ReformationNotes

ChristianitylimitedmostlytoEurope
1500s,spreadfromSpaintoRussia
Alsoin
Egypt
Ethiopia
SouthernIndia
CentralAsia
Dividedintwo:RomanCatholicsandEasternOrthodox
OttomanEmpirehadcapturedConstantinople,whichwastheheadof
theEasternOrthodoxChurch
ProtestantReformationstartedin1517inGermany
GermanPriest,MartinLuther
Wrotethe95Theses
NailedintoadoorinWittenberg
MartinLutherwroteonatheologicalbasis
NewUnderstandingofTheologybasedsolelyonfaith
Onlythebible,notpriests
Challengedtheauthorityoftheclericalsociety
Splitariftinthecatholicchurch
Princesfounditreasontosplitwiththecatholicchurch
Abreakfromthearistocraticchurch
Multiple
peasantrevoltsinthe1520s
FemaleswereattractedtoProtestantism
EndedthevenerationofMaryandothersaints
ClosedConvents
StimulatedEducationforWomen
ProtestantismmovedoutsideofGermany
InventionofthePrintingPress
Creationofspinoffchurches
Asocialrevolutionstarted
ViolencebetweenProtestantsandCatholics
CatholicsinParisslaughteredthreethousandHuguenots
EdictofNantesPassed
Religiousfreedominfrance
30YearsWarinEngland
StartedaCatholicCounterRevolution
CouncilofTrent
convenedtocleanupthechurch
ProtectauthorityofthePope
PriestlyCelibacy
VenerationofSaintsandRelics
Stampedoutcorruption
Movementofeducatingpriests

 Cleaningthechurchalsomeant
Censoringandburningbooks
Finesonnonbelievers
TheoccasionalburningofHeretics
JesuitsformedtoreformCatholicChurch
ConsequencesoftheReformation
Skepticalattitudetowardsauthorityandtradition
Createdreligiousindividualism
Encouragedpeopletoreadandthinkforthemselves
Christianityoutwardbound
CatholicSpainandPortugalviewedtheirmovementsoverseasasamissionary
crusade
VascoDeGamaandChristopherColumbus
Settlersintothenewlandsbroughttheirreligiousviewswiththem
PuritansbroughtprotestantChristianitytoNorthamerica
EmphasisonEducation
Didnotshowemphasisonconvertingnatives
Catholicmissionariesorganizedintogroups
Dominicans,Franciscans,andJesuits
PortugalinAfricaandAsia,SpainintheAmericas,Russiain
Siberia
Europewagedawaragainsttheoldreligions
Nonworldwidereligionswerequicklydestroyed
ChristianityinSpanishAmerica
IncaandAztecempires
Destroyedbydiseaseandmilitarymight
Europeanssawtheconquestasasignfromgod
Manyofthenativessawthemselvesaschristiansafterconverting
Catholicconquerorsimposedstrictreligiousrule
Destroyedidols
Violentcampaignstodestroytheoldgods
Onebishopsaidthathehaddestroyed500paganshrines
Attemptstodestroyreligions
Torturedidolaters
Revolutionsagainstthestrictreligiousrule
Churchesbecamecommunityidentitiesforthenatives
JesuitsinChina
UnlikeinSouthAmerica,chinahadasolidpoliticalbackgroundthathelped
withstandchristianity
Chinaneededadifferentmissionarystrategy
Deliberateaimatconvertingchineseauthority
Jesuitslearnedchinese
Expressedinterestin
exchangingideaswiththechinese

Hadtoberespectfulofchineseculture
Emphasisonvenerationtotheemperorascivilserviceratherthanreligious
Modestnumberofchinesescholarsbecamechristians
Jesuitastronomicalskillsallowedthemtobecomepartofthebureauof
astronomy
Whydidconversionnotwork?
Notwhatthechinesewanted
Christianitywasanallornothingfaith
PopebannedsacrificestoConfuciusandIdolatry
ManyofthemissionariesexpelledfromChina
ManyviewedtheHolyCommunionasakindofcannibalism
TheIslamicworldsexpansionandrenewal
Islamicconversionwasdifferentfromchristianconversion
AssimilationofIslamicpracticesintotheculture
Usedwanderingholymenratherthanarmies
Manyofthesepeopleweretakeninbylocalrulersbecauseoftheir
knowledge
ConversionmeanttheconnectiontotheIslamicworldandthevast
traderoutes
ThiswasviewedashereticalbyotherMoslems
DestroyedthevalueoftheQuran
Wahabism
WeakeningoftheOttomanEmpire
Believedthatthereshouldonlybemonotheism
Similartothechristianbeliefofreformation

WhatscienceChallenges:
Externalauthorityofthebible
Thechurch
WisdomofCulturalTradition(Aristotle,Socrates)
LongTermSignificanceofScience?
Theplaceofhumansintheuniverse
Challengesauthorityofthechurchteachings
Social/politicalhierarchieschallenged
ModernRevolutions
Science
CarefulObservations
ControlledExperiments
FormulationofGeneralLaws

 Basedonmath

BirthofModernScience
ScientificRevolution
16th18thcenturies
Knowledgewasacquiredthrough
Observations
Experiments
MakingofLaws
MathematicalTerms
Severalpeopleinvolved
Copernicus
Galileo
Descartes
Newton
Sharplychallengedthechurch
Challengedsocialhierarchies,politicalsystems
BecamequicklyasymbolofGlobalModernity
WhyEurope?
Islamhadgeneratedthemostscientificupheavalduringthe8001400
BelievedthatnothingshouldchallengetheKoran
Scienceleadsonlytouncertaintyandconfusion
Europehadauniquelyfavorableprocesscalled
Corporation

Bodyofpeopleactingasaperson
UniversitieswereacorporationofMastersandScholars
NeutralzonesofIntellectualAutonomy
Basiccoreunitsofscientificreadingsandlectures
Chineseauthoritiesdidnotpermitindependentinstitutions
Allpreparationswereforthecivilserviceexamination
EuropeanNaturalPhilosophy
Europeatthecenterofanexchangeofinformation
Worriesabouttheexplosionofknowledge
ScienceandCulturalRevolution
ScienceusedtobebasedonAristotleandPtolemy
EarthcentricideasoftheuniversecoincidedwithCatholic
Churchsideas
UniverseofDivinePurpose
Fundamentallychallengedtheunderstandingoftheuniverse
NicolausCopernicus
OntherevolutionsoftheHeavenlySpheres
Atthemiddleofallthingsliesthesun
Theearthwasnolongerunique
Othersfoundthatplanetsfollowellipticalorbits

Observationsofsunspots
Theheavenshaveblemishes
MoonsofJupiter
Discoveryofanalmostinfinitespace
SirIsaacNewton
WorkonUniversalGravitation
Grandunifyingideaofallscience
Gravityisthesameforapplesasitisfororbitingplanets
Createdarevolutionaryunderstandingofthephysicaluniversethat
emergedamongeducatedEuropeans
ClockworkUniverse
Humanbodybecamejustapumpforblood
AttackontheChurch
teachingsandauthoritiesunderscrutiny
Severalphilosophersburnedatthestake
Galileoproclaimedthecompatibilityofchurchandfaith
ScienceandEnlightenment
Printingandbookmaking
Moreideascameoutregardingmathematics
AdamSmithformulatedlawstocontroltheeconomy
JohnLockearguedforaconstitutionalgovernment
Muchoftheideasexposedintherevolutionweredirectedagainst
superstition,ignorance,andcorruption
JeanJacquesRousseauarguedagainsthumanlogic
Imaginationvs.learning
Sciencefurtheron
Darwin
OriginofSpecies
NaturalSelection
Marx
Communism
Socialism
Breakingdownoftheclassbarriers
Freud
Phycology
Id,Ego,andSuperego
IrrationaldrivesandSocietiesbinds

 AmericanRevolution
FreedomfromBritishRule
DeclarationofIndependence1776
ConservativeRevolution
FrenchRevolution
Soldiershad
RepublicanEnthusiasm
Francewantedtomodernizetaxsystemandmakeitmoreaccessible
ThreeEstates
Clergy,Nobility,andcommoners
TheNationalAssembly
collectionofcommoners
Wrote
Thedeclarationoftherightsofmanandcitizen
Menarebornandremainfreeandequalinrights
MarkedbysharpconflictswithinFrenchsociety
Middleclassdidnotlikethenobility
Risingpriceofbreadandwidespreadunemployment
Commonersrequiredtoworkonpublicroadswithoutpay
Wasmoreviolent,farreaching,andradical
Fearthattherevolutionmaybeoverturned
Peasantsburningdocuments
Slaverywasabolished
LouisXVIandMarieAntoinetteexecutedin1793
Tensofthousandsofpeopledeemedenemiesoftherevolutionwere
executed
Francebrokenintoeightythreeterritorialdepartments
Createdtheworldslargestarmyat800,000
Alladultmaleswererequiredtoserve
Peoplejoinedpoliticalclubs,wenttorallies,ranforpublicoffice
Revolutionwasspreadbyconquest
NapoleonBonaparte
Eventuallybecamethedictatoroffrance
Gaveoutnewrightstothepeoplewhowhohadnone.
HaitianRevolution
Haiti
8000plantations
500000slaveslivedinHaiticomparedto40000whites
RiggedoffoftheFrenchsystemofFreedomforAll
Slaveswantedpersonalfreedomfromplantation
Powergravitatedtowardstheslaves
LeadbyToussaintLouverture
Everyonewasconsideredblack
Becamethefirstplacetohave
raciallyfreeareas
WantedtoconnecttotheancientTainopeople
Exportationofgoodsdecreased

 Privateandpublicworksweregiventothepeople
Wasaninspirationtootherslaves
Wasareasonforracialdistrust
SpanishAmericanRevolutions
Angerbyelitesforbeingcontrolledbygovt
Startedfromprotests
Startedlaterthantheothers
Dividedbyclass
MoreNativeAmericansthanEuropeans
OnlyrevolutioncamewhenSpanishkingwasdethroned
Peasantinsurgencies
Impossibletounitethesecolonies
SimonBolivar
Unitedthespanishcolonies
Worriedaboutthecoloniessplittingup
Geographicobstacles
Classdifferences
AdmiredGeorgeWashington
UScameoutofthedregsofsocietytobecomepowerful
LatinAmericaendeduppoorly
LatinAmericawasoneofthewealthiestcountriesoutthere

IndustrialRevolutionNotes
IndustrialRevolution
StartedinEngland
Spreadtootherpartsoftheworld
India
Gandhiwasagainstimperialism
ThoughtthatIndiasimperialismwouldkilltheworld
Indiawasasmallscalemanufacturingcountry
StartedwiththeFrenchRevolutionandtheScientificRevolution
Increaseinpopulation
Fossilfuelsbecameavailable
Increasedoutputofgoodsandservices
Ideathatthingscouldalwaysgetbetter
Britainsurgedaheadoftherestoftheworld
Agricultureandtextileswereincreased
Europestartedtocreatealotofstufftosellout
Availableplacesthatgothroughindustrialrevolution
China
India
Europe
NewEnergySources
Usedtobe
Wood
Charcoal
Windpower
FossilFuels
Coal
SongDynastyisnotabletogetenoughWood/Charcoal
Europeisabletohavetherevolution
Highlycompetitive
FossilFuels
Kleptocracy
Formofgovernmentthatstealsfromitspeople
WhywasBritainabletoholdontotheIndustrialRevolution?
Religioustoleration
PracticalKnowledge
GeographyisDestiny

 FirstindustrialSociety
Startedwiththe
BritishTextileIndustry
Outputofcoalwas68.4milliontonsin1850
Creationofmultiplerailroads
Theworld'sfirstindustrialsociety
Industrialrevolutionstartedin1850
Russiavs.USAintheIndustrialRevolution
USA
Marxistideasdidnotappealtoworkers
Fewregulationsonindustry
Alarmingamountofindustrialgrowth
Strikesdonebytheworkersafterwagecuts
Classdistinctions
Russia
Monarchy
Serfsactedasslavestothelandowners
Multiplerevampsofconstitutionsdidnotwork
Multiplestrikesetc

ColonialEncounters
1750startedthesecondhalfofthecolonialera
CompletedbytheIndustrialrevolution
Violenceandrule
Extremethreatofmilitaryrule
NewMachineGuns
TooknewplacesinAfrica,Asia,andAustralia
Popularsovereigntywasabolished
Colonialstatusoccurredinseveralways
tradingpartners
conquest
CompetingGreatPowers
Warringagainstplaceswithnocentralgovernment
Villagetovillagewarfare
NewZealandandAustralianpopulationsdecimatedbydisease
IntegrationofAsiaandAfricaintoaglobalmarketplace
Massproducedgoodstookovergroundfromothergoods
ForcedLaborinthesesocieties
SlavelikeconditionsintheCongo
ApplicationofWesterneducationontotheindigenouspopulations
SocialMobility
IntegrationofReligion
By1910,10,000missionarieshadenteredafrica
Religiontiedtoeducation

 WorldWarI
AssassinationofArchdukeFranzFerdinand
IncredibleMilitarizm
ColonialWarfare
WarsofAttrition
TrenchWarfare
Extremecasualties
DeathfromVerdunandSomme
DemilitarizationforGermany
RiseofAdolfHitler
GreatDepression
Severalreturningveteranswerehomelessandunemployed
Investmentswentup,stockmarketsoared
Systemofboomandbust
Womengainedtherighttovote
Tradedropedby62percent
Paperfortunesinstockswereworthless
Wartimehadcreateddemandforproductsthatwerenowworthless
GermanyandAustriaborrowedfromUSAtopayreparationstoFrancewhich
werethensenttoUSA
Democraticsocialismbegan
RooseveltcreatedtheNewDeal
Primedtheeconomy
Fascism
Militarization
Intensenationalism
Praisedviolence
Actionratherthanreflection
Charismaticleader
Dictatorship
Revolutionaryandconservative
CivilwarinSpain
CorporationscreatedinGermany
GlobalmissionforbothGermanyandItaly
GermanFascism
LeadbyAdolfHitler
Dictator
Tookcontrolquickly
BlamedWWIonJews,communists,andsocialists
Radioandpresscameunderstatecontrol

WorldWarII
HitlermovingintoCzechoslovakia

 ChamberlainprovidingappeasementforHitler
InvasionofPolandandstartofWorldWarII
RussiaandGermanymadepeace
Blitzkrieg
TheBlitzbombingoverEngland
Immenseterritorialexpansion
Revolutionsonthepathtocommunism
FeltlikeFrenchRevolution
Threwoutoldrulingclasses
Dispossessedlandedaristocracies
Distributedlandtothepeasants
WantedtoavoidgainingadictatorshiplikeNapoleon
Marxistideology
Abolitionofprivateproperty
PoliticalEquality
RussianRevolutionin1917
Foodshortages,warandprivilegepushedthepublictoviolence
1917CzarNicholaslostallpopularsupport
AbdicatedandendedRomanovdynasty
Socialupheaval
Unionscreated
Sovietscreated
Soldiersdesertedthearmy
Redistributedland
ProvisionalgovernmentputupwhileCzarNicholaswasabdicated
RefusedtopullRussiafromthewar
Dividedandineffective
Bolsheviksrosetopower
VladimirLenin
Wasapopularmessageforthepeasants
RussianCivilWar
Foughtagainstnationalists,UStroops,othertroopsthatwanted
tostopcommunism

 ProtestantReformationandScientificRevolution
Bothgobacktotheroots
Bible
Aristotle
ChallengetoAuthority
Authoritiesarewrong
Bothmadepeoplelooktothefuture
AtlanticRevolutions
American
French
RedistributionofLand
Haitian
FirstSuccessfulslaverevolt
SouthAmerican
PopularSovereignty
Feminism
Nationalism
Sharedcountry
Sharedlanguage
SharedReligion
SharedSymbols
Abolition
RevolutionofIndustrialization
Oil
Coal
Water
RiseofGlobalCommunism
Regionalties
Gaintracitonofcommunism

Terms
PopularSovereignty
IdeacreatedbyJohnLocke
Definedasrulerschosenbythepeopleratherthanbygod
StartedwithAmericanRevolutionin1776
StartedinAmerica
AdamSmith
FatherofEconomics
FamousworkWealthofNationspublishedin1776
Scottish
SimonBolivar
RevolutionaryagainstSpain
1820s
SouthAmerican
Finallythrewouttheeuropeanpowers
EstatesGeneral
ThreeestatesofFrenchpowercitizens,clergy,andaristocracy
Poweroftheelitegreatlyovershadowedthepowerofthepeople
1789
DrawntogetherbyLouis16th
NationalAssembly
NewformofEstatesGeneralmadeupalmostexclusivelyofcitizens
Draftednewconstitution
1790
AncienRegime
OldRegime
WhatwentbeforetheNationalAssembly
KingLouis16th
KingduringtheFrenchRevolution
1789inFrance
Triedtooppressthemassesbutfailed
Robespierre
LeaderofFrenchResistance
1789inFrance
Becametheheadoftheresistance,beheadedeventually
TheTerror
SpreeinFranceofviolenceandmistrust
Manyguillotined
1793inFrance
Napoleon
FrenchEmperorandconquerorofEurope
BroughtideasoffreedomtotheotherEuropeanpowers

Seenotesbelow
PetitsBlanc
PoorwhitesduringtheHaitianRevolution
1791duringtherevolution
GensdeCouleurLibre
Freepeopleofcolor
TermusedinHaitiduringtherevolution
1791
GrandBlancs
RichwhitesinHaitiduringtheHaitianrevolution1791
Plantationfarmers&Govtofficials
ToussaintLOuverture
WorkedwiththeHaitianRevolution1791
Wasaleaderandservedasthefirstpresident
Creole
Europeansraisedoverseas
SpanishRevolution1809
Mestizo
MixedEuropean/nativeblood
SpanishRevolution1809
Peninsulare
FullbloodedEuropeanborninEurope
SpanishRevolution1809
Americano
AnybodynotaPeninsulare
SpanishRevolution1809
Abolitionism
Goingagainstslaveryandtheideaofslavery
Behindmanyoftherevolutions
Ideathatallpeoplearecreatedequal
Feminism
Ideathatwomenshouldhaveequalrightsofmen
Ideathatallpeoplearecreatedequal
Nationalism
Ideathatyourcountryisthebest
Collectionofthepeopleinthecountry
Helpedputforwardfascism
KarlMarx
Creatoroftheideasofcommunismandsocialism
Communismbecameamajorworldideain1910
SteamEngine
RanbyCoal
Abilitytomovegoodsveryfarveryfast

Creationoflargerstates
OttoVonBismarck
CreatorandformulatoroftheGermanstate
TelegramtoPariswasacauseforwar
ResponsibleforcreatingtheGermansuperpower
1870s
AllianceSystems
UsedbeforeWorldWarItocreateasystemofcountriesthatwouldfightwith
eachother
TripleallianceandtheTripleEntente
Causedformultiplecountriestobedraggedintowars
1917
KaiserWilhelmII
GermanChancellorduringWWI
Wantedwarwiththeothercountriesforterritorialgains
1914warstarted
SchlieffenplaninGermany
PlantoattackFrance
Usedsuperiortactics
WorkedforthefirstphaseofWWI
1914
FranzFerdinand
LowrankingnoblefromAustria
TripintoSerbiaUnprotected
Shotbyanassassin
1914
TrenchWarfare
Wayofwarfaredonebytrenchesinsteadofoutrightbattles
Longandbloody
Dugverydeepsometimes
UsedextensivelyinWWI
ChristmasTruce
TrucemadebetweenGermanandEnglishsoldiers
Exchangedgifts
1916
ParisPeaceTalks
PeacetalksafterGermanylostWWI
Germanytakesfullresponsibility
1918
LeadtoHitlersrisetopower.

Fascism

Formofgovernmentfeaturingnationalism,violence,andaconstantmovement
towardsadistantgoal
FeaturingBenitoMussoliniandAdolfHitler
Startedinthemid1930sandcarriedontopresentday
BenitoMussolini
ItalianFascist,fatheroftheitalianFascistmovement
cametopowerwiththehelpofblackshirts
Cameintopowerin1922,stayeduntil1943
Chamberlain
Policyofappeasementwhilebuildinguparms
Debateoverwhetherappeasementwastherightsolution
Circalate1930s
MunichCrisis
ConferencebetweenBritainandGermany
AllowedGermanytoannexpartofCzechoslovakia
1938
Appeasement
Givingoutstufftocountriesinordertostopthemfrommakingrashdecisions
UsedbyChamberlainattheMunichConference

NapoleonNotes:
Basis:
BornonCorsica
Crownedat35yearsold
1804hetookcontrol
3yearstocontrolEurope
70millionpeople
AsmuchpowerasCaesar
RankedonbasisofAbility
CrownedHimself
EarlyLife
1769ParentsfoughtagainstFrenchInvasion
CorsicanPatriotsasparents
FightingagainstFrenchInvasion
Corsicansneverstoodachance
1769Napoleonisborn
SpenthischildhoodhatingFrancebecauseofCorsicanpatriotparents
CorsicamadeaFrenchColony
Corsicanfathergaveup,andacceptedthefrench
FatheracceptedtoFrenchAssembly
Lovedhismotherdearly
13timespregnant
8survivingchildren
AllNapoleonsSuccesscamefromhismotherslove
Notrichparents
Theonlywaytogethimselfupthesocialladderwastomovetofrance
Kingwasaristocratic
FatherwantedNapoleontobecomeanobleman
Putintoacampwiththesonsofthenobleman
BecomesaLonerinthecamp
Graduatedfromthewarcollege
Treatedverywell
Quiet,Solitary,Egotistical,Proud
Startedasa2ndLieutenant
Verygoodatputtingoutmen
WroteahistoryofCorsica,andanovel
Knowsthatheiscapableofgreatthings
FrenchRevolutionsetBonaparteFree
Francethrownintoturmoil

Defiantpeasantsdestroyedthehierarchy
Napoleonwelcomedthechangestothecountry
KingLouiswasdethronedandexecuted
NapoleonwantsCorsicatobepartofFrance
Pauleyvs.Napoleon
Napoleonforcedtofleetothemountains
NapoleonforcedtoturnhimselfovertobecomeFrench
June10th,setssailforFrance
Frenchhadenteredacivilwar
Robespierrewastheruleroffrance
FrancewasatwarwithAustria,Spain,Prussia,andBritain
ReinstatedintheArmy
Napoleonfinallyhadthechancetoentergeneralship
Napoleonsufferedawoundtothethigh
Britishfled
Bonapartepromotedin10monthsfromCaptaintoGeneral
Francefightinginsideandout
Hatedchaosandtyranny
Spring1795Napoleonwantedtorisehigher
Francehadconstitutionalgovernment
Hewasthinandyellow,sickly
Desperateforpromotion
PoliticalTurmoilgavehimachancetoriseupagain
Bonapartewaswantedtorepeltheattack
Noothercompetentgenerals
Toldsoldierstowaituntiltheycouldseethewhitesoftheireyes
HewasmadefullGeneral,commanderoftheinteriorarmyat26
Hadfalleninlovewithawoman
MarriedSaidwoman
Supremecommanderofallfrenchforces
FightingagainstAustriaandItaly
Troopswereawfullyled
Napoleonwasthefirstmoderngeneral
Troopsidentifiedwithhim
JosephinewascheatingonNapoleon
Napoleonstartedtocheataround
Bonapartewantedtoseizepowerforhimself
PoliticalCoup
Tookpowerandbecamesoleemperor

BelievedinEquality
WantedtocreateanEmpire
Wantedtobeliketheotheremperors
Unlikebefore,hewantedtobeaking
Pretendingtobedescendedfromagod
.5millionpeoplecametowatchhim
Bonapartehaddonethewholethinghimself
Wantedtoseemreligious
Topplingempires
Extremelyambitious
Onlyhadconfidenceinhimself
Consideredhimselfinvincible
PlanningoninvadingGBw200,000soldiers
Wantedtogetacrossthechannel
Napoleonneededships
GBalliedwithAHandRussia
Napoleonwantstogiveoutantityrannytoeurope
RussianAlliesnotputtogether
NapoleonmovedtowardsVienna
Portrayedhimselfasarevolutionary
BattleagainstthehugeAustroRussianarmy
Defeatedbothofthearmies
Tookoffwithbothoftheemperors
TreatedlikeaheroinFrance
DefeatedPrussia
Imposedthecivilcode
Didnotgovernforliberty,butmoreofatyrant
Lovedhismotherandputherforward
Josephinedidnotenjoyroyalty