Cryogenic Carbon CaptureTM

Larry Baxter
Brigham Young University
Provo, UT 84602
Presented to
Mikko Hupa Celebratory Conference
Turku, Finland
September 14, 2012

Century of Energy
There are excellent reasons to call the 21st century
the Century of Energy.
Of the many global challenges, energy is the first. If
we are not able to meet the future demands of
energy in a satisfactory way, it will be extremely
hard if not impossible to solve any other major
global issue, such as supplying clean water and
food to the growing population of the world. On the
other hand, with sufficient supply of sustainable
energy we also have excellent possibilities to meet
most of the other challenges that our world faces.
Mikko Hupa, The Century of Energy, December 2010

Outline

Review CCS and CCC processes

Outline Economics and Energy Balances
Laboratory and bench results
Skid development
Future Plans and Conclusions

CCS Impact on Efficiency

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

CCS Costs

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

Value of Bolt-on Technology

7

Relative LCOE

6
5

29% Power Loss

12% Power Loss

3
2
1
0
No CCS

CCC cost

Retrofit + CCC Replace+CCC

Cryogenic CO2 Capture

Gaseous N2-rich Stream
Pressurized Liquid CO2 Stream
Liquid Pump
Condensing
Heat Exchanger

SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl, etc.

Dry Gas

Flue Gas

Heat
Exchanger

Separator
Small Ext.
Refrigeration Loop

Compressor
Moisture

Solid-gas
Separator

Expansion
Solid CO2 Bypass
Solid CO2 Stream
Solids Compressor

N2-rich Steam

ECL Technology Version

Refrigeration Loop

Expansion

Pressurized, Liquid CO2

Heat Exchanger
And Dryer
Pump

SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl

Flue Gas

N2-rich Light Gas

Heat
Recovery

Solid
Separation

Solid
Compression

Water

Compression
Ambient Heat Exchange

Heat
Recovery

More Detailed PFD

ASU Comparison

CCS Energy Demand

Energy as Fraction of Output

0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Amine

Amine 2
Oxyfuel
Membrane
Separation Technology

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

CCC

Cost Breakdown
6

CO2 Monitoring

CO2 Storage

CO2 Transport

Variable O&M

Fixed O&M

Capital

Fuel

Increase in LCOE, /kWh

5
4
3
2
1
0
Amine
Amine II
Oxyfuel
Membrane
CCC
Cost dominated by equipment and fuel both issues that can be technically addressed.
Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

Actual Gas Temperature Profiles

Energy Efficiency

Specific Energy (GJ/ton CO2 captured)

1.3
1.2

1.1

72% Efficient Compressor

87% Efficient Compressor

1
0.9

0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.825

0.875

0.925
CO2 capture efficiency

0.975

Desublimating Heat Exchangers

Standard heat exchangers
cannot handle solids
formation on surfaces
SES has designed and built
3 desublimating heat
exchangers (patents filed on
all)

Fluid Bed Demonstrations

Completed System

Completed System

Hyperion

Live-action Carbon Capture

Initial HX #2 Data
Brief 9 minute run sampling gases at various
locations within the heat exchanger
Data agrees well with BYU model

SO2 removal
110%
100%
SO2 Capture Efficiency

SO2 & SO3 also captured

Initial concentration 14%
CO2, 400 ppm SO2 with the
balance N2
Mean SO2 capture is 99.8%
which is the detection limit
of the instrument

90%
80%
70%

60%
50%

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.00

0.50

1.00
Time (hr)

1.50

2.00

Ancillary Pollutant Capture

Temperature
Units
CO2 Capture
Species (ppm)
CO2
SO2
SO3
NO2
NO
Hg
Other Air Toxics
Assuming

-118 C

-133 C

-146 C

ppm
90%

ppm
99%

ppm
99.9%

17 341
5-0.1
<1 (0.002*)
< 1 (0.2*)
initial amount
4e-10*
< Hg

1762
< 0.8*
2.75e-5*
1*
initial amount
0
< Hg

176.4
0.8*
3.3e-7*
1*
initial amount
0
< Hg

15% initial dry CO2

*No data available modeled result

Capture Efficiency at 1 atm

Capture Efficiency (%)

100
80
60
40
20
0
-160

Flue Gas Composition

14% CO2 dry basis
10% CO2 dry basis
5% CO2 dry basis
1% CO2 dry basis

-150

-140

-130

-120

Temperature (C)

-110

-100

Current Status

Analyses and modeling complete

Laboratory-scale components and demo complete
Bench-scale components and demonstration complete
Skid-scale CFG process under construction
Skid-scale ECL process under construction
Pilot-scale system design initiated

Separate energy storage concept initialized (> 90%

efficiency, response time < 30 s, capacity 10-30% of
power plant capacity storage, small incremental cost
and footprint)

Sampo
In Finnish mythology, the Sampo made by the
blacksmith Seppo Ilmarinen brought good fortune
and peace to its owner. It figures prominently in the
Kalevala, an epic poem that played a large role in
defining Finnish culture and identity. The Kalevala
and its Sampo are among the greatest works of
Finnish literature. The form and function of the
Sampo was never clearly defined.
It is perhaps fitting that Seppo was a blacksmith
and created the Sampo, as opposed to it being
god-given or naturally occuring. In that spirit,
todays technologists perhaps have the skill and
the vision to create many technologies (processes,
devices, and methods) that will continue to bring
good fortune and peace to the world.
The Forging of the Sampo,
The best way we might honor Mikko is to
Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1893,
Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki
rededicate ourselves to developing an energy
Sampo and accept his challenge of 2010.

Acknowledgements
US Departments of Energy and Interior, State of
Wyoming and School of Energy Resources at Univ. of
Wyoming, CCEMC in Canada, Dong Energy, Air
Liquide, Beijing Jiaotong University, and GE for
funding and in-kind contributions
Sustainable Energy Solutions employees and visitors
(26 engineers, 1 economist, 2 MBA)
BYU graduate and undergraduate students (3 graduate
students, 12 undergraduate students)