Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Welding
Welding is a materials joining process which produces
coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable
temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by
the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of
filler material.
Welding is used for making permanent joints.
It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies,
aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames,
structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers,
general repair work and ship
building.
TYPES
1 | Page
Brazing
Brazing is a metal joining process whereby a filler metal is heated
above melting point and distributed between two or more closefitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly
above its melting temperature while protected by a suitable
atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal and
is then cooled to join the work pieces.
Metal used as filler metal
Aluminum-silicon
Copper
Copper-silver
brass
Gold-silver
Nickel alloy
Silver
TYPES
1. Torch brazing
2. Dip brazing
3. Furnace brazing
4. Induction brazing
5. Salt-bath brazing
6. Infrared brazing
7. Exothermal brazing
8. Resistance brazing
MERIT AND DEMERIT
MERIT
Dissimilar metals which can not be welded can be joined by
brazing.
Very thin metals can be joined.
Metals with different thickness can be joined easily.
In brazing thermal stresses are not produced in the work
piece. Hence there is no distortion.
Using this process, carbides tips are brazed on the steel tool
holders.
2 | Page
DEMERIT
Brazed joints have lesser strength compared to welding.
Joint preparation cost is more.
Can be used for thin sheet metal sections.
3 | Page
4 | Page
1-Carbon Steels
10xx
Plain Carbon
11xx
Resulfurized
12xx
Ni 1.25 Cr 0.65-0.80
32xx
Ni 1.75 Cr 1.07
33xx
Ni 3.50 Cr 1.50-1.57
34xx
Ni 3.00 Cr 0.77
Resulfurized
and
rephosphorized
41xx
Mn 1.75
6-Nickel
Chromium
Molybdenum
steels
Manganes
e steels
13xx
31xx
43xx
Ni 1.82 Cr 0.50-0.80 Mo
0.25
47xx
86xx
Nickel
steels
23xx
Ni 3.5
25xx
Cr 0.50-0.95 Mo 0.120.30
Ni 5.0
4- Nickel Molybdenum steels
51xx
Cr 0.80 1.05
Clas
sific
atio
n of
Tool
s
Stee
ls
46xx
Ni 0.85-1.82 Mo 0.20
48xx
Ni 3.50 Mo 0.25
5-Chromium steels
COMPOSI
TION %
50xx
Cr 0.27- 0.65
O
t
h
e
r
T
y
p
e
s
5 | Page
W1
Water hardening
0.6
0
S5
Shock resisting
0.5
5
0.4
0
0.80 Mn2.00 Si
O1
Oil hardening
0.9
0
0.5
0
0.
5
A2
Cold work
1.0
0
5.0
0
1.0
0
A4
1.0
0
1.0
0
1.0
0
2.00 Mn
1.5
0
12.
0
1.0
0
D2
M1
Cold work
0.8
0
4.0
0
1.0
0
1.
5
8.0
0
M2
Molybdenum
0.8
5
4.0
0
2.0
0
6.
0
5.0
0
H11
Hot work
0.3
5
5.0
0
0.4
0
1.5
0
H12
Chromium
0.3
5
5.0
0
0.4
0
1.
5
1.5
0
P20
0.3
5
1.2
5
0.4
0
Stainless steels
Stainless steels usually contain less than 30% Cr and more than
50% Fe. They attain their stainless characteristics because of the
6 | Page
Condition
Ultimate Tensile
Strength [MPa]
Yield
Strength
[MPa]
Elongation
[%]
316
Annealed
515
205
40
Cold-finished
620
310
35
Cold-worked
860
690
12
Annealed
505
195
40
Cold-finished
605
295
34
Cold-worked
860
690
12
316L
Corrosion resistance
Resistance to oxidation and sulfidation
Toughness
Cryogenic strength
Resistance to abrasion and erosion
Resistance to galling and seizing
Surface finish
Magnetic properties
Retention of cutting edge
7 | Page
A
D
E
S
S
T
E
S