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Combined Loadings
by
Assoc Professor T. H. Wee
Department of Civil Engineering
Email: cveweeth@nus.edu.sg
max =
bb'
ab
max =
rd
dx
This equation relates the shear strain at the outer surface of the bar of
radius r to the angle of twist.
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
d
dx
max =
rd
= r
dx
In general, both and vary with the distance x along the axis of the bar. However,
in the special case of pure torsion, the rate of twist is constant and equal to the total
angle of twist divided by the length L of the bar, that is, = /L. Therefore, for
pure torsion only, we obtain
r
max = r =
= =
max
r
note : =
max
r
This equation shows that the shear strains in a circular bar vary linearly
with the radial distance from the center, with the strain being zero at
the center and reaching a maximum value at the outer surface.
min
r1
= max
r2
= G
max = Gr
= and
= G = max
r
max = Gr
into
= G
gives
dM = dA =
max 2
dA
r
T = dM =
A
J = 2 dA
in which
max
dA =
2
max
of inertia.
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
max =
T = dM =
Tr
J
max
r
dA =
2
max
J
r
from which
is known at the torsion formula. For a circle of radius r,
the polar moment of inertia is
2
J = r dA
A
since
therefore
and hence
A = r 2
dA = 2rdr
J = 2r 3dr
r
Finally, we obtain
J=
r 4 d 4
=
2
32
max
r
T
. Once again it is
J
seen that the shear stresses vary linearly with the radial distance from the center of the bar.
max = Gr
Tr
T
we obtain =
which shows that the rate of twist is directly
J
GJ
proportional to the product GJ, known as the torsional rigidity of the bar. For a bar in
pure torsion, the total angle of twist is equal to
= L =
TL
GJ
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
T=
A inner
inner inner dA +
A outer
outer outer dA
T=
A inner
inner inner dA +
A outer
outer outer dA
J = 2r 3 dr
J=
r2
(r
2
4
2
r14 ) =
32
(d
4
2
d14 )
J 2 r 3t =
d 3t
4
d o3 =
allow
16(1200N-m)
= 152.8x106 m3
(40MPa)
d o = 0.0535m = 53.5mm
J=
T
G allow
d o4 =
32 J
1200Nm
= 1175x109 m 4
(78GPa)(0.75o /m)( rad /180o )
32(1175x109 m 4 )
= 11.97x106 m 4
Tr
J
TL
d
=
=
GJ
dx
max =
d o = 0.0588m = 58.8mm
32
(d 24 d14 ) =
d1 = d 2 2t = d 2 2(0.1d 2 ) = 0.8d 2
Tr
T (d 2 / 2)
T
=
=
4
J 0.05796d 2 0.1159d 23
T
1200Nm
=
= 258.8x106 m3 d 2 = 0.0637m = 63.7mm
0.1159 allow 0.1159(40MPa)
T
T
=
GJ G (0.05796d 24 )
d 2 = 67.1mm
d 2 67.1 mm
=
= 1.14
d 0 58.8 mm
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
d 2 67.1 mm
=
= 1.14
d 0 58.8 mm
Whollow
= 0.47
Wsolid
These results show that the hollow shaft uses only 47% as much material as
does the solid shaft, while its outer diameter is only 14% larger
hollow bar are more efficient in the use of materials than are solid bars.
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
s s
s 0
s
= lim
s = ( y )
Therefore, by substitution,
= lim
s 0
( y ) = y
y
= max
c
y
= max
c
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
M = max y 2 dA
c A
Since moment of inertia, I = y 2 dA
A
max =
Mc
I
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
Since
max
=
c
y
The normal stress, at any distance y from the neutral axis is given by
My
I
where M = moment
I = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area computed about the
neutral axis
Example Problem:
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area as shown. Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution over the
cross section at this location.
Example Problem:
Solution:
The maximum internal moment in the beam
M=
wL2 5 6 2
=
= 22.5 kN.m
8
8
I = I + Ad 2
1
1
3
2
3
= 2 (0 .25 )(0 .02 ) + (0 .25 )(0 .002 )(0 .16 ) + (0 .02 )(0 .3 )
12
12
6
4
= 301 .3 10 m
Example Problem:
Applying the flexure formula where c = 170 mm,
Mc
22 .5(0 .17 )
; max =
= 12 .7 MPa (Ans)
I
301 .3 10 6
My B
22 .5(0 .15 )
; B =
=
= 11 .2 MPa
I
301 .3 10 6
max =
max
Combined Loadings
Combined Loadings
Superposition
of
stress
components can be used to
determine the normal and
shear stress at a point in a
member
subjected
to
combined loadings.
To solve, it is first necessary to
determine the resultant axial
and shear, and the resultant
torsional and bending moment
at the section where the point
is located.
Then the normal and shearstress
resultants
are
determined by algebraically
adding the normal and shear
stress components at the
point.
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
Example Problem:
The solid rod shown had a radius of 0.75 cm. If it is subjected to the loading
shown, determine the state of stress at point A.
8 cm
10 cm
800 N
14 cm
500 N
Example Problem:
Solution: The rod is sectioned through point A. Using the free-body diagram of
segment AB, the resultant internal loadings can be determined from the six
equations of equilibrium.
The normal force (500N) and
shear force (800N) must act
through the centroid of the
cross section and the bendingmoment components (8000
N.cm and 7000 N.cm) are
applied about centroidal
(principal) axes.
800 N
500 N
10 cm
800 N (10 cm) = 8000 N.cm
500 N (14 cm) = 7000 N.cm
800 N
14 cm
500 N
Example Problem:
Stress Components.
Normal Force: The normal-stress distribution is as shown.
For point A,
A =
P
500 N
=
= 2.83 MPa
A ( 0.75cm 2 )
4r
(for semicircle)
y =
3
Q = y A =
2.83 MPa
500 N
4( 0.75cm ) 1
0.75cm 2 = 0.2831cm 3
3
2
V Q
=
A =
I t
800 N ( 0.2813cm 3 )
= 6.04 MPa
4
1
4 (0.75cm ) 2( 0.75cm )
6.04 MPa
800 N
Example Problem:
Stress Components.
Bending Moment: For the 8000 N.cm component,
point A lies on the neutral axis, so the normal
stress is A = 0. For the 7000 N.cm moment, y =
0.75cm, so the normal stress at point A is,
A =
0
.
75
cm
4
211.26 MPa
8000 N.cm
7000 N.cm
A =
0
.
75
cm
2
169.01 MPa
11200 N.cm
Example Problem:
Superposition. When the individual results are superimposed, it is seen than an
element of material at A is subjected to both normal and shear stress
components.
7000 N.cm
8000 N.cm
500 N
800 N
11200 N.cm
2.83 MPa
(500 N)
211.3 MPa
6.04 MPa
(800 N)
(8000 N.cm)
(7000 N.cm)
169 MPa
(11200 N.cm)
175 MPa
214 MPa
CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials