Chapter 12

Load Flow Study

Table of Contents
12. LOAD FLOW STUDY ......................................................................... 12-1
12.1

Introduction................................................................................................... 12-1

12.2

Methodology .................................................................................................. 12-1

12.3

Result.............................................................................................................. 12-2
12.3.1 Detail Result........................................................................................ 12-2
12.3.2 Summary of Result ............................................................................. 12-6
12.3.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 12-6
12.3.4 Limitation of Load Flow Study........................................................... 12-6

List of Tables
Table 12.1: New Power Plants Expected to be Completed by the Year 2013..................... 12-2
Table 12.2: New Capacitor Banks to be Constructed by the Year 2013 ............................. 12-2
List of Figures
Figure 12.1: Load Flow Analysis of INPS Nepal for 2013 ................................................. 12-7

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LIKHU 1 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

12. LOAD FLOW STUDY

12.1 Introduction
This section presents an approximate performance analysis of Likhu 1 HEP after its inclusion
into the Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) in its expected commissioning year, which is
2012/13 AD. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of inclusion of this HEP to
the INPS system such as verification of acceptable voltage and power angle profile and losses
in transmission lines. Likewise, such analysis helps in identifying points in the system
requiring reinforcement if the overall result is not within the desired limits.
Likhu 1 HEP is a run-of-river type plant expected to generate a maximum of 77 MW of
power envisaged mainly for export to India. The power generated by this project, along with
upcoming Likhu 2 and Likhu A HEPs downstream, is likely to be evacuated using partly a
single circuit and partly a common 220 kV double circuit transmission line to the new NEA
220 kV Kirnetar substation via a common node at Likhu 2 switchyard. The new Kirnetar
switchyard will then transfer the power to Dhalkebar 220 kV grid substation from where the
power is exported to Muzaffarpur substation (India). The load flow simulation is performed
with the above concept and the scenario is to be expected after the completion of all three
mentioned projects. The power from Likhu 1 HEP is expected to be evacuated using a single
circuit 220 kV transmission line if constructed ahead of Likhu 2 and Likhu A projects, with
due provision for adjusting to the above mentioned scenario.

12.2 Methodology
The load flow study results presented here are derived from computer simulation of INPS for
the said year. The simulation software used in this project is free software of Power System
Analysis Tool (PSAT), a MATLAB toolbox for static and dynamic analysis of electrical
power system.
All necessary assumptions made here about the changes in the INPS are in accordance with
the NEA Annual Report, 2009. Some of the significant assumptions made for the load flow
simulation are as below:
All power plants generate at full capacity.
All loads are connected to the system. The load at different substations are those
expected in the year 2012/13 by projection from the recorded load demand of 2009
incorporating yearly demand forecast as stated in NEA Annual Report, 2009.
Some of the power plants and loads operating at 33 kV lines are assumed to be
operating at 66 kV or 132 kV level.
Marsyangdi HEP (69 MW) is considered as the swing/reference bus due to its central
location in the INPS.
A total of 65 MW is imported from India via Khusaha (50 MW) and Tanakpur (15
MW) substations.
Khimti Dhalkebar 220 kV line and substations are assumed to be in operation by
2013. Likewise, Khimti-Matatirtha 220 kV line and Chandranigahapur 132 kV line
and substations are also assumed to be commissioned by then.
The power equivalent to the sum of generation from Likhu 1, Likhu 2, Likhu A,
Likhu IV, Kirne HEPs, which converge at NEA new 220 kV Kirnetar substation and
Balephi HEP which converge at NEA 132 kV Lamosamghu substation, is exported to

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CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

India from Dhalkebar 220 kV substation after flowing through KhimtiDhalkebar 220
kV transmission line.
The new power plants expected to be completed by the year 2013 are as follows:
Table 12.1: New Power Plants Expected to be Completed by the Year 2013
S.N.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Name of HEP

Operating
Voltage in kV

Additional power
produced in
the year 2012/13 in MW

Chamelia
132
Kulekhani 3
132
Upper- Tamakoshi
220
Likhu 1
220
Likhu 2
220
Likhu A
220
Likhu IV
220
Balephi
132
Kirne
132
Total Additional Power (MW)

30
14
456
77
50
60
120
50
68
925

Remarks

For use in Nepal

For use in Nepal
For use in Nepal
For export to India
For export to India
For export to India
For export to India
For export to India
For export to India

Likewise, the new capacitor banks and assumed to be constructed by the year 2013 and
shown as operating in either 66kV or 132kV in the simulation are as follows.
Table 12.2: New Capacitor Banks to be Constructed by the Year 2013
S.N

Load Center

1
Bharatpur
2
Dhalkebar
3
Butwal
4
Simra
5
Hetauda
6
Siuchatar
7
Patan
8
New-Baneshwor
9
Balaju
10
Chabel
Total Additional Reactive Power (MVar)

No. of units

Per unit Capacity

(MVar)

Total Capacity
(MVar)

2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2

12.5
12.5
20
5
5
10
10
12.5
12.5
12.5

25
25
40
15
10
20
20
25
25
25
230

12.3 Result
12.3.1 Detail Result
The result of the load flow simulation as generated by PSAT is presented below.
NETWORK STATISTICS
Buses:
70
Lines:
100
Transformers:
15
Generators:
30
Loads:
43

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CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

SOLUTION STATISTICS
Number of Iterations:
Maximum P mismatch [MW]
Maximum Q mismatch [MVar]
POWER FLOW RESULTS

4
0
0

BusVphase Pgen
[kV][deg] [MW]
Amlekhgunj
Anarmani
Atariya
Balaju
Balaju1
Balephi
Banepa
Baneswor
Bhakatapur
Bhaktapur1
Bharatpur
Bharatpur1
BhoteKoshi
Birgunj
Butwal
Chandranig
Chatara
Chilime
Damauli
Devighat
Dhalkebar
DhalkebarDuhabi
Dumkibas/B
Gandak
Harisidhi
Hetauda
Hetauda1
Hetauda66
Ilam
Jhimruk
KaliGandak
Kawasoti
Khimti-132
Khimti-220
Kirne
Kohalpur
KulekhaniKulekhaniKulekhani1
Kushaha
Lahan
Lamahi
Lamosanghu
Lekhnath
Likhu 1
Likhu 2
Likhu IV
Likhu A
Lumki
MMars
Mahendrana
Marsyangdi
Matatirtha
Matatirtha
Modi
Multifuel
New Parwan
NewChabel
Panchkhal
Parwanipur
Patan/teku
Pokhara
Shivpur/Ch
Simra

64.5083
125.4479
133.848
64.915
130.9612
134.64
65.1963
64.5833
64.3989
128.8505
133.2066
222.1459
133.914
61.9571
136.3032
129.7456
133.7847
66.726
135.5304
66.066
129.9793
216.5475
133.7109
135.6649
136.092
129.2518
132.6925
221.3554
66.132
127.116
134.904
138.072
134.6472
136.422
227.3458
137.214
129.7034
133.32
133.452
67.2342
135.8544
129.5927
133.0018
132.6331
137.0319
229.009
228.8
228.47
229.02
131.4416
138.336
133.782
135.4716
130.6149
217.8078
138.138
134.1196
126.11
63.9558
65.736
63.0233
64.449
137.148
133.767
63.5667

ITECO-CEMAT-ICGS JV

-2.6655
-3.1981
-0.85044
-0.65456
-0.42941
9.588
2.9811
0.64448
1.3785
1.4533
-0.50578
-0.51452
8.8903
-5.9702
0.33019
5.1874
-0.00744
5.2171
0.54784
1.212
9.9727
11.5579
-0.02971
0.19463
0.43338
0.79806
-0.33897
-0.35924
-0.70246
-2.69
-1.1702
3.5083
-0.12823
15.2764
15.2785
17.5735
-3.2131
0.6451
0.43725
0.23031
1.4921
6.2261
-1.9618
7.9812
1.3227
16.2892
16.0505
15.5703
16.198
-2.2944
1.7955
-0.61028
0
0.40633
0.45878
2.4144
0.06938
-4.5015
-1.1492
3.939
-4.5592
0.03207
1.1784
-1.2448
-3.9171

0
0
30
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
5.1
0
3.2
20
0
14
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
14.41
6
12
144
0
60
0
68
0
32
14
60
50
0
0
0
0
77
50
120
60
0
70
15
-15.2732
0
0
14.8
31.2
0
0
7.5
0
0
2.5
0
0

Qgen
[MVar]
0
0
7.267
0
0
11.4714
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5777
0
19.4176
0
1.8
-1.6773
0
4.3006
0
0
0
0
4.8004
0
0
0
-0.19113
3.5701
0.97718
-8.3749
0
13.3941
0
-7.7848
0
17.914
10.3697
39.836
77.6616
0
0
0
0
0.55404
-7.7138
52.7789
8.8288
0
17.5599
3.8033
39.9258
0
0
7.4353
23.4
0
0
-3.0363
0
0
39.5642
0
0

PloadQload
[MW][MVar]
1.2
42.2
17.5
41.97
0
0
0
37.4
24.8
57.2
48.8
0
0
60.4
63
21.6
0
5.5
17.5
3.8
52.9
400
94.1
6.1
0
0
48.8
0
16.1
0
0
0
8.2
0
0
0
21.8
0
0
6.6
0
36.7
11.2
3.3
7.6
0
5.5
6
0
7.1
0
10.4
0
0
0
4.1
0
16.7
41.4
0
0
38.9
42.2
11.2
21.1

0.9
31.6
2.8
6.48
0
0
0
3
18.6
38.4
11.6
0
0
9.2
7.3
16.2
0
4.1
13.1
2.9
14.6
290
28.4
4.9
0
0
26.6
0
12.1
0
0
0
6.2
0
0
0
16.41
0
0
5
0
27.5
0.4
2.5
5.7
0
3.662
4
0
5.3
0
7.8
0
0
0
3.1
0
12.5
2.2
0
0
9.2
31.6
8.4
0.8

Page 12-3

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

LIKHU 1 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

Siuchatar
Siuchatar1
Sunkoshi1
Tamakoshi
Trishuli1

64.8023
130.1074
66.528
230.098
66.528

-0.3426
-0.34825
4.902
15.5398
1.9303

0
0
10
456
24

0
0
-0.36382
146.4585
8.1547

27.9
103
0
0
5.3

18.2
45
0
0
4

LINEFLOWS

FromBusToBusLine PFlow QFlow

[MW] [MVar]

PLossQLoss
[MW][MVar]

Devighat
Chilime
Lumki
Mahendranag
Atariya
Kawasoti
Damauli
Lekhnath
Modi
KaliGandaki
KaliGandaki
Balaju1
Marsyangdi
Hetauda66
Amlekhgunj
Lamahi
Hetauda
Hetauda
Hetauda66
Amlekhgunj
Simra
Simra
Parwanipur
Parwanipur
Dhalkebar
New Parwani
Kulekhani1
Lahan
Duhabi
Duhabi
Anarmani
Khimti-132
BhoteKoshi
Siuchatar
Bhaktapur13
Bhaktapur13
Siuchatar
Kohalpur
Balaju
Bhakatapur
Bhakatapur
Balaju
Trishuli1
Trishuli1
Bhakatapur
Bhakatapur
Dumkibas/Ba
Khimti-220
Kulekhani1
Hetauda66
Kulekhani-3
Kulekhani-2
MMars
Damauli
Khimti-220
Hetauda66
Duhabi
Multifuel
Marsyangdi
Shivpur/Cha
Dhalkebar
Chandraniga
Khimti-220
Kulekhani-2
Matatirtha1
Pokhara

0.36113
0.38225
0.05923
0.00552
0.14876
0.04097
0.25366
0.12459
0.1695
0.32675
0.57677
0.06975
0.19437
0.48635
0.28945
0.04231
0.02276
0.02276
0.48635
0.28945
0.09032
0.09032
0.39649
0.39649
0.75284
1.2298
0.2229
0.76953
0.41261
0.41261
0.96777
4.3135
0.20144
0.05057
3.1331
3.1331
0.06513
0.1274
0.06302
0.18679
0.18679
0.06302
0.40261
0.40261
0.08578
0.08578
0.05798
2.373
0.2229
0.15228
0.18013
0.176
0.51994
0.47404
7.9473
0.20484
0.001
0.0271
0.14334
0.21205
2.0344
2.9184
7.9473
0.02035
0.69557
0.01629

NewChabel
Trishuli1
Kohalpur
Atariya
Lumki
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Damauli
Pokhara
Lekhnath
Butwal
Siuchatar1
Siuchatar1
Amlekhgunj
Simra
Shivpur/Ch
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Amlekhgunj
Simra
Parwanipur
Parwanipur
Birgunj
Birgunj
Chandranig
Hetauda
Siuchatar
Dhalkebar
Kushaha
Kushaha
Duhabi
Lamosanghu
Lamosanghu
Patan/teku
Lamosanghu
Lamosanghu
Patan/teku
Lamahi
NewChabel
NewChabel
NewChabel
NewChabel
Balaju
Balaju
Baneswor
Baneswor
Kawasoti
Tamakoshi
Siuchatar
Kulekhani1
Hetauda
Matatirtha
Marsyangdi
MMars
DhalkebarKulekhani1
Chatara
Duhabi
Bharatpur
Butwal
Chandranig
Hetauda
DhalkebarKulekhaniKhimti-220
Lekhnath

ITECO-CEMAT-ICGS JV

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

13.0866
14.5
9.8457
4.6
17.0945
7.9572
24.0474
17.4624
28.3049
36.97
44.6728
0.80919
7.8224
26.5359
25.4496
-11.4816
3.2607
3.2607
26.5359
25.4496
14.6101
14.6101
30.5965
30.5965
33.5126
-48.865
8.962
-43.1044
-48.4778
-48.4778
-36.2327
127.2896
36
-12.248
-99.39
-99.39
-10.4251
-12.0135
6.1365
8.4507
8.4507
6.1365
14.9546
14.9546
8.1717
8.1717
16.2152
-225.627
8.962
-14.281
31.5492
14.4305
34.632
-34.8939
340.6846
-20.838
-3.199
15.6
21.6533
-22.7239
90.5795
99.7049
340.6846
17.5695
-64.279
-11.5646

1.4952
-5.7773
2.5854
-3.9967
4.7506
5.5524
8.0376
4.1238
0.85193
-1.8571
-0.3984
45.671
17.644
5.2939
4.0254
-3.1067
-24.8667
-24.8667
5.2939
4.0254
3.1394
3.1394
5.3284
5.3284
-9.3362
-17.0772
10.3556
9.7467
-13.5566
-13.5566
-24.7572
0.59615
8.5777
18.0574
6.3629
6.3629
18.763
-10.1351
3.1571
-3.0068
-3.0068
3.1571
-0.75579
-0.75579
-8.5097
-8.5097
10.9225
-82.8727
10.3556
-5.1687
0.13731
28.4828
5.8361
-10.8535
127.0957
-8.5099
-2.1344
11.7
24.6456
-9.0629
-19.5854
-48.7031
127.0957
-10.5689
-13.4772
10.2034

0.18928
0.28677
-3.6896
-4.2803
-3.1348
-2.3459
-1.3029
-1.6575
-1.3873
-1.1616
-0.61057
0.01007
-3.291
0.81853
0.48601
-2.4439
-25.5685
-25.5685
0.81853
0.48601
0.08221
0.08221
0.72841
0.72841
-2.0756
1.212
0.09118
-0.07885
0.10525
0.10525
0.03942
13.4158
-0.93264
0.12781
9.1008
9.1008
0.12173
-4.2778
-0.1366
-0.16015
-0.16015
-0.1366
0.28563
0.28563
-0.00138
-0.00138
-0.82986
-9.6435
0.09118
0.10774
0.3599
0.33862
-1.0074
0.87037
-4.5917
0.33839
-0.33441
-0.2745
-0.65815
-2.4102
5.657
8.854
-4.5917
-0.33649
-11.8842
-0.31587

Page 12-4

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

LIKHU 1 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

Hetauda1
Banepa
Modi
Damauli
Butwal

Bharatpur1
Bhakatapur
KaliGandak
Marsyangdi
Dumkibas/B

67
68
69
70
71

1.5363
17.177
-17.6049
10.6843
3.6781

-31.1741
-3.4355
3.4833
-4.5028
2.9446

0.00976
0.30875
0.07944
0.04757
0.0076

-51.3032
0.22621
-2.2377
-0.02331
-2.2497

FromBusToBusLine PFlow QFlow

[MW] [MVar]

PLossQLoss
[MW][MVar]

Likhu 2
Hetauda1
Jhimruk
Ilam
Khimti-220
Kushaha
Harisidhi
Harisidhi
Likhu-2
Khimti-220
Balaju1
Lahan
Khimti-220
Khimti-132
Siuchatar
Multifuel
Butwal
Gandak
Likhu 1
KaliGandaki
Lamosanghu
Matatirtha
Siuchatar
Likhu-2
Baneswor
Baneswor
Sunkoshi1
Panchkhal
Devighat
Hetauda
Hetauda1
Matatirtha1
Hetauda1
Siuchatar1
Bharatpur1
Bharatpur1
Siuchatar1
Bhakatapur
Dhalkebar-2
Baneswor
New Parwani
Khimti-220
Balaju1
Matatirtha1

0.50961
0.00976
0.14067
0.03268
0.13589
1.7279
0.11026
0.2632
0.50961
0.13589
0.33044
0.76953
2.373
0.72803
0.01942
0.0271
0.0076
0.02578
0.06739
0.57677
0.42843
0.3458
0.01942
0.03401
0.20931
0.20918
0.12429
0.19874
0.02207
0.00469
0.00962
0.011
0.00962
0.00142
0.004
0.004
0.00142
0.01781
0.73474
0.07301
0.01156
0.00013
0.00863
0.011

Khimti-220
Bharatpur1
Lamahi
Anarmani
Likhu-4
Lahan
Matatirtha
Bhaktapur1
Khimti-220
Likhu-4
Bharatpur
Dhalkebar
Tamakoshi
Kirne
Balaju
Duhabi
Dumkibas/B
Dumkibas/B
Likhu-2
Butwal
Balephi
Siuchatar1
Balaju
Likhu-A
Patan/teku
Patan/teku
Panchkhal
Banepa
Trishuli1
Hetauda66
Hetauda
Matatirtha
Hetauda
Siuchatar
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Siuchatar
Bhaktapur1
Dhalkebar
Harisidhi
Parwanipur
Khimti-132
Balaju
Matatirtha

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115

91.1993
1.5363
12
6
-56.8641
-47.7809
16.714
-100.1224
91.1993
-56.8641
-13.6104
-43.1044
-225.627
-67.272
6.1926
15.6
3.6781
15
77
44.6728
-49.5716
95.1152
6.1926
-59.966
31.0397
31.0676
10
17.3757
-2.8866
19.6475
-1.5363
32.1395
-1.5363
0.06843
1.5265
1.5265
0.06843
-41.1766
265.4747
-83.3354
32.165
0.01775
12.8012
32.1395

TOTAL GENERATION
REAL POWER [MW]
REACTIVE POWER [MVar]

1557.4368
540.6783

TOTAL LOAD
REAL POWER [MW]
REACTIVE POWER [MVar]

1497.07
762.252

TOTAL LOSSES
REAL POWER [MW]
REACTIVE POWER [MVar]

60.3668
-221.5737

ITECO-CEMAT-ICGS JV

-0.2883
-31.1741
0.97718
3.5701
-32.4802
50.3379
-43.5292
50.1337
-0.2883
-32.4802
-71.8614
9.7467
-82.8727
9.0007
-5.5612
11.7
2.9446
4.8004
0.55404
-0.3984
-11.2851
1.7481
-5.5612
-9.5316
-13.4289
-13.4114
-0.36382
-3.3023
-0.09459
9.355
31.1741
6.7386
31.1741
11.7299
20.1291
20.1291
11.7299
0.77128
-26.6254
6.8236
4.5772
-3.7968
26.1904
6.7386

-10.9291
-51.3032
-2.1733
-3.2726
-8.0908
3.3445
-3.7218
-0.27426
-10.9291
-8.0908
0.7188
-0.07885
-9.6435
1.2159
-0.04266
-0.2745
-2.2497
-0.63354
-0.71357
-0.61057
0.18633
-0.11582
-0.04266
-0.70286
0.26518
0.26551
-0.09778
0.13316
-0.49244
0.15464
0.02887
0.03301
0.02887
0.04532
0.01199
0.01199
0.04532
0.05344
7.3474
0.21904
0.03469
0.0004
0.27627
0.03301

Page 12-5

LIKHU 1 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

12.3.2 Summary of Result

As shown above, the active power generation of INPS exceeds its demand in 2013, so some
surplus seen is possible to export to India. The power angles of generator buses, including
that of Likhu 1 (16.2892) are seen to be within stability limits. The swing bus is also seen to
operate within its installed capacity. Likewise, the results show that the voltage profiles of all
buses are within 5% of their respective standard values. Also, the transmission lines for the
transmission of Likhu 1 HEP, including Khimti-Dhalkebar 220 kV line, are seen to operate
within their maximum transfer capability. However, the results also indicate that a deficit of
around 200 MVar of reactive power is observed in the INPS system.
12.3.3 Conclusion
Considering the installed capacity of about 1600 MW (with the full capacity of the swing bus
considered), a surplus of around 475 MW is available in the system, provided that all the
upcoming HEP projects and other reinforcements of INPS mentioned above are completed
within 2013. Hence, the export of 77 MW of generation from Likhu 1 HEP to India seems
acceptable in the scenario. However, the results also point to the fact that complete export of
power generated from all the HEPs (afore listed 6 HEPs) may produce adverse impact on
INPS in the form of reactive power deficit, although active power generation is at par with
the demand. Hence, for the sake of safe power export to India, further reactive power
compensation arrangements must be managed by 2013. This may be in the form of some
sacrifice in export of power or installation of reactive power compensations at appropriate
load centers.
12.3.4 Limitation of Load Flow Study
This load flow study considers all installed power plants generation at full capacity, which
may not represent the real load flow condition in INPS and is only conceivable during the wet
season. This inconsistency is more pronounced during the dry season as almost all HEPs of
INPS are run-of-river type, which are likely to reduce the maximum generation capability as
compared to the maximum demand. However, power export to India is encouraging due to
surplus available in INPS and coincident with the maximum demand of India in the wet
season itself. Hence, the scope of this study is limited to impact study of power export to
India in the wet season. Hence, the assumptions made here are justified as it represents the
worst case scenario during that season. Thus, study supports the concept of power export to
India from Likhu 1 HEP during wet season in 2013.

ITECO-CEMAT-ICGS JV

Page 12-6

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

LIKHU 1 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

CHAPTER 12: LOAD FLOW STUDY

Figure 12.1: Load Flow Analysis of INPS Nepal for 2013

ITECO-CEMAT-ICGS JV

Page 12-7