ATOMIC MODELS AND QUANTUM THEORY

CHM12

The Periodic Table

A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together.
The elements are arranged in increasing atomic number in horizontal rows called periods and in
vertical columns known as groups or families based on similarities in chemical properties. Note that
elements number 111 to 115 have recently been synthesized but not yet been named.
I
A
1
H

8
A
2
2
A
4
B
e

3
L
i
1
12
1
N M 3
a g B
1
2
20
9
1
C S
K
a c
3
3
38
7
9
R
Sr Y
b
5
5
56
5
7
C B L
s a a
8
8
88
7
9
F R A
r a c
5
8
C
e
9
0
T
h

4
B

5
B

6
B

7
B

22

23

24

25

26

27

Ti

Cr

M
n

Fe

40

41

42

43

Zr

N
b

M
o

72

73

Hf
10
4
Rf

4
A
6

5
A
7

6
A
8

7
A
9

Ne

13

14

15

16

17

18

He
10

1
B

2
B

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

C
o

Ni

C
u

Zn

G
a

G
e

As Se

B
R

Kr

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Tc

R
u

R
h

Pd

A
g

C
d

In

Sn Sb

Te

Xe

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Ta

Re Os

Ir

Pt

Pb

Bi

Po

At Rn

10
6

10 10 10 11
7
8
9
0
B
M
Hs
Ds
b
t

H
g
11
2

Tl

10
5
D
b

A
u
11
1
R
g

11
3

11
4

11
5

11
6

11
7

69

70

71

T
m
10
1
M
d

Y
Lu
b
10 10
2
3
N
Lr
n

Sg

8
B

3
A
5

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

Pr

N
d

P
m

S
m

Eu

G
d

Tb

D
y

H
o

Er

91

92

93

92

95

96

97

98

99

Pa

N
p

Pu

A
m

C
m

B
k

Cf

Es

10
0
F
m

11
8

The elements can be divided into three categories metal, nonmetals and metalloids.
1. A metal is a good conductor of heat and electricity. (found on the left of the chart with)

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ATOMIC MODELS AND QUANTUM THEORY

CHM12

2. A nonmetal is usually a poor conductor of heat and electricity. (are found on the right side)
3. A metalloid has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.
(found along the zigzag line, separating the metals from the nonmetals)
Elements are often referred to collectively by their periodic table group number (Group 1A, Group
2A, etc.). However some element groups have special names. Common examples are:
1. Group 1A elements are called alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr).
2. Group 2A elements are called alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra).
3. Elements in Group 7A are called halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, and At).
4. Elements in Group 8A are known as noble or rare gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn)
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS:
Elements may be classified according to their electronic configurations.
1. The Noble Gases They are also known as Inert Gases or Group O elements. They are colorless
monoatomic gases, which are chemically unreactive and diamagnetic. They have outer
configurations of ns2np6 (except for Helium).
2. The Representative Elements These elements are found in the A families of the periodic
table. They exhibit a wide range of chemical behavior and physical characteristics. The
chemistry of these elements depends upon the valence electrons.
3. The Transition Elements They are found in the B families of the periodic table. All of these
elements are metals and most of them are paramagnetic and form highly colored, paramagnetic
compounds.
4. The Inner-Transition Elements These elements are found at the bottom of the periodic table,
but they belong to the 6th and 7th periods after the elements of group IIIB. All inner-transition
elements are metal and are paramagnetic. Their compounds are also paramagnetic and colored.
PERIODIC VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
1. Atomic Radius one-half the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms in an elemental
substance.

Trend:

Left Right
Top Bottom

Decreases
Increases

2. Ionic Radius one-half the distance between the nuclei of a metal and a non-metal.

positive ions are smaller than the metal atoms from which they are formed
negative ions are larger than the nonmetal atoms from which they are formed.

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CHM12

Left Right
Decreases*
Top Bottom
Increases
*this happens when comparing both metals and non-metals but by comparing the metals and
non-metals, nonmetals have larger ionic radius than metals.
3. Ionization Energy the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
in its ground state.
Trend:
Left Right
Increases
Top Bottom
Decreases
Trend:

4. Electron Affinity measure of the energy change when electron is added to a neutral atom to
form a negative ion.
Trend:
Left Right
Increases
Top Bottom
Decreases

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