Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
Limits, fits and tolerances
Alignment tests
Types of measurements and instruments
Metric nomenclature
Tolerance control
Tolerances are added to:
Control the products that are produced
Dimensions can not be reproduced exactly
Control the accuracy of the process and to reduce
functional or assembly failures.
Create more careful production procedures and more
rigorous inspection
Tolerance control
There are two different types of conventional tolerances:
Unilateral: specify dimensional variation from the basic
size in one direction.
Bilateral: specified dimensional variation from the basic
size in both directions.
Tighter tolerances improve the quality of the product but
generally increase the manufacturing cost.
Tolerance control
Description
Symbol
Clearance
Loose running fit: for wide commercial tolerances or allowances on external members
H11/c11
Free running fit: not for use where accuracy is essential, but good for large temperature
variations, high running speeds, or heavy journal pressures
H9/d9
Close running fit: for running on accurate machines and for accurate location at moderate
speeds and journal pressures
H8/f7
Sliding fit: where parts are not intended to run freely, but must have and run freely and locate
accurately
H7/g6
Locational clearance fit: Provides snug fit for location of stationary parts, but can be freely
assembled and disassembled
H7/h6
Locational transitional: fit for accurate location, a compromise between clearance and
interference
H7/k6
Locational transitional fit for more accurate location where greater interference is permissible
H7/n6
Locational interference fit: for parts requiring rigidity and alignment with prime accuracy of
location but without special bore pressure requirements
H7/p6
Medium drive fit: for ordinary steel parts or shrink fits on light sections, the tightest fit useable
with cast iron
H7/s6
Force fit: Suitable for parts which can be highly stressed or for shrink fits where the heavy
pressing forces are impractical
H7/u6
Transition
Interference
Type of fits
Clearance fit: The largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller
than the diameter of the smallest hole.
LMC of the hole LMC of the shaft = Clearance
Interference fit: The minimum permitted diameter of the
shaft is larger than the maximum permitted diameter of
the hole.
Type of fits
Transitional fit: The diameter of the largest permitted hole is
greater than that of the smallest permitted shaft and the
smallest permitted hole is smaller than the largest
permitted shaft.
.0003
Limits example
Journal bearings are designed to operate at high
rotational speeds.
If the clearance between inner and the outer
diameter is too small the bearing will sieze.
If the clearance is too big the shaft will vibrate.
Limits on the size of the shaft and hole provide
correct operation.
Nominal diameter 20 mm.
Close running fit H8 f7
H8 hole= 20,000 to 20.033
f7 shaft= 19,980 to 19,959 clearance= 20 to 74
micron
Limits example
Spool valve has a shaft that translates.
This time the clearance should be a sliding fit.
Nominal diameter 20 mm.
Sliding fit H7/g6.
g6 shaft= 19,993 to 19,980
H7 hole = 20,000 to 20, 021
Clearance= 7 to 28 microns
Limits example
A 20 mm nominal diameter journal/shaft is to
have a clearance, but close accurate running fit.
Within what size tolerances should the parts be
manufactured? Use the basic hole system.
Solution: A H8/f7 fit is suitable. From the BS
chart, for a 20 mm diameter nominal size the H8
limits are + 0.033 and 0.000 and the f7 limits are0.020 and -0.041 mm. Hence the hole diameter
should be between 20.000 and 20.003 mm and the
shaft diameter should be between 19.959 and
19.980 mm.
Example
A fit is designated as diameter 130 H7 p6
5. State the tolerance grades for both the hole and shaft.
Solution
Classification of fit: Interference
2.
Hole: + 0.040
Shaft: + 0.068, + 0.043
Hole: 130.040
shaft: 130.068, 130.043
3. Maximum interference occurs between the
smallest hole and the largest shaft;
i.e. 130.000 130.068 = - 0.068 mm
Minimum interference occurs between the largest
hole and the smallest shaft;
i.e. 130.040 130.043 = - 0.003 mm
1.
Solution
4. Fundamental deviation for Hole = + 0.040 and +
0.000,
Fundamental deviation for shaft = + 0.068, + 0.043
5. Tolerance grade for Hole is IT7 = 0.040
Tolerance grade for shaft is IT6= 0.025
Hole
Shaft
Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Max Diameter
Min Diameter
Average Diameter
Max Clearance
Min Clearance
0.160 mm
0.000 mm
32.160 mm
32.000
32.080 mm
Dmax- dmin=0.44 mm
Dmin-dmax=0.12 mm
-0.120 mm
-0.280 mm
31.880 mm
31.720 mm
31.800 mm
Dimensions
tolerance in
drawing
Hole
32.080 +0.080
- 0.080
Shaft
31.800 +0.080
0.080
Hole
Shaft
Upper deviation
Lower deviation
Max Diameter
Min Diameter
Average Diameter
0.025 mm
0.000 mm
32.025 mm
32.000 mm
32.013 mm
0.059 mm
0.043 mm
32.059 mm
32.043 mm
32.051 mm
Max Clearance
Min Clearance
Dmax-dmin= - 0.018 mm
Dmin-dmax= - 0.059 mm
Example
Instrument
Linear
Steel rule,
vernier caliper,
micrometer
Angle
5 min
1
Straightness
Autocollimator
2.5
roundness
Comparative length
Flatness
Profile
GO NOT GO
Dial indicator
Gauge blocks
Sensitivity
m
0.5 mm
25
2.5
1
0.05
Interferometry
0.03
Dial indicator
Optical comparator
1
125
0.03
Limit gauges
The limits for GO and NOT GO gauges for an internal
diameter component are found as follows:
Limit gauges
The limits for GO and NOT GO gauges for an internal
diameter component are found as follows:
Limit gauges
The limits for GO and NOT GO gauges for a shaft are
found as follows:
Limit gauges
The limits for GO and NOT GO gauges for a shaft are
found as follows:
References
1. S. Kalpakjian, S.R. Schmid: Manufacturing Engineering &
Technology, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall International, 2006.
2. E. Paul Degarmo, J. R. Black, R. A. Kohser; Materials and
Processes in Manufacturing, 9th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2003.
3. R. L. Timings, S. P. Wilkinson: Manufacturing Technology, 2nd
edition, Pearson Education Limited, London, 2000.
4. J. F. W. Galyer, C. R. Shotbolt: Metrology for Engineers, Cassell &
Co. Ltd, 3rd edition, 1977.
5. Data Sheet BS 4500A: 1970