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PowerStation 4.0
User Guide
Copyright 2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
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this publication or any other documents referenced in this publication.
Chapter 26
Battery Sizing & Discharge Analysis
Batteries are an essential part of a critical DC power system, serving as the backup power source under
emergency conditions. During normal operating conditions, a DC system is generally powered by AC
sources through chargers or other ACDC interface components. However, the battery has to provide
power to the system under one of the following conditions:
1. Load on the DC system exceeds the maximum output of the battery charger
2. Output of the battery charger is interrupted
3. Auxiliary AC power is lost
The battery should be sized for the most severe of these conditions, which most likely is the third
condition. When the AC power is lost, batteries will provide power to critical loads and control circuits
for a specified time period so that the AC power source can be recovered or the critical equipment can be
adequately shut down. For example, in US nuclear power plants, it is required that batteries have
sufficient capacity to supply the required load during a loss of AC power for field flashing, control
circuits, DC fuel oil booster pumps, and DC lube oil pumps for a period of four hours. In order to meet
this requirement, battery sizing calculations need to be carried out to determine the appropriate battery
size.
The ETAP PowerStation Battery Sizing program provides you with a powerful tool to accomplish this
task. In complying with IEEE Standard 485, it determines the number of strings, number of cells, and
cell size of a battery for a designated duty cycle. The number of cells is determined to satisfy the
maximum system voltage during the battery charging period and the minimum system voltage during the
battery discharging period. The number of strings and cell size is determined to provide sufficient power
to the load cycle considering the minimum system voltage and the minimum operating temperature. It
also considers different factors that affect battery performance, such as design margin, aging
compensation, initial capacity, and temperature, etc.
The duty cycle for the battery can be a summation of the duty cycles of all the loads that the battery is to
supply power for. It can also be calculated using DC load flow, which considers different characteristics
of constant power load and constant impedance load, their variations to voltage changes, branch voltage
drops and losses. The battery duty cycle includes both random load and non-random load from individual
Operation Technology, Inc.
26-1
Study Toolbar
loads. In compliance with IEEE Standard 485, the load impulses in the battery duty cycle that are less
than one minute are automatically extended to one minute.
To verify the performance of an existing or a sized battery, ETAP PSMS also provides a Battery
Discharging Analysis program. The program calculates the battery capacity, voltage, current, and output
power as the battery discharges through a duty cycle. The battery duty cycle can be calculated from
either load current summation or load flow calculations. When the battery duty cycle is calculated from
load flow, the Battery Discharging Analysis also provides bus voltage and branch power along with
battery output results. Several correction factors used in battery sizing calculation, such as battery
temperature, aging and initial capacity, can also be considered in the battery discharge calculations.
26-2
Study Toolbar
Display Options
Click on this button to customize the information and results annotations displayed on the one-line
diagram in Battery Sizing mode.
26-3
Study Toolbar
26-4
26-5
Study Case ID
ID
Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 12 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a
unique ID for a new study case.
Battery
ID
Select a battery to be sized from the drop down list.
Correction Factor
Temperature
Click on this check box to specify the temperature to be used as correction factor in battery sizing and
discharge calculations. Once the box is checked, you have two choices for specifying the temperature:
using the battery minimum temperature from the Battery Editor or entering a desired temperature value.
Aging Compensation
Enter here the aging compensation correction factor in percent to be used in sizing and discharge
calculations.
Initial Capacity
Enter here the initial capacity correction factor in percent to be used for the battery sizing and discharge
calculations.
Load
Duty Cycle
Select the duty cycle from the dropdown list for battery sizing. Every load has five different duty cycles.
Duration
Select either the Hours or Duty Cycle Span option to specify the length of time to size the battery. You
must specify the length of duration (number of hours) if you use the Hours option by selecting a value
from the dropdown list or entering a value.
26-6
Diversity Factor
Specify the load diversity factor in percent. The load used in battery sizing will be multiplied by this
diversity factor.
Voltage Requirements
Maximum System Voltage Deviation
Specify the maximum system operating voltage in percent based on the nominal voltage of the terminal
bus of the battery selected for sizing.
26-7
Correction Factor
In this section, you specify the correction factors to be considered in battery sizing calculations.
Temperature
Click on this check box to use the temperature correction factor in battery sizing calculations. Once the
box is checked, the temperature value specified in the Info Page is displayed here.
Aging Compensation.
Click on this check box to use the aging compensation correction factor specified in the Info Page.
Initial Capacity
Click on this check box to use the initial capacity correction factor specified in the Info Page.
Design Margin
Click on this check box to use the design margin correction factor specified in the edit box.
Battery Library
Use Sizes Given in Library Only
Select this option to use only the sizes given in the library. For example, if the library has battery curves
for 11, 13, and 21 plates, then only these three sizes will be considered in the battery sizing calculation.
26-8
Options
Desirable Number of Cells
When this box is checked, in the battery sizing calculation, the value entered in the edit box will be the
number of cells for the battery, if this number is within the acceptable range determined based on the
voltage requirements. In case this number is outside the acceptable range, the number of the cells will be
selected so that the battery rated voltage is closest to the terminal bus rated voltage.
Vd Calc Parameters
Battery discharge calculation uses the information included in these fields in order to determine how the
voltage drop calculation will be performed.
26-9
Time Step
The Time Step parameter is the time interval at which a plot point is to be generated. A plot point is also
generated at the times when load changes occur. This value will affect time of calculations, especially in
the case that the battery duty cycle is obtained by the load flow method.
Amax Limit
This feature allows the user to specify the maximum voltage value at the battery terminal. The default
value is 100% of the battery rated voltage. The calculated battery voltage will be limited at this value.
Correction Factors
This section of the battery discharge page provides a set of correction factors to be used during the battery
discharge cycle. Similar to battery sizing calculations, the adjusting factors have either a positive or a
negative effect on the battery AH capacity (Amp Hour) or the battery duty cycle. With these features, the
user is able to simulate the effect on the battery of operating temperature, battery maintenance conditions,
and aging factor. The user has the choice of applying the correction factors to the battery duty cycle or to
the battery initial AH capacity. The program calculates a total correction factor by multiplying the
temperature CF and the Aging Compensation CF and then divided by the initial Capacity CF.
Temperature
Select this check box if you want the temperature correction factor to be used in battery discharge
calculations. This factor has the effect of either increasing or decreasing battery capacity. The
temperature correction factor is applied according to the IEEE method described in standard 485 for
correcting cell size in sizing calculations. The same standard applies for discharge calculations. IEEE
provides values between 4C and +52C. Any value outside of this range is curve fitted using the IEEE
recommended curve-shifting method (PowerStation checks the temperature value and provides a user
message indicating that the entered temperature is out of normal range). When the box is not checked, the
temperature correction factor is assumed to be 100%.
Aging Compensation
Select this check box if you would like to use the aging compensation correction factor in battery
discharge calculations. When this factor is applied, the battery discharge simulation includes a decrease
in battery capacity due to aging. When the box is not checked, the aging correction factor is assumed to
be 100%.
Initial Capacity
Check this check box to use the initial capacity correction factor percent specified in the information
page. When the box is not checked, the initial capacity correction factor is assumed to be 100%.
26-10
LF Parameters (Newton-Reason)
This section of the battery sizing discharge page becomes active if the Load Flow duty cycle calculation
method is selected form the info page. If the Current Summation method is used, this section remains
grayed out.
Maximum Iteration
Enter the maximum number for iterations. If the solution has not converged before the specified number
of iterations, a message will show up to flag the user.
Precision
Enter the value for the solution precision to be used to check for convergence. This value determines how
precise you want the final solution to be. A load flow solution is reached if, between two iterations, the
maximum bus voltage difference in per unit is less than the specified precision value.
Initial Condition
Similar to the LF Parameter Section, this part of the discharge page only has an effect if the Load Flow
method for battery discharge is selected from the Info Page. If the load flow method is indeed selected,
then the information entered in this area is used to initialize the Newton-Raphson load flow calculation.
Motor Load
A motor normally behaves as a constant power load when its terminal voltage is close to its rated voltage.
However, as the battery terminal voltage deviates considerably from its rated voltage, its behavior
becomes similar to a static load. This section allows you to set the voltage range within which you want a
motor to be modeled as a constant power load.
26-11
Vmin
Enter the minimum voltage in percent, below which the motor load will be modeled as a constant
impedance load.
Vmax
Enter the maximum voltage in percent, above which the motor load will be modeled as a constant
impedance load.
Report
Similar to DC Load Flow Calculations, If at any point during the specified battery discharge cycle (using
DCLF method) a bus voltage falls below the percent value specified in the Under Voltage field, this
information will be flagged in the One-Line diagram. The same is true for buses violating over voltage
limit.
Critical Voltage
Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum voltages that any bus may achieve before it is
flagged. The buses violating the critical voltage limits will be flagged in red color in the one-line
diagram.
Marginal Voltage
Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum voltages that any bus may achieve before it is
flagged as a marginally undervoltage or overvoltage bus. The buses violating the marginal voltage limits
will be flagged in pink color in the one-line diagram.
Bus Voltage
Calculated bus voltages displayed in the plot and one-line diagram can be given in kV or in percent of the
bus nominal voltages. Select your preference by clicking on Percent or V options.
26-12
Display Options
Color
Select a color for displaying calculation results on the one-line diagram.
Voltage
Bus Display Unit
From the drop down list, select to display the bus voltage in percent or in volt.
26-13
Display Options
Battery
Click on this check box to show the battery voltage in the one-line diagram.
Bus
Click on this check box to show the bus voltage in the one-line diagram.
Power Flows
Power Flow Display Units
Select the power flow to be displayed in kW or MW.
kW and Amp
Select kW to display power flow or select Amp to display the current in amperes.
Show Units
Check this box to show the unit with calculation results displayed on the one-line diagram.
Elements
Click on these check boxes to display load flow results for different types of elements, including Branch,
Source, Load, Composite Motor, and Composite Network.
24.3.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the oneline diagram.
26-14
Display Options
Rating
kW / MW
MVAsc
HP / kW
kVA / MVA
Connection Type (# of Phases - # of Wires)
kVA / MVA
Base MVA
Continuous Amps
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kA Bracing
Bus Bracing (kA)
Rated Interrupting (kA)
Interrupting (ka)
50/51 for Overcurrent Relays
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the kV check box is replaced by the
cable/line conductor type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere)
of the selected elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the Amp check box is replaced by the
cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated impedance of the selected AC elements on
the one-line diagram.
Device Type
Generator
Power Grid (Utility)
Motor
Transformer
Branch, Impedance
Branch, Reactor
Cable / Line
Impedance
Subtransient reactance Xd
Positive Sequence Impedance in % of 100 MVA (R + j X)
% LRC
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X per unit length)
Impedance in ohms or %
Impedance in ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in ohms or per unit length)
D-Y
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the connection types of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For transformers, the operating tap setting for primary, secondary, and tertiary windings are also
displayed. The operating tap setting consists of the fixed taps plus the tap position of the LTC.
26-15
Display Options
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the AC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
26-16
Display Options
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
VFD
Rating
AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA / MW)
DC kW & AC kVA (or MW / MVA)
kVA
HP / kW
kV
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
A
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
Amp
AC FLA & DC FLA
DC FLA & AC FLA
Input, output, & DC FLA
Composite Network
Click on this check box to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
26-17
Display Options
26.3.4 DC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for DC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected DC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Device Type
Battery
Motor
Load
Elementary Diagram
Converter
Cable
Rating
Ampere Hour
HP / kW
kW / MW
kW / MW
kW / MW
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables, the kV check box is replaced by the
type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For cables, the Amp check box is replaced by the
length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance
branches on the one-line diagram.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the DC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
26-18
Calculation Methods
26-19
Calculation Methods
Item Name
L1
L2
L3
Item Name
Stage1
Stage2
Stage3
Stage4
The load duty cycle for Load 1 is plotted in the following figure. In figure A, it is plotted in load items
as entered in the Load Editor, while in figure B it is the combination of all load items plotted as a function
of time. Notice that the random load is also displayed in the curve.
26-20
Calculation Methods
26-21
Calculation Methods
26-22
Calculation Methods
26-23
Calculation Methods
In the above sample curves, the set of curves may apply to batteries of different sizes or to only one size.
In ETAP PowerStation, you specify a set of characteristic curves for a given size. If you want to use a
given set of curves for batteries of different sizes, you can indicate this in the Battery Sizing Study Case
Editor. Please see the Study Case Editor section for more information.
Number of Cells
The number of cells should be determined to satisfy system minimum and maximum voltage
requirements:
1. When charging the battery, the voltage to be applied to the battery should not be greater than the
maximum system voltage.
2. When discharging the battery, the battery minimum discharge voltage should not be smaller than the
minimum system voltage.
26-24
Calculation Methods
Let N be the number of cells. The voltage requirements can be given in the following equation
V sys, min
V sys, max
N
V cell, disch
V cell, ch
Where
Vsys,min is the minimum system voltage that is equal to the nominal voltage of the battery terminal bus
multiplied by the minimum system voltage deviation entered in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor.
Vsys,max is the maximum system voltage that is equal to the nominal voltage of the battery terminal bus
multiplied by the maximum system voltage deviation entered in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor.
Vcell,ch is the battery charge voltage in V/Cell entered in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor.
Vcell,disch is the battery discharge voltage in V/Cell entered in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor.
It is clear that the number of cells of the battery is dependent on the four values for voltage requirement
entered in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor. It can happen that for some incompatible values, we
cannot determine a value for N to satisfy the above equation. When this situation occurs, ETAP will
display a message indicating that it cannot determine the number of cells.
In practical cases, there is often a range of values that N can take to satisfy the above equation. In this
case, ETAP will select the value for N that results in the battery rated voltage being closest to its terminal
bus nominal voltage.
Cell Size
In determining the battery size, ETAP will find the smallest size that can provide sufficient power for the
specified duty cycle. The capacity of a battery can be increased either by using a larger size or by adding
more strings. Since ETAP allows you to enter different characteristic curves for different sizes of
batteries, in the battery sizing calculation, the program starts with one string and the smallest size
available for the calculation. If it fails to meet the load requirement, the program first increases the size
and performs calculations with the characteristic curves for the new size. When no available sizes can
meet the load requirement for the given number of strings, it then increases the string number and
performs the calculation with the smallest size again. This process continues until a battery size and a
string number are found to meet the load requirement.
j =1
26-25
Calculation Methods
F= Max Fi
where Sm is the total number of load sections and Fi is the size calculated for the ith load section. The
calculation of Fi depends on the type of battery library curves.
For the Time vs. Amp type battery library, the cell size Fi is the number of positive plates, which is
calculated as:
F
P =i
P =1
A
R
P 1
where Ap is the load current value in period P. RT is the value obtained from the battery characteristic
curve, which is the number of amperes that each positive plate can supply for t minutes, at 25 C, and to
the end-of-discharge voltage specified in the study case.
26-26
Calculation Methods
For the Time vs. Kt type battery library, the cell size Fi is the capacity in ampere-hours, which is
calculated as:
Fi =
P =i
(A
P =1
A P 1 ) K
where Ap is the load current value in period P. Kt is the value obtained from the battery characteristic
curve, which is the ratio of rated ampere-hour capacity (at a standard time rate, at 25 C and to a standard
end-of-discharge voltage) of a cell, to the amperes that can be supplied by that cell for t minutes, at 25 C,
and to the end-of-discharge voltage specified in the study case.
Adjusting Factors
In the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor, you can select several adjusting factors to be considered in
calculating battery size. These factors include temperature factor, design margin factor, aging
compensation factor, and initial capacity factor. The uncorrected battery size is adjusted by multiplying
the first three factors and dividing that value by the initial capacity factor.
Calculation Cycle
It is clear from the equations for determining cell size that the cell size is calculated based on a given set
of battery characteristic curves, which is for a given cell size. If the calculated cell size is different from
the one corresponding to the characteristic curves used. We have to do the calculation again with the
battery characteristic curves for the calculated cell size, which may again result in a new size because of
different characteristic curves used. This process continues until the calculated size matches with the
curves used in the calculation. Sometimes the calculation may get into a cycle of changing cell size and
characteristic curves, especially if the curves were not entered correctly. ETAP PowerStation has
implemented a scheme to break the cycle.
26-27
Calculation Methods
26-28
Calculation Methods
If the battery duty cycle is calculated by the load current summation method, the battery current will
change only when there is a change in any load duty cycle. When the load flow method is selected in the
study case, even if there is no change in the load duty cycle, the battery current will change due to
decrease in the battery voltage. In this case the battery current is calculated by a full load flow
calculation, considering different types of loads and system losses. In this load flow calculation, the
battery is modeled as a constant voltage source with the voltage calculated in the previous step. The
calculated battery current will be used in the current step for battery voltage calculation.
Along with battery voltage and current, the battery discharge program also calculates battery discharge
capacity. When there is change in the load current, two values of voltage and current are calculated, at t and t+, one for before the load change and one for after the load change.
When the battery is calculated using load flow method, the battery discharge calculation also provides a
lot of information on the system performance, including bus voltage, bus loading, branch power and
current, etc.
26-29
Required Data
Battery
ID
Bus connection data
Battery library type data. This information is used to retrieve library data for calculations.
If only the battery discharge calculation is conducted, the following additional information is also
required:
26.5.2 Load
UPS
When a UPS is not connected to an energized input AC bus, it is considered a load in battery sizing
calculations.
ID
Bus connection data
DC rated voltage
kW and kVA.
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
DC Motor
ID
Bus connection data
Quantity
Rated voltage
kW or HP and Efficiency.
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
26-30
Required Data
Lumped Load
ID
Bus connection data
Rated voltage
kW Rating
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
Static Load
ID
Bus connection data
kW Rating.
Rated voltage
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
ID
Bus connection data
Rated voltage
kW Rating.
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
Inverter
ID
Bus connection data
DC rated voltage
kVA, PF, DC kW rating
Duty Cycle Page
If no duty cycle data is entered, this load will be assumed to be zero.
26.5.3 Branch
DC Cable
ID
Bus connection data
Cable length
Resistance and Inductance and cable length units
DC Impedance
ID
Bus connection data
Resistance and inductance impedance information.
26-31
Required Data
ID
Bus connection data
DC Converter
ID
Bus connection data
kW Rating and Rated kV Input and output.
Library
Study Case
When you initiate a battery sizing calculation, PowerStation uses the study case currently selected from
the Study Case Toolbar. Every field in the Study Case Editor is set to its default value. However, it is
important to set the values in the study case correctly to meet your calculation requirements.
26-32
Output Reports
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK / Cancel
Click on the OK button to dismiss the editor and bring up the Crystal Reports view to show the selected
portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply dismiss the editor. Click on the Cancel
button to dismiss the editor without viewing the report.
26-33
Output Reports
Input Page
This page allows you to select formats to view different input data, grouped according to type. They
include the following available formats:
Battery Characteristics
Branch Connection
Bus and Connected Load
Cable
Cover
DC Converter
Impedance
Inverter
Load Duty Cycle
UPS
Result Page
This page allows you to select formats to view the result portion of the output report, including
Calculation Results, Battery Load Profile, and Battery Characteristics. The Calculation Results portion
prints the uncorrected cell size for each load section in non-random load and random load. The Battery
Load Profile is the battery duty cycle generated based on load duty cycles. The Battery Characteristics
are mostly data entered by the user. However, if the characteristic data does not contain a curve
corresponding to the minimum discharge voltage specified in the Battery Sizing Study Case Editor, the
calculation program will generate a new curve based on data entered by the user. Therefore, the Battery
Characteristics portion is placed in both the Input and Results lists of the report manager.
26-34
Output Reports
Summary Page
This page allows you to select available formats to view the result summary portion of the report. The
summary portion contains the final result for battery sizing calculations.
26-35
Output Reports
26-36
Output Reports
Battery Characteristics
In this page, the information from the Battery Library is printed. It starts with the library type information
including battery manufacturer, model, characteristic curve type, base temperature, V/Cell, resistance per
positive plate, etc. It is then followed by the information for the final battery size used. Note that in the
Battery Library there may be a set of characteristic curves for each battery size, but only one set of curves
is printed in the report, and it is the one used to determine the cell size. In this sample, curves for the
battery size with 21 plates are printed, including four curves with final discharge voltages at 1.75, 1.91,
1.84, and 1.88 volts, respectively. This page also prints the option you selected in the Battery Sizing
Study Case Editor on how to use the battery library data: as Sizes Given in Library Only or as Min/Max
Ranges. In this case, the Min/Max ranges option was selected.
26-37
Output Reports
26-38
Output Reports
26-39
Output Reports
26-40
If the Current Summation Method for battery discharge is used, the displayed results are the discharged
Battery AH Capacity, Terminal Current (Amps), and the Terminal Voltage. These three results vary with
the time slider. Please note that when the time is equal to zero, the capacity displayed in the one-line
diagram as the sizing result is the rated capacity. Furthermore, the program will also display the number
of positive plates, strings, and cells it used for the discharge calculation. The following diagram provides
an example of how the parameters are displayed in the One-Line Diagram. The Battery Discharge Time
Slider displays the results at time equal to 59 minutes.
If the DCLF Method of Battery Discharge is used, branch flow results along with bus voltages may be
displayed on the One-Line Diagram. Branch flows displayed are Current (Amps) and Power (kW or
MW). Bus Voltage may be displayed in terms of kV or %Nominal Voltage.
26-41
26-42
26.8 Plots
PowerStations Battery Discharge Program provides Simulation Plots for the purpose of examining
calculation results graphically. To view the Battery Discharge plots, you may click on the Battery Sizing
Plots Icon located on the Battery Sizing toolbar. It will bring up a Battery Sizing Plot selection window.
Here you may select from one of several plots generated by the program. The device types currently
plotted by the program are Batteries, Buses, and Branches.
26-43
If the load flow method is used to generate battery duty cycle, the program also generates plot for system
bus and branch, including.
Plot parameters such as the plot line type, axis, legend, and text may be modified directly from the plot
view. For example, to modify the plot line type, double-click on the plot line and change the line type
from the Plot Parameter Editor.
26-44