Bipolar Junction Transistors

Chapter 3:
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors:
pnp
npn
pnp
The terminals are labeled:

E - Emitter
B - Base
C - Collector
npn
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as shown:
The emitter-base junction is forward biased
The base-collector junction is reverse biased


Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the collector and
base currents:
IE IC IB
The collector current is comprised of two

currents:
IC IC
ICO
majority
minority


Common-Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitterbase) and

output (collectorbase) of the transistor.


Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the relationship
between of input current (IE) to input
voltage (VBE) for three output voltage
(VCB) levels.


Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates
the output current (IC) to
an output voltage (VCB) for
various levels of input
current (IE).


Operating Regions
Active Operating range of the

amplifier.
Cutoff The amplifier is basically

off. There is voltage, but little
current.
Saturation The amplifier is full on.

There is current, but little voltage.


Approximations
Emitter and collector currents:
I
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE 0.7 V (for Silicon)


Alpha (a)
Alpha (a) is the ratio of IC to IE :
IC
dc
IE
Ideally: a = 1
In reality: a is between 0.9 and 0.998
Alpha (a) in the AC mode:

ac

I C
I E
10

Transistor Amplification
Currents and Voltages:
Voltage Gain:
Vi
200mV
I E Ii
10mA
Ri
20
I
Av
VL
Vi
50V
250
200mV
E
I I 10 mA
L
i
V I R (10 ma )(5 k) 50 V
L
L
11

CommonEmitter Configuration
The emitter is common to both input

(base-emitter) and output (collectoremitter).
The input is on the base and the
output is on the collector.

12

Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics

Base Characteristics
13

Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

Ideal Currents
IC = a IE
IE = IC + IB
Actual Currents
IC = a IE + ICBO
where ICBO = minority collector current

ICBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high
power transistors and in high temperature environments.
When IB = 0 A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority

current flowing called ICEO.
I CEO

I CBO
1
14
I B 0 A

Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor modeling
calculations)
In DC mode:
IC
dc
IB
In AC mode:
ac

IC
IB
15
VCE constant

Beta ()
Determining from a Graph
(3.2 mA 2.2 mA)

(30 A 20 A)
1 mA
V 7.5
10 A CE
100
AC
2.7 mA
V 7.5
25 A CE
108
DC

16

Beta ()
Relationship between amplification factors and a
Relationship Between Currents
I C I B

I E ( 1)I B
17

CommonCollector Configuration
The input is on the

base and the output is
on the emitter.

18

CommonCollector Configuration
The characteristics are

similar to those of the
common-emitter
configuration, except the
vertical axis is IE.

19

Operating Limits for Each Configuration

VCE is at maximum and IC is at
minimum (ICmax= ICEO) in the cutoff
region.
IC is at maximum and VCE is at
minimum (VCE max = VCEsat = VCEO) in
the saturation region.
The transistor operates in the active

region between saturation and cutoff.

20

Power Dissipation
Common-base:
PCmax VCB I C
Common-emitter:
PCmax VCEI C
Common-collector:
PCmax VCE I E

21

Transistor Specification Sheet

22

Transistor Specification Sheet

23

Transistor Testing
Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
DMM
Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.
Ohmmeter

24

Transistor Terminal Identification

25


Bipolar Junction Transistors

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Chapter 3:

Bipolar Junction Transistors

The terminals are labeled:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The collector current is comprised of two

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The base is common to both input (emitterbase) and

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Active Operating range of the

Cutoff The amplifier is basically

Saturation The amplifier is full on.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Alpha (a) in the AC mode:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Currents and Voltages:

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The emitter is common to both input

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

where ICBO = minority collector current

When IB = 0 A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

(3.2 mA 2.2 mA)

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Relationship Between Currents

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The input is on the

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The characteristics are

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Operating Limits for Each Configuration

The transistor operates in the active

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Transistor Specification Sheet

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Transistor Specification Sheet