSTANDING MOULD IN THE

LEATHER & FOOTWEAR
INDUSTRIES

 Certain types of moulds that are found on materials and

products
There are 11 types of moulds normally found in the
industry, some examples are as follows. - Aspergillus
Niger, Oospores, Rhizopus Oryzae.
The danger of moulds within the footwear industry
Bad odours will effect the quality of the products
Certain moulds are toxic, these can cause health problems
Fast growing & spread rapidly
Very difficult to remove mould spores from products &
factories
Mould spores can be found anywhere within the
surrounding environment

UNDERSTANDING MOULD
Where are mould spores found?

Spores can be found everywhere & can travel in the air to the
surrounding environment.

The best environmental factors for mould growth

Dark areas
Temperature: 25~37oC;
High humidity
60% RH (Most of the mould can easily grow 80% RH);
Air
Nutrients (Food Source)

Risk Level

There are 3 risk levels of materials that are prone to

mould growth.
High Risk:
Organic matters i.e. Leather, Wood, Cotton, Rubber,
Latex.
Moderate Risk:
Synthetic materials: i.e. Synthetic rubbers, Synthetic
fabrics.
Low Risk:
Inorganic substances: i.e. Metal, Stone, Glass.

 Areas mould can grow easily on footwear.

Mould growth on
leather uppers.

Mould growth within Mesh

Mould growth can increase dramatically where sealing

adhesives are used.

HOW TO PREVENT MOULD

GROWTH?

Supplier Chain for Footwear & Leather Goods

MOULD PREVENTION SOLUTION

Managing each high
risk point during
production procedures
Condition control &
Management control
Using Anti-Mould
agents

References
1. Inorganic

Colored

Pigments,

Lewis,

Peter

A.

ASTM

International
2. Colored Organic Pigments, Lewis, Peter A. ASTM International
3. High optical density and low dielectric constant black matrix
containing graphene oxide and carbon black on color filters,
T.S. Bui, Jin-Young Bae, Displays. 192-119, 2013
4. Patent EP 2020879 A2, Article of footwear with lightweight
sole assembly
5. SGS Mould Prevention Solution