DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER

NETWORKS PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY:
ADIL CHOUDHARY 11900
BEE_5
TOPIC: BEST ETHERNET DESIGN AND
IMPLEMENTATION TO MINIMIZE COLLISIONS

Dated: 05/12/2009
About Ethernet…
 Ethernet is a Local Area Network (LAN) technology.
 The original Ethernet enabled computers located
within a few hundred yards of one another to
exchange messages.
 Ethernet in fact is the standard today
 Reasons:
 Simple
 Cheap
 Manufacturers keep making it faster
About Ethernet…
 Ethernet architecture is based on the concept of
connecting multiple computers to a long cable
sometimes called the ether, using transceivers.

Source:
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Courses/jbs/lessons/Internet/ethe
rnet/
About Ethernet…
The three major elements of Ethernet networks are:
 Ethernet packets are called frames. These are units of

data sent across the network.

 The Ethernet access method, CSMA/CD. This method
controls packet transmission and information flow
across the Ethernet hardware.
 Hardware cables, connectors, and circuitry. These

transfer data to and from systems across the network

CSMA/CD

Source:http://www.universalteacherpublications
.com/univ/free-asgn/mcs42/Image57.gif
Ethernet Frame Format…

Source
:http://www.mattjustice.com/ethernet/images/et
hernet_frame.gif
Concept of collisions…
The basic strategy goes like this:
 A computer listens on the cable to see if another

computer is transmitting, which is indicated by a

voltage change on the cable. If busy, the computer
waits and listens.
 When the cable is not busy, a computer attempts to

transmit.
 Another computer may attempt to transmit at the

same time, which causes a collision.

Collision domain…
 A collision domain is a physical network segment where data
packets can "collide" with one another for being sent on a
shared medium, in particular in the Ethernet networking
protocol.

Source
:http://www.thebryantadvantage.com/images/
Hub%202%20Data%20Collision.jpg
Traffic Domains…
Router

Switch Switch

Hub Hub Hub Hub

Broadcast Domain Collision Domain

Traffic Domains…
 Try to eliminate collision domains
 Get rid of hubs!
Designing…
 Now we need such a design for Ethernet in which
we have a minimum number of collisions. For this
purpose we have to consider some very important
points.
 We have to chose the best topology for the
networking
 Segmentation of collision domains.
 Will have to design the layer 1, 2 and 3 structure.
Segmentation of collision domain…
 Collisions and collision domain size are two factors
that negatively affect the performance of a network.
 Segmentation is the process of splitting a single
collision domain into smaller collision domains.
 Creating smaller collision domains reduces the
number of collisions on a LAN segment, and allows
for greater utilization of bandwidth.
 Layer 2 devices such as bridges and switches can
be used to segment a LAN into smaller collision
domains.
Segmentation of collision domain…
 Micro segmentation of the network reduces the
size of collision domains and reduces collisions.
 Micro segmentation is implemented through the

use of bridges and switches.

Evolution of Ethernet Topologies…
 Bus
 Everybody on the same coaxial cable

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netwo
rkTopology-Bus.png
Evolution of Ethernet Topologies…
 Star
 One central device connects every other node

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
/commons/6/66/NetworkTopology-Star.png
Hub…

Hub

A frame sent by one node is always sent to every other node.

Hubs are also called “repeaters” because they just “repeat”
what they hear.
Switch…
 Forwards each incoming frame to the port where the destination node is
 Reduces the collision domain

 Makes more efficient use of the wire

 Nodes don’t waste time checking frames not destined to them

Switch

B
A
Switch vs. Router…
 Routers do not forward Ethernet broadcasts. So:
 Switches reduce the collision domain
 Routers reduce the broadcast domain

 This becomes really important when trying to design

hierarchical, scalable networks that can grow
sustainably
Design guidelines…
 Always connect hierarchically
 Ifthere are multiple switches in a building, use an
aggregation switch
 Locate the aggregation switch close to the building
entry point
 Locate edge switches close to users (e.g. one per floor)
Minimize Path Between Elements
Build Incrementally
 Start small

Switch

Hosts
Build Incrementally
 As you have demand and money, grow like this:

Aggreg.

Switch

Hosts
Do not daisy-chain
 Resist the temptation of doing this:
Connect buildings hierarchically
Router
References…
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3
 http://www.cs.unc.edu/Courses/jbs/lessons/Internet/ethernet/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_domain
 http://www.softpanorama.org/Net/Network_interface_layer/ethernet.sht
ml
Thank You…!!!