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Introduction
Definition of hazardous waste
Risk and risk management,
Hazardous waste regulations and
management
Hazardous Waste
Dioxin Issues
Dioxins are found over 20 different isomers of a basic
chlorodioxin structure
Risk
The concepts of risk and hazard
Hazard
Risk Perception
People respond to the hazards they perceive. If
their perceptions are faulty, risk Management
efforts to improve environmental protection
may be misdirected
Lay people rely on inferences based on their
experience
Risk Assessment
In 1989, the EPA adopted a formal process
for conducting a baseline risk assessment
Toxicity Assessment
Process of determining the relationship
between the exposure to a contaminant and
the increased likelihood of the occurrence or
severity of adverse effects to people
Hazard identification determines whether
exposure to a contaminant causes increased
adverse effects towards humans and to what
level of severity
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterisation
All data collected from exposure and
toxicity assessments are reviewed to
corroborate qualitative and quantitative
conclusions about risk
This includes the evaluation of compounding
effect due to the presence of more than one
chemical contaminant and the combination of
risk across all routes of entry
Risk Management
Risk management is performed to decide the
magnitude of risk that is tolerable in specific
circumstances
This is a policy decision that weighs the
results of the risk assessment against costs
and benefits as well as the public acceptance
Zero risk cannot be achieved !!
Not
Hazardous
Waste??
Cradle-to-Grave Concept
The EPAs cradle to grave hazardous waste management
system is an attempt to track hazardous waste from its
generation point to its ultimate disposal point
In Malaysia, toxic and hazardous wastes are defined as
scheduled waste
DOE provide comprehensive regulations to the
management of the scheduled waste that based on the
cradle-to-grave principle
Cradle-to-Grave Concept
Generator of hazardous waste can no longer
avoid liability by contracting with a third party
to dispose of the waste
This compels generator to exercise care in
the selection of the disposal companies they
utilise
This procedure is designed to ensure that
waste are directed to, and actually reach, a
permitted disposal site
Regulations
Environmental Quality
(Scheduled Waste)
Regulations 1989
Management Procedures
I.
II.
III.
Form AS15A/rev3
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
IX.
Waste Management
Waste Management
Hierarchy
Waste
Disposal
Energy Recovery
Waste Recycling
Waste Reduction
Source reduction
Product changes
Source Control
Product substitution
Product conservation
Chgs. in prod.
composition
Input material
changes
Material purification
Material substitution
Technology changes
Process changes
Equipment, piping, or
layout changes
Addition automation
Changes in operation
conditions
Recycling
(on- and off-site)
Recovery and reuse
Return to original
process
Raw material
substitute for another
process
Reclamation
Processed for resource
recovery
Processed as a byproduct
Waste Audit
Identify waste streams
Identify sources
Establish priority of waste streams for wasteminimisation activity
Screen alternatives
Implement
Track
Evaluate progress
Waste Exchange
Consignment of excess unused materials to
an independent party for resale to a third
party
Waste
Production
Save
Cost
Recycling
Treatment Technologies
Physical Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Biological Treatment
Incineration
Physical Treatment
Not detoxify but only concentrate waste for further
treatment or recovery
Carbon Adsorption
Distillation
Ion Exchange
Reverse Osmosis
Solvent Extraction
Carbon Adsorption
Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which gas
vapors or chemicals in solution are held to a solid by
intermolecular forces
Adsorbents
Activated carbon
Molecular sieves
Silica gel
Activated alumina
Distillation
Separation of more volatile materials from
less volatile materials by a process of
vaporisation and condensation.
The larger the vapor pressures differences,
the more efficient the separation process
Ion Exchange
Reverse Osmosis
Solvent is forced to pass through a semi-permeable
membrane from concentrated medium to less
concentrated medium
High
Concentration
Solvent
Low
Concentration
Semi-permeable membrane
Solvent Extraction
Liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction
Chemical Treatment
Convert the waste to another form which are less
hazardous than the starting material
Spectrum of chemical methods:
Neutralisation
Oxidation
Precipitation
Reduction
Neutralisation
pH between 6 to 8
Oxidation
The cyanide molecule is destroyed by oxidation
Electrolytic oxidation
Carried out by anodic electrolysis at high
temperatures
Wet air oxidation
Zimmerman process
Oxidized by oxygen at sufficient temperature and
pressure
Precipitation
Removal of metals from plating
solutions
Application of the solubility product
principle
Reduction
Some metals have to be reduced before it
can be precipitated
Example:
Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) used in plating
solutions must be reduced to trivalent
chromium (Cr3+)
Biological Treatment
Biodegradation
Incineration
Most effective means of dealing with many wastes
Reduction in volume and weight
Completely destroy even the most hazardous
materials
Heat can be recovered
Conclusions
Hazardous waste has detrimental effects to
the public health and the environment
Incineration
1. POHC
Where:
Win - mass feed rate of one POHC in the waste stream
Wout - mass emission rate of the same POHC present in exhaust
emission prior to release to the atmosphere
2. Hydrochloric acid
An incinerator burning hazardous waste and
producing stack emissions is no greater than 1.8 kg/h
or 1% of the HCl emissions
3. Particulates
Stack emissions of particulate matter are limited to
180mg/dry standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) for 7% O2
The adjustment is made by calculating a corrected
concentration:
Where
Pc corrected concentration of particulate, mg/dscm
Pm measured concentration of particulate, mg/dscm
Y percent oxygen in the flue gas