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1.Define commerce.
AnswerCommerce is normally associated with the buying and selling of items.
2.Before the advent of networks, how was data being transferred between computers?
AnswerWith secondary memories like floppies
3.Name two stages of commerce that cannot be automated.
AnswerProduction of goods and delivery of goods.
4.What is the role of encryption in data transfer
AnswerTo ensure security of data.
5.Name two areas which are reasons of worry in e-commerce.
AnswerSecurity and legal acceptance
6. List the categories of operations comes under e-commerce.
AnswerThe following categories of operations comes under e-commerce.
Transactions between a supplier/a shopkeeper and a buyer or between two companies over
a public network like the service provider network (like ISP). With suitable encryption of data
and security for transaction, entire operation of selling/buying and settlement of accounts can
be automated.
Transactions with the trading partners or between the officers of the company located at
different locations.
Maintenance of records needed for legal purposes, including taxation, legal suits etc.
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1. Account checking,
2. ATM, payment of bills,
3. fund transfer etc.
So that persons with different types of hardware and software can interact easily.
9. What is the need for market place interacts?
AnswerTo facilitate comparisons, negotiations, bargaining etc.
10. What is the need for settling disputes?
AnswerTo ensure that disgruntled customers / traders can have a standard recourse for settlement.
11. List and explain the desirable characteristics of e-marketing.
AnswerCharacteristics of e-marketing are-
1. A minimal size of the place- Obviously for any such place to thrive there is a critical size,
below which it is not profitable to operate. This minimal number of buyers and sellers
characterises the profitability of the place.
2. A scope for interactions- Interactions include trial runs of the products, classifications of
doubts on the part of the customers, details of after sales services, ability to compare
different products and of course scope for negotiationsand bargaining. Negotiations can be
in terms of cost, value additions, terms and conditions, delivery dates etc.
3. Scope for designing new products- The customer need not buy only what is available. He
can ask for modifications, upgradations etc.The supplier must be able to accept these and
produce made to order items.
4. A seamless connection to the marketplace- It is obvious that each customer will be
operating with a different type of computer, software, connectivity etc. There should be
available standards sot that any of these costumers will be able to attach himself to any of
the markets without changing his hardware/software/interfaces etc.
5. Recourse for disgruntled users- It is nave to believe that transaction of such a place end
up in complete satisfaction to all parties concerned. Especially because of the facelessness
of the customer and the supplier, there should be a standard recourse to settle such
disputes.
1. Applications
2. Brokerage services
3. Interface
4. Secure messaging
5. Middle ware and
6. Network infrastructure
6. Name the three classes of e-commerce applications based on transactions.
AnswerConsumer to business, Business to business, intra organization.
7. Define a information Brokerage.
AnswerAn intermediary who provides integration between customers and information providers
8. Define a software agent.
AnswerAgent is an encapsulation of users instructions.
9. Define middle ware.
AnswerIt is a mediator between diverse application programs that talk to each other.
10. Name the three stages of e-commerce architecture on web.
Answer-
Electronic cash (e-cash) A digital currency used on the Internet to buy and sell products.
Electronic commerce (e-commerce) Any form of commerce in which the buyer of a product
or service uses a computer to interact with the computer system of the seller of that product
or service.
Internet A collection of interconnected computers that people can log onto to share
information, tocommunicate, to be entertained, and to perform electronic commerce
transactions.
Intranet A network internal to your organization that is built either partially or completely
fromInternet-based technology.
World Wide Web (WWW) A component of the Internet that provides users with the ability to
movefrom computer system to computer system by following predefined links among those
systems.
Critical mass of buyers and sellers. The trick is getting a critical mass of corporations
andconsumers to use electronic mechanisms. In other words, the electronic marketplace
should be the first place customers go to find the products and services they need.
Opportunity for independent evaluations and for customer dialogue and discussion. In the
marketplace, not only do users buy and sell products or services, they also compare notes
on who has the best products and whose prices are outrageous. The ability to openly
evaluate the wares offered is a fundamental principle of a viable marketplace
Negotiation and bargaining. No market place is complete if it does not support negotiation.
Buyers and sellers need to be able to haggle over conditions of mutual satisfaction, including
money, terms and conditions, delivery dates, and evaluation criteria.
New products and services. In a viable marketplace, consumers can make requests for
products and services not currently offered and have a reasonable expectations that
someone will turn up with a proposed offering to meet that request.
Seamless interface. The biggest barrier to electronic trade is having all the pieces work
together so that information can flow seamlessly from one source to another. This requires
standardization. On the corporate side, companies need compatible EDI software and
network services in order to send electronic purchase orders, invoices, and payments back
and forth.
Recourse for disgruntled buyers. A viable marketplace must have a recognized mechanism
for resolving disputes among buyers and sellers. Markets typically include a provision for
resolving disagreements by returning the product or through arbitrage in other cases.
1. The pre-purchase preparation phase includes search and discovery for a set of products in
the larger information space capable of meeting customer requirements and products
selection from the smaller set of products based on attribute comparison.
2. The purchase consummation phase includes mercantile protocols that specify the flow of
information and documents associated with purchasing and negotiation with purchasing and
negotiation with merchants for suitable terms, such as price, availability, and delivery dates;
and electronic payment mechanisms that integrate payment into the purchasing process.
3. The postpurchase interaction phase includes customer service and support to address
customer complaints, product returns, and product defects.
Lets consider each of the consumer purchasing phases in detail.
13. Explain mercantile model from merchants perspective?
Answeri) Order planning and Order generation: - Order planning leads intoorder generation. Orders are
generated by broadcast ads, sending personalized e-mail to the customer, or creating web pages.
ii) Cost Estimation and Pricing: - Pricing is the bridge between customer needs and company
capabilities. Pricing at the individual order level depends on understanding, the value to the
customer that is generated by each order, and instituting a system that enables the company to price
each order based on its valued and cost.
iii) Order Receipt and Entry:- In this step customer enter his order about services and products that
he want to buy. This department is staffed by very experienced employees.
iv) Order Selection and Prioritization: - In this phase CSRs decide that which orders to accept and
which to decline and set priorities because some orders are better for business.
v) Order Scheduling: - It means slotting the selected order into an actual production or operational
sequence. This is very difficult because the different functional departments like- sales, marketing,
customer service etc may have conflicting their goals.
vi) Order fulfillment and Delivery: -- This is very complex phase where the actual provision of the
product or service is made.
vii) Order Billing and Account/Payment Management:viii) Post-sales Service:- It play important role in companys profit equation. Depending upon the
specific of the business, it can include element as physical installation of a product, repair and
maintenance. Because of the information conveyed and intimacy involved, post sales services can
affect customer satisfaction and company profit.
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1. Payments using plain credit card details. The easiest method of payment is the exchange
ofunencrypted credit cards over a public network such as telephone lines or the Internet.
Thelow level of security inherent in the design of the Internet makes this method problematic.
Authentication is also a significant problem, and the vendor is usually responsible to ensure
that the person using the credit card is its owner. Without encryption there is not way to do
this.
2. Payments using encrypted credit card details. It would make sense to encrypt your credit
card details before sending them out, but even then there are certain factors to consider.
One would be the cost of a credit card transaction itself. Such cost would prohibit low-value
payments (micro-payments) by adding costs to the transactions.
3. Payment using third party verification. One solution to security and verification problems is
the introduction of a third party; a company that collects and approves payments from one
client to another. After a certain period of time, one credit card transaction for the total
accumulated amount is completed.
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Interchange)
1. Define EDI.
AnswerInter-process communication of business information in standard electronic form.
2. List the four layers of EDI architecture.
AnswerSemantic layer, standard layer, transport layer and physical layer.
3. List any two tangible benefits of EDI.
AnswerReduced paper based systems, improved customer service.
4. Who is liable if an EDI network fails to deliver the message?
AnswerNot decided as yet.
5. Can the digital signature fully replace handwritten signature?
Answer- No
6. What is EFT?
AnswerElectronic Fund transfer.
7. What is the need for open EDI?
AnswerTo allow e-commerce between two organizations for a short duration.
8. With the help of a diagram explain the flow of in formation in EDI.
Answer9. List the tangible benefits of EDI.
AnswerSaving also accrue from the following improvements:
Reduced paper-based systems: EDI can impact the effort and expense a company devotes
to maintaining records, paper- related supplies, filing cabinets, or other storage systems and
to the personnel required to maintain all of these systems. EDI can also reduce postage bills
because of the amounts of paper that no longer need be sent..
Improved problem resolution and customer service: EDI can minimize the time companies
spend to identify and resolve interbusiness problems. EDI can improve customer service by
enabling the quick transfer of business documents and a marked decrease in errors.
Expanded customer/supplier base: Many large manufacturers and retailers with the
necessary clout are ordering their suppliers to institute an EDI program. However, these are
isolated islands of productivity because they are unable to build bridges to other companies.
With the advent of electronic commerce, the bridge is now available.
1. The expected volume of electronic documents: Generally speaking, PC products cost less
but handle only a few documents and trading partners. Mid-range EDI packages can be a
little more expensive but can handle a larger volume of multiple document types or multiple
trading partners.
2. Economics of the EDI translation software: Some products initially look like a bargain, but as
needs grow, hidden costs suddenly appear. These costs can range from new transaction
sets for doing different forms to expensive upgrades.
3. Implementation time: Some applications are easier to learn and use than others. The more
time spent in training, the more time it takes to get into production mode. If the
implementation time frame is tight, it is wise to look for a translator that doesnt require
training before implementation.Maintenance fees and VAN charges can vary considerably
and as such can affect the cost of EDI systems:
4. Maintenance fees: Most companies charge an annual maintenance fee, usually a
percentage of the translators list price. This fee should include software updates, standards
updates, technical support, and customer service.
5. VAN charges: VANs bill for data transmission, similar to long-distance phone calls. Come
base their billing per document & others charge based on the number of kilo-characters in
each document. Some also bill for connect time.
12. What is VAN? with the help of a diagram explain the functions of third party VAN.
AnswerA VAN is a communications network that typically exchanges EDI messages among trading partners.
It also provides other services, including holding messages in electronic mailboxes, interfacing with
other VANs and supporting many telecommunications modes and transfer protocols.
13. What is EDI? List the factors that make the inteRnet useful for EDI
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