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SKETCH
FOR
THE HISTORY
OF THE
DIONYSIAN ARTIFICERS
A FRAGMENT
BY
HIPPOLYTO JOSEPH DA COSTA, ESQ.
LONDON
SOLD BY MESSRS. SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1820
Price Three Shillings.
.
p. 3
THE mysteries of the ancients, and the associations in which their doctrines were taught, h
The systems of ancient mythology have been treated as monstrous absurdities, debasing the h
However, they deserve attention, if the motives of their inventors, rather than the proflig
When men were deprived of the light of revelation, those who formed systems of morality to
p. 4
In this point of view must be considered an association, traced to the most remote antiquit
It appears, that, at a very early period, some contemplative men were desirous of deducting
The continuity of this system will be found sometimes broken, a natural effect of conflicti
The importance of calculating with precision the seasons of the year, to regulate agricultu
The laws of nature and the moral rules deducted from them were explained in allegorical his
p. 5
systems of the most profound, the most sublime, and the most useful theory of philosophy.
Amongst those mysteries are peculiary remarkable the Eleusinian. Dionysius, Bacchus, Orisis
Let us begin with a fact, not disputed, that in these ceremonies, a death and resurrection
Now, by the concurrent testimony of all ancient authors 2 the deities called Osiris, Adonis
Therefore, these symbolic representations, which described the sun as dead, that is to say,
p. 6
year, concealed for three days from the view of the inhabitants.
Such climate is, in fact, to be found as far north as latitude 66°, and it is reasonable to
The worship of the sun is generally traced to Mitraic rites, and those invented by the Magi
Not so in Persia, where the sun is never hidden for three days together under the horizon,
The conjecture is strengthened by some important facts, which, referring to astronomical, a
In the Boun Dehesch (translated by Anquetil Du Perron page 400) we find, that "the longest
p. 7
night in the winter is equal to the two shortest nights in summer."
This circumstance can only take place at the latitude of 49° 20', where the longest day of
This latitude is far beyond the limits of Persia, where history places Zoroaster, to whom t
We know nothing of the antient history of those Scythians or Massagetes, but we know that t
But let the origin of the mysteries of the sun begin where it may, they were celebrated in
This circumstance will account for the preservation of three days in these mysteries, even
p. 8
also for the fifteen days, or representation of the number of fifteen in some of the Eleusi
The mysterious numbers were employed to designate such and similar operations of nature, fo
The letters, representing numbers formed cabalistic names, expressive of the essential qual
p. 9
But in the number three to which so many mystical and moral allusions were made, had a refe
The mysteries of Eleusis, the same as those of Dionysius or Bacchus, were supposed by some
The aspirant for these mysteries was not admitted a candidate till he had arrived at a cert
p. 10
initiation. 1 Those, whose conduct was found irregular, or who had been guilty of attrociou
At the ceremony of admission into these mysteries, the candidate was first shown into a dar
He stood on a sheep skin; the person opposite was called the revealer of sacred things 6 an
p. 11
torch-bearer, 1 who represented the sun; and beside the altar was a third person, who repre
Thus we preceive, that over those assemblies presided three persons, in different employmen
p. 12
Some authors have observed the same division of power, in the march of the Israelites throu
The society of which we are speaking, was ruled by three persons, with different duties ass
The mysteries, however, were not communicated at once, but by gradations, 2 in three differ
These ceremonies, thus far, appear to contain the lesser mysteries, or the first and second
p. 13
progress through the course of his initiations. There was, however, a third stage, when the
In this third stage of the ceremony, the candidate was stretched upon the couch, 2 to repre
As to the festivities, in which those mysteries were celebrated, we find that on the 17th o
Thug in fables or symbolical histories, relating to these mysteries, we find Adonis slain a
Let us now examine what was meant by this symbolical
p. 14
death and resurrection, or by certain personages, said to have visited the Hades, and retur
It appears that this type in all its various forms and denominations,
p. 15
indicated the sun passing to the lower hemisphere, and coming again to the upper. 1
The Egyptians, who observed this worship of the sun, under the name of Osiris, represented
The same Egyptians represented the sun by the boy Harpocrates, at the vernal equinox; and t
In this upper situation the sun was called Horus, Mithras, &c. and hailed as sol invictus.
In the Mithraical astronomical monuments, where the figure of a man is represented conqueri
These monuments, where the mysteries in question were depicted, the man killing and conquer
p. 16
torch-bearers, the one pointing his torch downwards, the other upwards, represent the sun p
At the remote time before alluded to, the sun entered the sign Taurus, at the summer equino
We may explain this in the language of our modern astronomers by saying, that some of the l
Likewise, by the same precession of the equinoxes, the sun
p. 17
passed from Aries to Pisces in the vernal equinox, about three hundred and thirty eight yea
Returning from this short digression to our immediate purpose, we have to observe, that if
The emerging of the sun into the lower hemisphere, and its returning, was contemplated eith
p. 18
The doctrines of the spirituality and immortality of the soul, explained by those symbols,
The union of the soul with the body was considered as the death of the soul; its; separatio
p. 19
By the emblem of the sun descending into the lower hemisphere was also represented the soul
The Egyptians also considered matter as a species of mud or mire, in which the soul was imm
p. 20
The Persians, who followed the tenets of Zerdoust, called by the Greeks Zoroaster, having r
The sun, moreover, was considered as the symbol of the active principle; whereas the moon a
The sun itself, considering its beneficial influence in the physical world, was chosen as;
p. 21
It must be here particularly observed, that the different names, which the Egyptians (from
p. 22
what the Jews derive from the great name Tetragramaton. 1
The fables, allegories, and types of the ancients, being of three classes, 2 import some ti
But the general doctrine of Plato of the descent of the soul into the darkness; of the body
The lesser mysteries represented, as we have seen, the descent of the soul into the body, a
p. 23
purifications were symbols, can only be obtained by the exercise of these virtues. 1
To the allusion of these virtues must be understood what Socrates says, 2 that it is the bu
If such was the meaning and import of the Eleusinian and Dionysian rites, symbols, and cere
The very Christian Fathers, who so strongly attacked the Pagan religion, confessed the util
p. 24
tended to exclude impious notions, and prepare the mind to hear the truth. 1
Those mysteries were concealed from the vulgar; because it would be a ridiculous prostituti
The multitude were told only in the abstract, the doctrine of a future state of rewards and
The secrecy of these mysteries was the first cause of obloquy against them; next came, beyo
Secrecy, also, was enjoined by the laws, it was death to reveal any thing belonging to the
p. 25
Out of respect for this custom the scholars were, in general, only instructed in the exoter
Rut when the ignorance of the very teachers of those mysteries caused their forms only to b
The mysteries of Eleusis, or the Sun, were united or analogous to those of Dionysius or Bac
p. 26
The ceremonies, therefore, of Bacchus, were attended with rejoicings, as the triumph of the
More, still: a depraved priest introduced those Bacchanalian mysteries into Rome, for the v
In consequence of those abuses, it was, that Socrates refused to be initiated, 3 and the sa
But if those who were desirous of being licentious clothed themselves with those mysteries,
p. 27
After such respectable authorities, as we have referred to, we must reject, as impudent cal
p. 28
We should rather guess, that in the ark, carried in the procession, and said to enclose the
In regard to these accusations, found in some of the ecclesiastical writers, we must also o
The conclusion, therefore, is, that the motives of those institutions were good and pure, a
p. 29
afterwards degenerated; 1 and their degeneration was followed by the ruin of the state, as
p. 30
who in this prediction proved how great a philosopher and politician he was. 1
Having thus established what was the meaning and import of the Eleusinian or Dionysian myst
About fifty years 2 before the building of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, a colony of
p. 31
No doubt that people carried with them their manners, sciences, and religion; and the myste
These Ionians, participating in the improved state of civilization in which their mother co
These Ionians formed a society, whose purpose was to employ themselves in erecting building
This sect or society was now called the Dionysian Artificers, as Bacchus was supposed to be
p. 32
From this period, the Science of Astronomy which had given rise to the symbols of the Diony
These Ionian societies divided themselves into different sections, or minor assemblies. 2 S
But they extended their moral views, in conjunction with the art of building, to many usefu
p. 33
We find recorded, that these societies, and their utility, were many years afterwards inqui
It is essential to observe, that these societies; had significant words to distinguish thei
Let us now notice the passage of the Dionysian Artificers to Judea. Solomon obtained from H
p. 34
that city where stood the temple of Apollo, where the Eleusinian rites or Dionysian mysteri
We could, in addition to this argument produce some authority; for Josephus says that the G
After this we cannot be surprised to find that the ceremonies of Eleusis, or Thamuz, should
So we find some years afterwards the prophet Ezekiel complaining that the Israelitish women
p. 35
at a certain period of the year, at the very gates of the temple. 1
But it is natural to suppose that the Dionysian Artificers would not have attempted to intr
The symbol, therefore, in these mysteries, must have been explained to the Jews, to mean on
To avoid, therefore, any allusion to idolatry in these ceremonies and symbols, another pers
p. 36
system, the history of the death of another individual must have been substituted . . . . .
However, in framing this new symbolical history, such circumstances were to be related, con
In the formation of this new system, or rather new allegory to the same system, though the
The whole fabric of the temple would favor an allusion of this sort.
The foundation stone was laid on the second day of the second month; 2 which corresponds up
Now if you rectify your globe to the latitude of Jerusalem (31.° 30') at that period of the
p. 37
Therefore, the very period of the year in which the foundation stone of the temple was laid
If we suppose the globe to represent the world in the position above described, the aspiran
The better to understand the facility with which the ancient system could be adapted to the
The temples built in honor of the several gods, were so shaped, as to have allusion to the
Thus we find that the temple of Jerusalem was situated
p. 38
east and west, and with dimensions and types all adapted to represent the universal system
If the temple of Solomon was a type of the universe, to
p. 39
symbolize that Jehovah was no local God, but the only God, Lord of the universe; tradition
p. 40
by its dimensions, as a symbol of the universe, in length, in breadth, in height, and in de
The ancients represented the course of the stars, by the winding of a snake; but if this sn
Now if we consider the beginning of the civil year amongst the Hebrews, the month Tisri, wh
These points, in an extended map of the two hemispheres seem separate; but the emblem of th
p. 41
Mr. Hutchinson has proved, that the globes, on the top of the two columns, at the portico o
p. 42
mechanical representations of the motions of the heavenly bodies. 1
p. 43
I think, that after those circumstances, which afforded so many facilities for the introduc
We find it stated, in the Book of the Maccabees, 1 that a society existed in those days in
From these Cassideans proceeded the sect or society of the Essenians, which, according to P
Josephus 3 mentions the first of the Essenians, in the time
p. 44
of Aristobulus, and Antigonus the son of Hircanus; but Suidas 1 and others were of opinion
Josephus, probably ignorant of the secret tenets of the Essenians, also accuses them of wor
Josephus relates many other particulars, by which, in a striking manner, he brings them to
p. 45
symbols, allegories, and parables, after the manner of the ancients. 1
The practices of those Essenians are represented by Philo 2 as the most pacific, and full o
The Essenians had not their ceremonies and mysteries, recorded in history; but thus far we
p. 46
Out of Judea we find also societies distinguished by the same characters as the Essenians,
The Dionysian Artificers existed also in Syria, Persia, and India; 2 and the Eleusinian mys
After this epoch, Europe was visited by the most barbarous nations who, persecuting every s
Those very societies and sects, had also been in former periods much abused, and the ceremo
Christianity was then in Europe, the only bond of morality, by which power could, in some m
When the sciences began to revive, a general fanaticism prevailed, and a spirit of persecut
p. 47
morality to be regarded only as offsprings of atheism, and practices of idolatry.
Under these circumstances, the Eleusinians, the Dionysian Artificers, Assideans or Essenian
In the tenth century, during the wars of the crusades, some societies were instituted in Pa
Cætera desunt.
Footnotes
5:1 The number of authorities to prove this are collected in Kirker, vol. I p. 288.
Ogygia me Bacchum canit,
Osiris Egyptus putat,
Arabiæ gens Adoneum.
                  Ausonius in Myobarbum
Epig. 29.
5:2 Meursius has collected all the authorities and fragments found in ancient authors upon
5:3 Plutarchus, De Iside et Osiride.
6:1 Recherches sur les Atlantides.
7:1 Herodotus.
7:2 Martiniere Dicc. Geogr. art. Appollonia.
8:1 Jamablicus. part. I cap. 32.
8:2 Plutarchus (in vitæ Numæ) says, that "to offer an odd number to the celestial gods, and
The same Plutarchus (in vitæ Lycurgi) explaining the number of the Spartan Senators, who we
Another proof of the mystic import of numbers is found in Plutarchus (in vitæ Fabii.) "The
8:3 The fertility caused by the inundations of the Nile over the adjacent country caused th
Ν {Greek }
50

Ε {Greek }
5
Ι {Greek }
10
 
Λ {Greek }
30 
Ο {Greek }
70
Σ {Greek }
200
 
365
9:1 Potter's Grec. Antiq.
9:2 Dionysius Siculus, Lib. VI. says, that the Athenians invented the Eleusinian mysteries;
Theodoret Lib. Grec. Affect, says, that it was Orpheus who invented those mysteries, imitat
Arnobius and Lactantius describe those mysteries, as also does Clemens.
10:1 Hesichius in γδραυ {G eek gd }
"They we e exho ted to di ect thei  p ssions. Po phi . p. Sob. Ecclog. Phis. p. 142.
To me it p omotion by imp oving thei  minds. A i n in Epictet. lib. 3 c p. 21.
10:2 Clemens, St om. Lib. I. p. 325.  Lib. VIII. p. 854.
10:3 μυςχος σηχος {Greek mu x
x
}
10:4 πετρωμα {G eek pet  wm }
10:5 αντοψια {G k 
ps } 
  
10:6 ιεροφαντες {G   k  
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10:7 M 
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11:2 At eneu  , ib. .  .7.
Auleiu . ib.  . Met 
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r .

11:3 Fr  ment ,  e t
C lmet' Di t. 
Di ert ti
n
n t e C r v n , t ken fr
m C
l. C mbell' Tr vel in n i .
12:1 b.    
12:2 "T e erfe    
 tive rt re ee initi ti
n, n initi ti
n re e e in e ti
n."
Pr
ul . in T e
l. Pl t. lib.  . . 220.     
12:3
 A in  il

 y m y be lle t e initi ti
n int
t e re erem
nie , n t e tr 
T e

f myrn ,in 
 Mt em t. . 18.        
13:1 "  r
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nfine
f e t , n tre  in
n t e t re
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f Pr
erine, n
Auleiu Met m
r . lib. .
13:2 παςος {Greek  
}
      
13:3 T i m
nt At yr, 
r in t
t e Juli n ye r n wer t

vember,
r t e winter
l
el en. De ii yrii .
Kirker, v
l. . . 291.  
13:4 ζητησις {G k zh hs s} Plu chus.
13:5 ευρεσις  {G k u s s} Plu  chus.   
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18:2 "W l v h  d  h,  d  d  h  l ."

M c 
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m. L b. III. p. 518.    
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Ag  ,
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Pl
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R
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Pl 
, D R p.  L b. II.     
19:2 Th Egp  s c lld m    (h ch h smb
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S mpl c us,   As . Ph s. p. 50.          
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Clm s, S 
m. L b. . p. 711.
20:2 Apul us.  
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k. I. ch p. 4. 
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sh.
22:2 S
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22:3 P
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22:4 E d. L b. I.      
23:1 "I h s c d  s, p
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23:3 "Th   p   

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l c k  d s us ul  m   spc s; 
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Cl m s, S 
m. Lb. . p. 673.         
24:1 "F
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m xp  
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Cl m s, S 
m. L b. II. p. 848.
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m h m (A s
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l m
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Plu ch,  v  . Al x.
25:1 Aulus Gll us. L b. XX. c p. 5.    
25:2 "H s c lld D 
s us, bc us h s c d   h  c cul  m

h 
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26:1 "I dd h , s h s    g s, m  , h
g

h ms  s:  mul  ud c 
S
c  s,  Pl 
; pud. Clm s S 
m. L b. I. p. 372.
26:2 L v . L b. XXXIX.
  cp. 8  d 18.
26:3 Luc ,  D m
 . 
m.2. p. 308.
26:4 Plu ch. D 
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.
m. 2. p. 21.

26:5 D 
g . Læ  . L b. I. § 39.    
26:6 "A 
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Cl m s, S 
m. L b.  I . p. 619.     d b h Egp  s gs,  c
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27:1 As  p 


 hsubl  
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l. II. p. 504.     
28:1 S   s us, sp k  g
 h Egp  h  
ph  ;
bs vs hus; " h h v χωμαστη`ρια {
  
S Plu . D Is d  d O s  
d .
28:2 Jul us A  c  us,  Ch s  P s, b b h  J, m d  sh
 c
mp d um
 h h
    
M

v , h s 
k
 A c  us s ls
l
s ,  d  h v
l x c s
  , p svd
28:3 "C lsus s ms
m , h  ,
d
jus s   m  , v ll  g 
Eg p , h  h 
      
O g  s, c

 C lsum,  L b.  I. p. 11.    
"Wh m
gs h Egp  s h  s  k  g ch
s
u
 h m l  
d , b s 
 h

 
Plu ch. D Is d ,p. 354.      
29:1 W  ll c
 
uslvs, h     h h u h
 
 K   ch ,

 h m
s l 
  d
        
"Th  
 , H m s, h  g   u h

 h h  
gl ph c d
c  , luc d   g m     h  gs
K ch , v
l. I . p.
 82.     
30:1 "O Egp , Egp ,
 h l g 

l h bls m  ,  d h
s  c d bl
h p
T mg s us,  Asclp 
.     
30:2 Th m g  

 h I
 s
As  M 
 s m 
d b H 
d
us,  d
h s, bu
B Pl    h   B. C
1044
G ll s
1055
B  hlm. A ch s s
1076
 
30:3 "It is said, that the chief of the Ionian colony was Androclus, a legitimate son of Co
Strabo, Lib. XIV. p. 907.
This emigration is also mentioned by Herodotus, Lib. I. cap. 142, and 148; Aelianus, Lib. V
31:1 Vide Strabo, above.
31:2 "Byblos was capital of Cinera, and there was a temple of Apollo, situated on an elevat
Strabo, Lib. XVI. p. 1074.
31:3 "Lebedos, was the seat and assembly of the Dionysian Artificers, who inhabit from Ioni
Strabo, Lib. XIV. p. 921.
The Latin translator of Strabo renders the Dionysian Artificers ( Διονυσιος τεχνε {G k D
   
31:4 P
l d
. g. d R . I v , I. 3. c. 13.
31:5 S b
, p. 471. 
32:1 F 
        
ch  c uu 
m
l  , h Pl 

 
m h ppl c 

 s um s
      c  dP
F
  s  c ,  gh m  (  c us);
bl g  
, 
m l g m  g  )  d 
m h s m l
(l
32:2 Th m  gs
 ssmbl s
 h D 
s  A  c s  b v 
us ms, ( ας συν
Aulus Gll us, L b. c p. II.  
32:3 S Ch sul, A qu   s As  cæ, p. 95. 
32:4 "Th s x mpl m   d h
s I

       
h m  m c
u  
  s h
m g  d 
m Eu 
p
D 
s. H l c  . L b. III p.  229.
 d  . 1691.
   
33:1 "A    h s, h  h b   s
 I
 h
ugh p 
p 
ppl
C mbss,  d h v  g
L b  us   O  . XI. A 
chus.
l. II. p. 343.
  
33:2 R
b  s
's G  c , p. 127.
33:3 Eusb us d P p. Ev  g. L. III. c. 12. p. 117.
33:4 I K  gs, ch p. v.
    
33:5Th  E gl sh  sl  

 h B bl  I K  gs c. v.  v. 18h  h
g  l Hb
N
 h G bbl  s h s m s Bbl
s s cl ; bc us h Sp ug  v s 
l s 
I c , Luc  ,  h s T   s D D  S , s sxp ssl, h  G b l   s Bbl
s, m
34:1 F
   d  Ezk l hs 
ds "A d I s  h 
m s   g p  g 
 Th muz,"
P 
c
p us  Is 
 h c.  xv .
34:2 J
sphus A qu  . L b. III. c. 5.
34:3 I K  gs ch p. x . v. 5,  d 6.   
35:1 Ezk. c. v . v. 14. Th muz s g s h m
  m
h,  d l k s h m

35:2 M k. chp. x . v. 18.   
36:1 Thus  h umb s, 3, 5, 7, 12, 15 mus h v b p s vd s ss l. I h c

36:2 Ch 
.ch p. . v. 2.
36:3 S
 p g 10.
37:1 πετρωμα {G eek pet wm }
37:2 Vit vis Lib. IV. c. 5.
37:3 "Jstly, the efo e, Pl to knowing the wo ld to be the temple of God, showed  pl ce in
Clemens, St om. Lib. V. p. 691.
38:1 We sh ll he e fi st qote the tho ity of the Jews on this point.
"Now let s conside  wh t m y be sbindic ted by the che bim nd fl ming swo d t ning eve
"Bt of the fl ming swo d t ning eve y w y, it m y ths be nde stood to signify the pe pe
Philo Jdes, p. 111, & 112.
"The tnic of the high p iest since it w s of linen, ep esents the e th; bt the ble, th
". . . . Bt the two s donixes, with which the pontific l g ment is cl sped, denotes the
Josephs, Antiq. Lib. III.
Now fo  the Ch isti n F the s:
"It wold be too long to follow the p ophetic l nd leg l (st tements) which h ve been exp
"He who e sons p ope  
 ly will find s fficient fo  the p pose, we sh ll give  few ex mples
Clemen
  , tr
m. . . . 665.  
T i C ri ti n F t er exl in t e e 
lumn , by t e f
ll
win   
 e
f Pl t
:  
"Pl t
y we mu  
 t 
ntem l te t e e 
lumn , n ili  ently eet t n
r
fne er
n
Clemen , tr
m. ib. . "
w f
r t e n le ti k, w i  w  l e
n t e
ut
f t e en
Clemen
 , tr
m. ib. . . 666.      
"T
e t in , 
wever,  
 t
l
f t e re rk, i nify t e w
rl  er eive by t e intel
Clemen , tr
m. ib. . . 667.     
  
"But t e 360 bell  , en in fr
m t e l
n r
be (
f t e rie t) re t e time
f t e ye r; f
Clemen
 , tr
m. ib. . . 668.        
"T e tw
brilli nt emer  
 l t
ne , w i  re
n t e
ul er- ie e, i nify t e un n t e
Clemen , tr
m. ib. . . 691.   
40:1 T e fir t ivil m
nt
f t e Jew , lle Ti ri, ( ‫{ ירשית‬Hebrew TY  RY}) w  fr
m t e
 
40:2 The n mbe  12, which is th t of the months of the ye , nd ll ded to in so m ny type
"The g e t Demi gos, o  chitect of the nive se, employed twelve thos nd ye s, in the
Sid s, A t. Ty heni .
"In the fi st thos nd, he m de the he ven nd e th. In the second thos nd, the fi m ment
"The fi st six thos nd ye s h ving p eceded the fo m tion of the hm n ce, it seems it
Sid s Ib.
Now if yo t ke e ch sign of the zodi c fo  24,000 ye s, yo will expl in the bove myste
The books of the Pe si n Mythology expl in to s the s me me ning.
"Time is 12,000 ye s, it is s id in the l w, th t the celesti l people we e th ee thos nd
"The thos nd of good ppe ed in the L mb, the Bll, the T  s, the C nce , the Lion, nd
Bon Dehesh; t nsl tion d Pe on, p. 420.
"O smd, spe king in the l w, s ys, 'I m de the p odctions of the wo ld in 365 d ys:' it i
ib. p. 400.
Ast onomic lly spe king, the e is no pe iod o  cycle of 12,000 ye s. Bt Dpis h s solved
Ths the d tion of the fo  ges of the wo ld, cco ding to the Ezo  Ved n, we e
1st ge
4,000
ye s
2nd
3,000
 
3rd
2,000
 
4th
1,000
 
 
Memoirs de l'Academie des Inscript. tom. 31. p. 254.
The Baga Vedan counts thus, p. 41
1st age
4,800
years
2nd
3,600
 
3rd
2,400
 
4th
1,200
 
Total
12,000
 
 
The Indians figured this system by a cow with four legs; or the number twelve, taken succes
Another Indian period establishes the duration of the world thus,
1st age
1,728,000
years
2nd
1,296,000
 
3rd
864,000
 
4th
432,000
 
Total
4,320,000
 
 
Now the smallest of these numbers (432,000) elevated to 2, 3, and 4, will give a sum total
The Indians say that the year of the gods is composed of 360 years of those of men; if you
In the Chaldean period, as given by Berosus, we find the same numbers of 432,000, and to co
1st degree
12,000
2nd
24,000
3rd
36,000
4th
48,000
5th
60,000
6th
72,000
7th
84,000
8th
96,000
Total
432,000
   
42:1 The columns
 or pillars were  denominated 
‫זיכי‬   YKYZ} n ‫{זעב‬Hebrew
 {Hebrew  B!Z}

t e fi
43:1 "
w t e A i e n were t e fir t m
n t t e  il ren
f  r el t t
u t e e
f
M 
 b.vii. v. 13. 
 
ul    
 tr n l te ti   e ifferently, t u :    
"An t
e, w 
m
n t t e
n
f  r el were lle A i en , were t e fir t
ft i  
  
A 
r in t
t i inter ret ti
n,by fr m
re exre ive
f t e text, it i een, t t t e
n  M b.ii. v. 42, it i  i , "T en  me t ere unt
im  
m ny
f A ie n , w
w
       
T e very w
r A i en
r C  i e n i u 
e t
be erive  fr
m te Hebrew C  i im,w i
43:2 " 
 f
rt
u n
f enturie , in re ible t
be i , t i e
le i etern l, wit
ut
Pliny, ib.  .  . 17.
43:3 J
e u , ib. 13. . 19.
 
g

}.
44:1 in προγονοι  {G  k p        
44:2 "B 
 h  dm  
 h
ds   , 
h  sc , h pu h m

  's
 

J
s phus, l
c
c 
.      
44:3 "Th h
ld hs
ul
b mm
 l,  d bl v h  s
uls dsc d 
m h h ghs 

J
s phus, l
c
c  
.
45:1 Ph l
, L b. . c p. 17.    
45:2 S
m     
mpl
h mslv s  husb
 d ,
h s  d  d m  u c u s
 such h  gs
"Y
u d

d   c  m
g h m, h

uld m k  
,  d  ,
 s
d,
 hl
     
Ph l
, l
c
c  
.   
45:3 "Th   s uc 
s u p  c p ll
h
l  ss, qu  , jus c, c

m, p
l c, h
Ph l
,l
c
c  
. 
45:4 " h Ess   s  sm d h d
c  s h h d c vd 
m h   cs
s."
  
Ph l
. D v   c
mpl  v 
Apud
p , p. 691
45:5 "Th h d d s  gu sh  g s g s."
Ib.       
45:6 "I sh ll s  s
m h  g
 h  c
g g  
s  d h

  h clb  d h  b  q
Ib. p.  692.     
46:1 d I mbl cus, d   P h g
æ, c p. 17.  d B s g, H s

 h Js, B. II. c
46:2 S b
, p. 471.  
46:3 Psllus, qu
d b Cl  ch, A
l
g  H b  c , 
 J  u , 1794.