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Equilibrium Charts
The composition of the working fluid changes during the
engine operating cycle
Process
SI Engines
CI Engines_________
Intake
Air, Fuel, Recycled
Air, Recycled exhaust,
exhaust, Residual gas Residual gas
Compression Air, Fuel vapour,
Air, Recycled exhaust,
Recycled exhaust,
Residual gas
Residual gas
Expansion
Combustion products Combustion products
(mixture of N2, H2O,
(mixture of N2, H2O,
CO2, CO, H2, O2, NO, CO2, CO, H2, O2, NO,
OH, O, H, ...)
OH, O, H, ...)
Equilibrium Charts
Process
Exhaust
SI Engines
CI Engines_________
Combustion products Combustion products
[mainly N2, CO2, H2O [mainly N2, CO2, H2O,
and either O2 ( < 1) and O2]
or CO and H2 ( > 1)]
The composition of the unburned mixture does not
change significantly during intake and compression the
composition is thus assumed frozen
The combustion products or burned mixture gases,
during the combustion process and much of the
expansion process, are close to thermodynamic
equilibrium
Equilibrium Charts
Towards the end of the expansion process, the gas
composition departs from the equilibrium composition;
recombination can no longer occur fast enough to maintain
the reacting mixture in equilibrium
Equilibrium Charts
Charts for the following pure fuels are available:
isooctane (2-2-4 trimethylpentane), nitroethane,
nitromethane, methanol, ethanol, benzene, methane,
and hydrogen
The properties of fluid depend directly upon the relative
amounts of fuel, air, and residual in the mixture
Since neither the fuel-air ratio nor the amount of residual
are constant for all conditions of operations, an infinite
number of charts would, theoretically, be required
(1 xr ) xr
mc
100
Up to about 30% of the exhaust can be recycled; the
burned gas fraction during compression, can, therefore,
approach 30 to 40%
The composition of burned gas fraction in the unburned
mixture can thus be calculated using combustion
equation for a hydrocarbon fuel (discussed in previous
topics)
Charts can also be used for engine cycle calculations
which provide an easy and accurate method
Internal energy versus entropy chart for equilibrium burned gas mixture,
isooctane fuel; equivalence ratio 0.4
Internal energy versus entropy chart for equilibrium burned gas mixture,
isooctane fuel; equivalence ratio 0.6
Internal energy versus entropy chart for equilibrium burned gas mixture,
isooctane fuel; equivalence ratio 0.8
Internal energy versus entropy chart for equilibrium burned gas mixture,
isooctane fuel; equivalence ratio 1.0
Internal energy versus entropy chart for equilibrium burned gas mixture,
isooctane fuel; equivalence ratio 1.2
~o
hf,u = ni h f,i
i
hu = hs, u + hf,u
uof,u = ni uf,i
i
Alternately,
u
o
f,u
= h
o
f,u
- (nP nR )R T
ub uu us,u uof,u
and v b v u
Thus, given us,u, and vu, the state of the burned mixture
can be determined from the appropriate burned mixture
chart
For an adiabatic constant-pressure combustion process,
hb hu hs,u hof,u
since ub hb pv b